Name Characteristics Cancerous Special

Hemangioma Most common tumor of infancy; Benign Usually red boils on face and scalp,
spontansous regression, capillary types RARELY familial. Blood vessels pile up
Lymphangioma Malformations in lymphatic system; Skin or Benign Doughy mass that is slow growing and
deeper regions of neck, axilla, and never progresses to malignancy. Increased
mediastinum size may compress airway
Sacrococcygeal teratomas Most common germ-cell tumor of childhood. Majority Histologically mature = bening immature
Located at base of coccyx benign = may be cancerous
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Pre-B cell leukemia is most common; Peaks Malignant Cancer of white blood cells by excess
at age 4, seen in bone marrow and lymphoblast. Malignant imature
peripheral blood. Bone pain, anemia, lymphoblast are overproduced.TdT
petichiae, fever, hepatomegaly and antigens present on pre-B cells.
spenomegaly, and nerve palsies. Hyperdiploidy = more than 50 chrom.
Embryonal Tumors: Small round blue cells Malignant Primitive microscopic appearance
Neuroblastoma (1-2% are Tumors of adrenal medulla and sympathetic Malignant 50% malignancies in infancy. Protuberant
familial autosomal dominant in ganglia. Derived from primordial neural abdomen, hepatomegaly, ascitis, bone
ALK gene) crest cells. Elevated blood catecholamines pain, metastasis to lungs and liver.
and urin VMA and HVA. Random progression Neonates = blueberry muffins deep blue
or progression discloloration.
Stage 1 Localized, resectable, ipsilateral Malignant Good prognosis
Stage 2 Incompletely resected, localized w/lymph Malignant N/A
Stage 3 incompletely resected, spread to body Malignant N/A
stage 4 Spread to distant lymph nodes Malignant Poor prognosis
Stage 4S (<1 year of age) Localized, resectable, spread to liver,BM Malignant Decent prognosis
Retinoblastoma Most common intraocular tumor of children. Malignant Somatic mutations in Rb1 makes up 60%
Germline mutation of Rb1 gene. 40% is and is UNILATERAL. Spread to optic nerve,
familial (bilater or unilateral) CNS, distal bones, lymph
Wilms tumor Nephroblastoma = most common primary Malignant Large well circumscribed mass, tan to
(Nephroblastoma) tumor of the kidney (between 2-5 years old) grey in color, with soft homogenous mass.
Presents as huge abdominal mass with 10% bilateral. 5% resistant to
fever, blood in urine, and intestinal chemotherapy.
obstruction.
WAGR (1/3 get wilms) Genital abnormalities, mental retardation Deletion of WT1 on 11p13
Denys-Drash (90% get wilms) Gonadal disgenesis and renal abnormality dominant negative incativation of WT1
Beckwith-Wiedemann At risk for many other tumors (hepatoblaastoma ect) Loss of imprinting of IGF2 - wilms
Ewing Tumor Painful enlarging mass in long tubular bone Malignant Imaging shows destructive lytic tumor
or pelvic flat bones. Resembles infection. with extension into soft tissue. EWS gene
Chemo, surgery, radiation. and ETS family. 75% 5-year survival.
Rhabdomyosarcoma Most common soft tissue sarcoma of highly Curable in 2/3 of children and seen with
childhood. Head, neck, and genitourinary malignant PAX3 gene on chromosomes 2 and FKHR
tract. gene on chromosome 13.
Medulloblastoma Common in midline cerebellum of children. Malignant Mutations in WNT signaling pathway =
Homer wright rosettes. MYC amplification = more favorable outcomes. 5 year survival
poor outcomes. of 75%.