1. Determine the shortest path using Dijkstras algorithm from node v to all other nodes in the network.

You need to draw a table similar to the one shown in class and clearly illustrate all the steps. You will not
get credit for just writing the final answer. (5 points)

Step N D(t), p(t) D(u), p(u) D(v), p(v) D(w), p(w) D(y), p(y) D(z), p(z)
0 x 3, x 6, x 6, x 8, x
1 xv 7, v 6, v 3, x 6, x 6, x 8, x
2 xvu 7, v 6, v 3, x 6, x 6, x 8, x
3 xvuw 7, v 6, v 3, x 6, x 6, x 8, x
4 xvuwy 7, v 6, v 3, x 6, x 6, x 8, x
5 xvuwyt 7, v 6, v 3, x 6, x 6, x 8, x
6 xvuwytz 7, v 6, v 3, x 6, x 6, x 8, x

2. What is the difference between routing and forwarding?

Forwarding refers to moving packets from an input to an output (typically in a router). While
routing refers to the start to finish (end to end) path that a packet takes through the network.

3. What is 32 bit equivalent of the IP address 223.2.7.61?

11011111 00000010 00000111 00111101

4. Write the largest possible subnet mask if three routers 223.2.7.7, 223.2.7.1 and 223.2.7.5 are all in the
same subnet. (2 points)

255.255.255.0
5. How big is the MAC address space? Compare it against the IPv4 address space? (2 points)

The MAC address space is calculated as (8 bits x 6 bytes) 248

The IPv4 address space is calculated as (8 bits x 4 bytes) 232

The MAC address has a flat structure and is written in hexadecimal format. The MAC address is
FIXED and does not change no matter what network the host is connected to. The IPv4 address on
the other hand is Hierarchical (part host and part network) and will change when the host connects
to a different network.

6. What is the main difference between non-persistent and persistent HTTP? (1 point)

A persistent HTTP connection means that it stays alive and will allow multiple objects to be
downloaded with the same connection. A non-persistent HTTP connection on the other hand means
that each object requires a separate open connection to be downloaded.

7. Why is an ARP query sent within a broadcast frame? Why is an ARP response sent within a frame with a
specific destination MAC address? (2 points)

If the translation of the IP address to MAC address is not currently in the ARP table then it needs to
send out a query within a broadcast frame to all hosts on the subnet, since it only knows the IP
address and does NOT currently know the MAC address. Once the host responds with its MAC
address (which the host would know) then the response is sent with a specific destination and not a
broadcast (so only the appropriate host will respond).

8. Describe TCP congestion control namely the slow start, congestion avoidance and fast recovery phases.
(2 points)

TCP congestion control is determined by the congestion window and the maximum segment size
(MSS).

IF we are in the slow start phase, The TCP window size will increase by 1 MSS per
ACKnowledgement, so after the amount of acknowledgements match the congestion window then the
congestion window will double in size. For example: If the congestion window is 2000 and the
maximum segment size (MSS) is 1000, then after 2 ACKnowledgements (1000 + 1000), the congestion
window will now be 4000.

If we are in congestion avoidance, then the TCP window size will increase by 1 MMS/CONGESTION
WINDOW. So after the amount of acknowledgements match the congestion window, then the
congestion window will increase by 1. For example: if the congestion window is 3000 and the
maximum segment size (MSS) is 1000, then after 3 ACKnowledgements (1000/3000 + 1000/3000 +
1000/3000), the congestion window will now be 4000.

Fast recovery phase occurs when slow start ends and congestion avoidance starts. Typically when 3
duplicate ACKnowledgements are received, then the sender switches to congestion avoidance.
9. Consider the scenario in the figure below, in which three hosts are each connected to a router by a 100
Mbps link, with a near-zero ms propagation delay. That router in turn is connected to another router over a
30 Mbps link with a 50 ms propagation delay, and that latter router is connected to two remote logging
servers, each over a 20 Mbps link with a 10 ms propagation delay.

Suppose one of the hosts sends a message directly to one of the remote logging servers. The message is
10K bits long. What is the end-to-end delay from when the message is first transmitted by the host to when
it is received at the remote server? Assume that the request goes directly to the server, that there are no
queueing delays, and that node (router) packet-processing delays are also zero. (3 points)

dprop = m / s seconds
dtrans = L / R seconds
dend-to-end = (m/s + L/R) seconds

10KB = 0.01MB = 0.08Mb

0.08Mb / 100Mbps = .0004 sec
0.08Mb / 30Mbps = .00266666667 sec
0.08Mb / 20Mbps = .004 sec

Total transmission delay: .0074666667

How can you calculate the total end-to-end delay if you dont know the distance that the packet has
to travel? Am I missing something?
10) Describe the primary function of DNS, DHCP and NAT. (3 points)

DNS (Domain Name Service) is used to translate human readable domain names to IP addresses
(typically for web servers on the WAN).

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is used by servers (or routers) (usually on the local
LAN network) to assign IP addresses to end clients/hosts dynamically.

NAT (Network Address Translation) is used to translate the WAN IP address (typically connecting a
home/business network to an ISP), to internally assigned IP addresses. This removes the problems
associated with the limited number of available IPv4 addresses, since a LAN network can assign
addresses independently of the one that is assigned by the ISP. However, all requests and responses
are translated from the internal network so that receiving hosts outside the LAN network will only
see the ISP assigned WAN IP address.

11) Describe the ALOHA protocol. (2 points)

ALOHA is a random access protocol, where nodes independently transmit frames. The result is the
possibility of collisions. ALOHA addresses this, when there is a collision by waiting a random
amount of time before retransmitting the collided frame. ALOHA uses a coin flip to determine
whether it should attempt another transmit.

12) Host A is sending Host B a large file over a TCP connection. Assume Host B has no data to send Host
A. Host B will not send acknowledgments to Host A because Host B cannot piggyback these
acknowledgements on data. True or False? (1 point)

False

13) Suppose Host A sends a few TCP segments back to back to Host B over a TCP connection. The first
segment has sequence number 90; the second has sequence number 110.

a) How much data is in the first segment?

20 bytes

b) Suppose that the first segment is lost but the second segment arrives at B. In the acknowledgment that
Host B sends to Host A, what will be the acknowledgment number? (2 points)

90

14. Consider the application layer protocol SMTP. What transport layer protocol does SMTP run over?
Explain your answer (2 points)

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) runs over TCP, since it is more important to have reliable
data transfer then connection delays, which are typical with TCP.

15. UDP provides reliable data transfer in the transport layer True or False? (1 point)

False