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School of Mechanical
Engineering
Contents
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 2
Introduction
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 3
Internal Forces in Members
Straight two-force member AB is in
equilibrium under application of F and
-F.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 5
Sample Problem 7.1
SOLUTION:
Compute reactions and connection forces.
Fx = 0 : Ex = 0
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 6
Sample Problem 7.1
Consider member BCD as free-body:
MB = 0:
- (2400 N )(3.6 m ) + C y (2.4 m ) = 0 C y = 3600 N
MC = 0 :
- (2400 N )(1.2 m ) + B y (2.4 m ) = 0 B y = 1200 N
Fx = 0 : - Bx + C x = 0
MJ = 0:
- (1800 N )(1.2 m ) + M = 0 M = 2160 N m
Fx = 0 :
F - (1800 N ) cos 41.7 = 0 F = 1344 N
Fy = 0 :
-V + (1800 N ) sin 41.7 = 0 V = 1197 N
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 8
Sample Problem 7.1
Cut member BCD at K. Determine a force-couple
system equivalent to internal forces at K .
MK = 0:
(1200 N )(1.5 m ) + M = 0 M = -1800 N m
Fx = 0 : F =0
Fy = 0 :
- 1200 N - V = 0 V = -1200 N
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 9
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 10
Various Types of Beam Loading and Support
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 12
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Variation of shear and bending
moment along beam may be
plotted.
Determine reactions at supports.
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading Plot results.
shown.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 14
Sample Problem 7.2
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at B and D.
Find equivalent internal force-couple systems at
sections on either side of load application points.
Fy = 0 : - 20 kN - V1 = 0 V1 = -20 kN
M 2 = 0 : (20 kN )(0 m ) + M 1 = 0 M1 = 0
Similarly,
V3 = 26 kN M3 = -50 kN m
V4 = 26 kN M4 = +28 kN m
V5 = -14 kN M5 = +28 kN m
V6 = -14 kN M6 =0
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 15
Sample Problem 7.2
Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 16
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
Plot results.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam AB. The
distributed load of 40 N/m extends over
0.3 m of the beam, from A to C, and the
400-N load is applied at E.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 17
Sample Problem 7.3
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
MA = 0:
B y (0.8m ) - (12 N )(0.3m ) - (400 N )(0.55m ) = 0
B y = 365 N
MB = 0:
(12N )(0.65m ) + (400 N )(0.25m ) - A(0.8m ) = 0
A = 135 N
Fx = 0 : Bx = 0
From A to C:
Fy = 0 : 135 - 40 x - V = 0
V = 515 - 40 x
M1 = 0 : - 135 x - 40 x( 12 x ) + M = 0
M = 135 x - 20 x 2
From C to D:
Fy = 0 : 135 - 12 - V = 0
V = 123 N
M2 = 0: - 135 x + 12( x - 0.15) + M = 0
M = (1.8 + 123x ) N m
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 19
Sample Problem 7.3
From D to B:
Fy = 0 : 135 - 12m - 400 - V = 0
V = -277 N
M2 = 0:
- 135 x + 12( x - 0.15) - 1600 + 400( x - 0.45) + M =0
M = (1781.8 - 277 x ) N cm
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 20
Sample Problem 7.3
Plot results.
From A to C:
V = 135 - 40 x
M = 135 x - 20 x 2
From C to D:
V = 123 N
M = (1.8 + 123 x ) N m
From D to B:
V = -277 N
M = (1781.8 - 277 x ) N m
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 21
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment
Relations between load and shear:
V - (V + DV ) - wDx = 0
dV DV
= lim = -w
dx Dx 0 Dx
xD
VD - VC = - w dx = -(area under load curve)
xC
(M + DM ) - M - VDx + wDx Dx = 0
2
dM DM
= lim (
= lim V - 12 wDx = V
dx Dx 0 Dx Dx 0
)
xD
M D - M C = V dx = (area under shear curve)
xC
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 22
Relations Among Load, Shear, and Bending
Moment
wL
Reactions at supports, R A = RB =
2
Shear curve,
x
V - V A = - w dx = - wx
0
wL L
V = V A - wx = - wx = w - x
2 2
Moment curve,
x
M - M A = Vdx
0
x
L w
(
M = w - x dx = L x - x 2 )
0 2 2
wL2 dM
M max = M at = V = 0
8 dx
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 23
Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body, determine
reactions at supports.
Between concentrated load application
points, dV dx = - w = 0 and shear is
constant.
With uniform loading between D and E, the
shear variation is linear.
Draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams for the beam Between concentrated load application
and loading shown. points, dM dx = V = constant . The change
in moment between load application points is
equal to area under shear curve between
points.
With a linear shear variation between D
and E, the bending moment diagram is a
parabola. School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 24
Sample Problem 7.4
SOLUTION:
Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports.
MA = 0:
D(7.2 m ) - (20 kN )(1.8 m ) - (12 kN )(4.2 m )
- (12 kN )(8.4 m ) = 0
D = 26 kN
F y =0 :
Ay - 20 kN - 12 kN + 26 kN - 12 kN = 0
Ay = 18 kN
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 26
Sample Problem 7.6
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal
to the negative of area under load curve
between points. The linear load curve results
in a parabolic shear curve.
With zero load, change in shear between B
and C is zero.
The change in moment between A and B is
Sketch the shear and bending-
equal to area under shear curve between
moment diagrams for the
points. The parabolic shear curve results in
cantilever beam and loading
a cubic moment curve.
shown.
The change in moment between B and C is
equal to area under shear curve between
points. The constant shear curve results in a
linear moment curve.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 27
Sample Problem 7.6
SOLUTION:
The change in shear between A and B is equal to
negative of area under load curve between points.
The linear load curve results in a parabolic shear
curve.
dV
at A, V A = 0, = - w = - w0
dx
VB - V A = - 12 w0 a VB = - 12 w0 a
dV
at B, = -w = 0
dx
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 28
Sample Problem 7.6
The change in moment between A and B is equal
to area under shear curve between the points.
The parabolic shear curve results in a cubic
moment curve.
dM
at A, M A = 0, =V = 0
dx
M B - M A = - 13 w0 a 2 M B = - 13 w0 a 2
M C - M B = - 12 w0 a( L - a ) M C = - 16 w0 a(3L - a )
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 29
Cables With Concentrated Loads
SOLUTION:
Determine reaction force components at
A from solution of two equations formed
from taking entire cable as free-body
and summing moments about E, and
from taking cable portion ABC as a free-
body and summing moments about C.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 34
Sample Problem 7.8
SOLUTION:
Determine two reaction force components at A
from solution of two equations formed from
taking entire cable as a free-body and summing
moments about E,
M E = 0:
Solving simultaneously,
Ax = -18 kN Ay = 5 kN
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 35
Sample Problem 7.8
Calculate elevation of B by considering AB as
a free-body and summing moments B.
M B = 0: y B (18) - (5)(6 )
y B = -1.67 m
y D = 1.75 m
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 36
Sample Problem 7.8
14.7
tan q = q = 43.4
15
18 kN
Tmax = Tmax = 24.8 kN
cosq
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 37
Catenary
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 38
Catenary
To relate x and y cable coordinates,
W s x
dy = dx tan q = dx = dx = sinh dx
T0 c c
x
x x
y - c = sinh dx = c cosh - c
0 c c
x
y = c cosh
c
which is the equation of a catenary.
School of Mechanical
Engineering 7- 39