Topology in Network Design

Think of a topology as a network's virtual shape or structure. This shape does

not necessarily correspond to the actual physical layout of the devices on the
network. For example, the computers on a home network may be arranged in
a circle in a family room, but it would be highly unlikely to find a ring topology
there.

Network topologies are categorized into the following basic types:

bus

ring

star

tree

mesh

More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above
basic topologies.

Bus Topology

Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a
common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone
functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into
with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another
device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other
devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes
the message.
Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much
cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5
("ThickNet") both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for
bus topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of
devices.

If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance
problems will likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire
network effectively becomes unusable.

Illustration: Bus Topology Diagram

Ring Topology

In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication
purposes.

All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or
"counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can
take down the entire network.

To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token

Ringtechnology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school
campuses.

Illustration: Ring Topology Diagram

Star Topology

Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central
connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network
hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.
Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable,
but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's
network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire
network also fails.)

Illustration: Star Topology Diagram

Tree Topology

A tree topology joins multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its
simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub
functions as the root of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach
supports future expansion of the network much better than a bus (limited in
the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star
(limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.

Illustration: Tree Topology Diagram

Mesh Topology

Mesh topology introduces the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous
topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several
possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although
two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.)
Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.

A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full
mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in
which some devices connect only indirectly to others.

Illustration: Mesh Topology Diagram

Summary
Topology remains an important part of network design theory. You can
probably build a home or small business computer network without
understanding the difference between a bus design and a star design, but
becoming familiar with the standard topologies gives you a better
understanding of important networking concepts like hubs, broadcasts, and
routes

Types of Mesh Topology

1. Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in the

same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three

devices.

2. Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.

Features of Mesh Topology

1. Fully connected.
2. Robust.

3. Not flexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

1. Each connection can carry its own data load.

2. It is robust.

3. Fault is diagnosed easily.

4. Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

1. Installation and configuration is difficult.

2. Cabling cost is more.

3. Bulk wiring is required.

TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also
called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology

1. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.

2. Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology

1. Extension of bus and star topologies.

2. Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.

3. Easily managed and maintained.

4. Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

1. Heavily cabled.

2. Costly.
3. If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.

4. Central hub fails, network fails.

HYBRID Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For
example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star
topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring
topology and star topology).
Features of Hybrid Topology

1. It is a combination of two or topologies

2. Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.

2. Effective.

3. Scalable as size can be increased easily.

4. Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Complex in design.

2. Costly.

3. bus

4. ring

5. star

6. tree

7. mesh

More complex networks can be built as hybrids of two or more of the above
basic topologies.

Bus Topology

Bus networks (not to be confused with the system bus of a computer) use a
common backbone to connect all devices. A single cable, the backbone
functions as a shared communication medium that devices attach or tap into
with an interface connector. A device wanting to communicate with another
device on the network sends a broadcast message onto the wire that all other
devices see, but only the intended recipient actually accepts and processes
the message.

Ethernet bus topologies are relatively easy to install and don't require much
cabling compared to the alternatives. 10Base-2 ("ThinNet") and 10Base-5
("ThickNet") both were popular Ethernet cabling options many years ago for
bus topologies. However, bus networks work best with a limited number of
devices.

If more than a few dozen computers are added to a network bus, performance
problems will likely result. In addition, if the backbone cable fails, the entire
network effectively becomes unusable.

Illustration: Bus Topology Diagram

Ring Topology

In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication
purposes.

All messages travel through a ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or
"counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can
take down the entire network.

To implement a ring network, one typically uses FDDI, SONET, or Token

Ringtechnology. Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or school
campuses.

Illustration: Ring Topology Diagram

Star Topology
Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central
connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network
hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.

Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable,
but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's
network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire
network also fails.)

Illustration: Star Topology Diagram

Tree Topology

A tree topology joins multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its
simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub
functions as the root of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach
supports future expansion of the network much better than a bus (limited in
the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star
(limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.

Illustration: Tree Topology Diagram

Mesh Topology

Mesh topology introduces the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous
topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several
possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although
two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.)
Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.

A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full
mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in
which some devices connect only indirectly to others.
Illustration: Mesh Topology Diagram

Summary

Topology remains an important part of network design theory. You can

probably build a home or small business computer network without
understanding the difference between a bus design and a star design, but
becoming familiar with the standard topologies gives you a better
understanding of important networking concepts like hubs, broadcasts, and
routes.

Illustration: Ring Topology Diagram

Star Topology

Many home networks use the star topology. A star network features a central
connection point called a "hub node" that may be a network
hub, switch or router. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP) Ethernet.

Compared to the bus topology, a star network generally requires more cable,
but a failure in any star network cable will only take down one computer's
network access and not the entire LAN. (If the hub fails, however, the entire
network also fails.)

Illustration: Star Topology Diagram

Tree Topology

A tree topology joins multiple star topologies together onto a bus. In its
simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the tree bus, and each hub
functions as the root of a tree of devices. This bus/star hybrid approach
supports future expansion of the network much better than a bus (limited in
the number of devices due to the broadcast traffic it generates) or a star
(limited by the number of hub connection points) alone.
Illustration: Tree Topology Diagram

Mesh Topology

Mesh topology introduces the concept of routes. Unlike each of the previous
topologies, messages sent on a mesh network can take any of several
possible paths from source to destination. (Recall that even in a ring, although
two cable paths exist, messages can only travel in one direction.)
Some WANs, most notably the Internet, employ mesh routing.

A mesh network in which every device connects to every other is called a full
mesh. As shown in the illustration below, partial mesh networks also exist in
which some devices connect only indirectly to others.

Illustration: Mesh Topology Diagram

Summary

Topology remains an important part of network design theory. You can

probably build a home or small business computer network without
understanding the difference between a bus design and a star design, but
becoming familiar with the standard topologies gives you a better
understanding of important networking concepts like hubs, broadcasts, and
routes
Types of Mesh Topology

3. Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in the

same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three

devices.

4. Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.

Features of Mesh Topology

4. Fully connected.

5. Robust.

6. Not flexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

5. Each connection can carry its own data load.

6. It is robust.

7. Fault is diagnosed easily.

8. Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

4. Installation and configuration is difficult.

5. Cabling cost is more.

6. Bulk wiring is required.

TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also
called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology

3. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.

4. Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology

5. Extension of bus and star topologies.

6. Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.

7. Easily managed and maintained.

8. Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

5. Heavily cabled.

6. Costly.

7. If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.

8. Central hub fails, network fails.

HYBRID Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For
example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star
topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring
topology and star topology).

4.4.3. Database Maintenance

Support for Oracle 10.2.0.2 is ending and will need to be upgraded. One option is to
convert SAPs underlying
database from Oracle to Microsoft SQL Server. Indicate SQL and/or Oracle database
support capabilities.
The Oracle upgrade/SQL replacement is another example of a project that would be
outside the regular Basis
support scope and the cooperation and support of the successful Basis candidate
would be expected on any
future projects that may involve other contractors.
4.4.4. System Refresh and Client Copies
The city may require additional system refreshes and / or client copies in addition to
those specifically identified
in section 4.4.2. Indicate the cost per system refresh and cost per client copy the
city will be charged for
additional refreshes or copies requested.
4.4.5. HRSPs
Human Resources Support Packs (HRSPs) to be implemented at least once per year
in addition to any HRSPs that
would be required during either of the regularly scheduled projects listed above.
This will generally be
performed before year end, after the November/December project is completed,
though scheduling ultimately
depends on SAPs release of regulated changes and will be scheduled accordingly.
4.4.6. Regression Testing
Regression testing of both EHP and SP implementation projects using vendor-
provided Computer Aided Testing
Tools (CATT) for impact analysis and testing management are requested, with
additional consideration given to
those proposals that include it. Examples include usage based risk analysis by such
products as Intellicorps
LiveCompare or Panaya as well as Solution Manager Change Impact Analysis.
9
5. TECHNOLOGY LANDSCAPE
The SAP Technology Landscape consists of all the technology infrastructure
components involved in supporting the ERP
as well as the BW and EP environments and applications for the City of Nanaimo.
Many of these components support
aspects of other applications in the City of Nanaimo's information technology
infrastructure, but in this document the
City is only concerned with how they affect SAP.
5.1.
Network
5.1.1. Description
The WAN is a hybrid of the City of Nanaimo's own fibre network and wireless
connections to peripheral sites.
The City of Nanaimos fibre network directly connects City Hall, City Hall Annex, Fire
Station #1 and Public Works
with a 10 Gb backbone. Fire Station #2 and Oliver Wood Recreation Centre are
connected with 100Mb and
150Mb wireless connections respectively, all other office locations are serviced with
1 Gb switches.
The server LAN's are 1 Gb, with the previously described 10 Gb Ethernet backbone
between locations.
SAPERPPRD is directly connected with 1 Gb. SAPERPDEV is located at Public Works
and linked with a 1 Gb
connection to the rest of the network. All backup servers are presently connected
with 1 Gb.
The network connection to SAP in support of SAP OSS is presently configured using
SNC. The Vendor is to
provide details and management of SAP OSS connection.
Vendor to provide details on proposed connection from Vendor location to City
infrastructure and indicate
whether Vendor has this currently set up for other clients.
5.1.2. Responsibilities
The City of Nanaimo will be responsible for network management, including
interfacing within the WAN.
Vendor will be responsible for the management of the remote connectivity network
for Vendor as well as the
OSS Note connectivity.
5.2. Hardware
5.2.1. Description
The Hardware currently consists of:
SAPERPPRD
- DELL 2950 3.7 GHz Dual Xeon CPUs and 8 GB RAM
- Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard x64 Edition
- Dell MD1000 PowerVault Disk Shelf with 73 GB drives
SAPERPDEV
- DELL 2950 3.7 GHz Dual Xeon CPUs and 8 GB RAM
- Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Standard x64 Edition
- Dell MD1000 PowerVault Disk Shelf with 146 GB SATA drives
SAPBWPRD2010
- DELL 710 2.8 GHz Dual Xeon CPUs and 24 GB RAM
- Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Standard x64 Edition
SAPBWDEV2010
- Virtual Machine, 8 GB RAM

- Microsoft Windows Server 2008, Standard x64 Edition

Features of Hybrid Topology

3. It is a combination of two or topologies