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4, 369-376
The influence of compaction pressure, compaction water Nous avons tudi l'influence de la pression de compaction,
content and type of compaction (static or dynamic) on d la teneur en eau de compaction et du type de compaction
subsequent soil behaviour was investigated by conducting (statique ou dynamique) sur le comportement subsquent du
controlled-suction triaxial tests on samples of unsaturated sol en faisant des essais triaxiaux a succion controle sur des
compact~d speswhite kaolin. Compaction pressure influences chantillons de kaolin speswhite compact et non satur. La
initial state, by determining the initial position of the yield pression compactante influence l'tat initial, en dterminant
surface, thus affecting, among other things, tbe shape of la position initiale de la surface d'coulement, affectant de
stress-,-strain curves during shearing. Compaction pressure la sorte et entre autres, la forme des courbes contrainte-
also influences, to a limited degree, the positions of the dformation pendant le cisaillement. La pression de compac-
normal compression Unes for different values of suction, but tion influence aussi, dans un degr moindre, les positions des
it has no effect on critical state relationships. The effect of lignes de compression normales pour diffrentes valeurs de
compaction pressure can probably l;>e modelled solely in succion, mais elle n'a aucun effet sur les relations d'tat
terms of initial state if an anisotropic elastoplastic model critique. Ueffet de la pression de compaction peut probable-
incorporating rotational hardening is employed, whereas the ment etre mis en maquette, purement en termes d'tat
parameters defining the slopes and intercepts of the normal initial si l'on emploie un modele lasto-plastique anisotrope
compression Unes for different values of suction require incorporant un durcissement rotationnel, alors que les para-
adjustment with variation of compaction pressure if a con- metres dfinissant les pentes et les interceptions des lignes de .
ventional isotropic hardening elastoplastic model is em- compression normales pour diverses valeurs de succion,
ployed. Compaction water content influences the initial demandent a etre ajusts en fonction de la variation de la
suction, but also has a substantial influence on normal com- pression de compaction si l'on emploie un modele lasto-
pression lines and a noticeable effect on the volumetric plastique isotrope conventionnel pour le durcissement. Le
behaviour at critical states. It is likely that soil samples contenu en eau de compaction influence la succion initiale
compacted at different water contents will have to be mod- mais a galement une influence substantielle sur les lignes de
elled as different materials, irrespective of whether an iso- compression normales ainsi qu'un effet notable sur le com-
tropic or anisotropic hardening elastoplastic modl is em- portement volumtrique aux tats critiques. 11 est probable
ployed. A change from static to dynamic compaction has no que les chantillons de sol compacts avec diffrentes teneurs
significant effect on subsequent behaviour. en eau devront etre mis en maquette en tant que matriaux
diffrents, qu'on emploie un modele de durcissement lasto-
plastique isotrope ou anisotrope pour le durcissement. Le
passage d'une compaction statique a une compaction dyna-
KEYWORDS: compaction; earthfill; fabric/structure of soils; Iab- mique n'a aucun effet significatif sur le comportement
oratory tests; partial saturation; suction. ultrieur.
v = F(s) -1/i(s)ln ( p)
Pat
(2)
Two other types of shearing, involving vanat10n of suction,
were also included in series 1 (see test types D and E in
Wheeler & Sivakumar (1995)), but these tests are not reported
where M(s), f-l(s), F(s) and 'lj;(s) are functions of suction. here.
Wheeler & Sivakumar (1995) assumed an elliptical shape for
constant suction cross-sections of the yield surface joining
normal compression states to critica! states, and showed that
this resulted in predicted test paths in q : p : v space that TEST RESULTS PROM SHEARING STAGE
showed good agreement with experimental reslts from various The results from the shearing stage of the tests within series
types of controlled-suction triaxial shear tests on samples of 1 were discussed in detail by Wheeler & Sivakumar (1995), and
compacted kaolin. The development of shear strain was also the . . intention here is to concentrate on comparisons between the
predicted with reasonable success by assuming an associated different test series.
flow rule.
i::r
(/)
ui
(/) 200
~ 200 o
(jj u 1
o :::::1
(/) 1
~ 1
o
100
------------.;8
o Series 1
6. Series 2
o Series 3
o Series 4
8!.
~ 200
& 8!.
~
200 -
c
U)
&
~
1i c
C/)
._;
o ~
1i 00
"5
o
Q)
100 2<11
'5
Q)
o 100
o Series 1
A Series 2
e Series 3
o Series 4
100 200
Mean net stress, p: kPa o
(a)
o 100 200
on behaviour under isotropic stress states ). Finally, compaction changes in the initial compaction-induced state of the soil (as
at a higher water content has no effect on the locations of the , represented by the initial location of the yield surface and the
critica} state lines in the q : p plane, but does appear to affect initial suction). In addition, the values of the parameters N(s)
slightly the critica} state values of v and Vw. This suggests that and A(s), defining the normal compression lines for different
differences in soil fabric produced by compaction at different values of suction, are dependent on both compaction pressure
water contents (strongly apparent in their influence on the nd compaction water content, and the parameters r(s) and
normal compression lines, as described in the companion paper) 1./J(s), defining the critical state lines in the v: p plane for
are not completely erased even by shearing to a critical state. different values of suction, seem to be dependent on compaction
This is initially somewhat surprising, because a critica} state is water content (but not compaction pressure ). These additional
normally thought to represent a condition where fabric i~ being effects are, presumably, due to the influence of compaction-
continuously destroyed. A possible explanation les in the two induced soil fabric.
levels of soil fabric within samples compacted dry of optimum:
the macrostructural arrangement of large clay packets and inter-
packet voids, and the microstructure within individual packets. lnfluence of compaction pressure
The critical states observed in triaxial tests probably correspond The influence of an increase in compaction pressure on the
to shearing of the macrofabric to a critical, state, whereas the fabric of samples compacted dry of Proctor optimum is prob-
relatively strong microfabric of individual clay packets may not ably limited to sorne compression of the large interpacket voids
reach a critical state, so that the infl.uence ofinitial fabric is not and stronger imprinting of the anisotropy of fabric induced .by
completely erased. one-dimensional compaction. The compression of large inter-
packet voids during increased compaction is similar to that
occurring during virgin loading after compaction (see Delage et
IMPLICATIONS POR CONSTITUTIVE MODELLING al., 1996), and this should therefore be represented simply by
If the existing elastoplastic constitutive models of Alonso et . additional expansion of the yield surface in the existing elasto-
al. (1990) and Wheeler & Sivakumar (1995) are to be used, the plastic models. A revised constitutive model, incorporating
experimental results presented here and in the companion paper anisotropic hardening, would however be required in order to
suggest that the effects of changes in compaction pressure or represent the stronger imprinting of fabric anisotropy. With such
compaction water content cannot be represented solely by a constitutive model it may be possble to simulate all the
- ........---------------------~
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF AN UNSATURATED COMPACTED CLAY 373
400r--------------------------------------,
400 r-------------------------------------~
S= 300 kPa
S= 100 kPa
300
300 ro
a.
ro .::.!
a. e;.
~ S= O
e;. u)
(/)
u) ~
(/)
(j 200
~
(j
....
200 o
(ij
>
*o
~
o
Q)
o Series 1 100
100 6 Series 2
e Series 3
o Series 4
1
g 20
(.)
<;::::
c:;
Q)
a.
20
' Cl)
Q)
a.
(/)
-o o 19
e:
ro 19
:::;
6
a)
E
::::1 o 1"8 ..______.______,___. . L - - - - - - - - L - - - - - - - - - - - 1
g
~
Cl)
Q)
Q;
1-.S
1. 7
vw ..
50 100 200 400
21 r----------...:(....:b)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....,
- ----------------------------
374 WHEELER AND SIVAKUMAR
one-dimensional consolidation and then compressed isotropic-
ally (see Wheeler, 1997).
q . Figure 8 shows the forms of behaviour that would be
predicted, by the type of anisotropic hardening model described
above, for two samples of the same soil one-dimensionally
compacted to different pressures and then each isotropically
loaded at the same value of suction. Not only does the sample
compacted to the higher pressure yield at a higher mean net
stress, but also the post-yield curve lies below the correspond-
ing curve for the sample compacted to the lower pressure,
p because higher stresses are required to produce convergence
with the true isotropic normal compression line for the given
value of suction. eomparison of Fig. 8 with the experimental
results for the isotropic consolidation stages of the tests in
series 1 and series 2, presented in the companion paper, shows
excellent qualitative agreement. The proposed form of anisotro-
(a) pic hardening elastoplastic model would therefore appear cap-
able of modelling the observed influence of compaction
pressure solely in terms of the initial soil state (as defined by
V initial suction and initial size and inclination of the yield
surface).
One-dimensional The experimental data from the tests in series 1 and series 2
'rlll~.----- normal compression line show no influence of compaction pressme on the critica! state
at same suction relationship~. To successfully represent this aspect of behaviour,
the form of rotational hardening within an anisotropic elasto-
True isotropic compression plastic mode~ has to be such that the final inclination of .the
line at same suction yield curve on reaching a critica! state is independent of the
previous stress history, as, for example, in the models of
Wheeler (1997) or Nruitiinen et al. (1999).
Another feature of compacted soil behaviour that can be
explained by an elastoplastic model incorporating a rotational
component of hardening is the relatively low values of yield
stress observed during isotropic compression after one-dimen-
sional compaction. The tests in series 1 can be considered as an
example. In these tests an axial net stress a 1 - ua of 400 kPa
was applied during compaction (compaction was sufficiently
slow that it is reasonable to assume full dissipation of excess
pore air pressure, given the existence of inter-connected air
voids). Even allowing for a K 0 value of less than 1 during the
application of compaction load, it is unlikely that the value of
mean net stress p during compaction was significantly less than
(b) 300 kPa. At first sight it therefore appears somewhat surprising
that the initial position of the LC yield curve estimated from
Fig. 7. Elastoplastic model incorporating rotational component of the subsequent isotropic compression behaviour involves such
hardening