9-1

Solutions for Chapter 9 Problems

2. Passive Circuit Elements

P9.1: Given a 2.0 cm length of AWG20 copper wire, (a) calculate Rdc, (b) calculate Rac at
800 MHz, (c) estimate L.

31.96mils 25.4 m m
a 406 x106 m
2 mil 106 m
l 0.02
Rdc 666
a 5.8 x107 406 x106 2
2

At 800 MHz:
l
Rac , where 1 2.336 x106 m
2 a f
0.02
So Rac 58m
5.8x10 2 406 x106 2.336 x106
7

2(0.02)
L 2 x107 0.02 ln 6
1 14.4nH ,
406 x10
so L = 14 nH

P9.2: MATLAB: Repeat MATLAB 9.1 for a typical 200 chip resistor (LL = 0.40 nH,
Cx = 50 fF). Compare the resulting Bode plot with that of Figure 9.7.

%Resistor Equivalent Circuit

%P0902: modify ML0901 for typical chip resistor

%Enter equivalent circuit values

R=200; %resistance in ohms
LR=0; %element inductance in nH
LLcc=13.4; %lead inductance in nH for carbon comp res
CRcc=2; %element capacitance, in pF for carb comp res
LLcr=0.4; %lead inductance in nH for chip res
CRcr=.05; %elem cap, in pF, for chip res

f=10e6:10e6:10e11;
w=2*pi*f;
XLR=complex(0,w*LR*1e-9);
XLLcc=complex(0,w*LLcc*1e-9);
XCRcc=complex(0,-1./(w*CRcc*1e-12));

XLLcr=complex(0,w*LLcr*1e-9);
XCRcr=complex(0,-1./(w*CRcr*1e-12));
 9-2

Zcc=XLLcc+parallel(R+XLR,XCRcc);
Zcr=XLLcr+parallel(R+XLR,XCRcr);
Zmagcc=abs(Zcc);
Zmagcr=abs(Zcr);

loglog(f,Zmagcc,'--k',f,Zmagcr,'k')
legend('carbon composite','chip resistor')
grid on
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('Z magnitude (ohms)')

Fig. P9.2

We see the chip resistor may be operated almost two orders of magnitude higher in
frequency than the carbon composite resistor.

P9.3: Recalculate L, Cx and fSRF if the AWG30 wire for the coil of Example 9.2 is
replaced with AWG40 wire.

For this wire we have t =3.145 mil = 79.9 m.

L hasnt changed from the Example, so L = 1.3 H.

h Nt 300mil 20(3.145mil )
d 12.5mils
N 1 19
1000mils
S t (2 a)( N 1) (3.145mils)(2 )(0.25cm)(19) 37 x103 mil 2
2.54cm
 9-3

Cx
8.854 x10 12
F m 37 x103 mil 2 25.4 x106 m
666 x1015 F
12.5mil mil
1
f srf 171MHz,
2 1.3x106 666 x1015
so fsrf = 170 MHz.

P9.4: Estimate L and the SRF if a 99.8% iron core is inserted inside the coil of Example
9.2.

From Example 9.2 we had

N 2 a 2
L o 1.3 H .
h
Now, we have the iron core with r = 5000, so
L (5000)(1.3 H ) 6.5mH .

For the self resonance frequency, we use Cx = 5.2 pF as before and find
1
f srf 866kHz,
2 6.5mH 5.2 pF
or fsrf = 870kHz.

P9.5: Consider a 99.8% iron toroidal core of inner diameter 0.50 cm and outer diameter
1.0 cm wrapped with 20 turns of evenly spaced AWG26 copper wire. Estimate
inductance and the self-resonance frequency of this toroidal inductor.

N2
For inductance, from P3.56 we found: L b a
2

I 2b
where b = (a+c)/2 = 0.375 cm.
For the capacitance we have
S
C , where S = t(2ac)(N-1), and ac = (c-a)/2 = 0.125 cm, and t = 405 m.
d
Also,
h Nt
d for a toroid, where h = core length = 2b.
N
Plugging in the numbers we have
5000 4 x107 20 0.00375 0.0025
2 2

L 524 H
2 0.00375
S 405x106 2 0.0012519 60.4 x106 m2
 9-4

2 0.00375 20 405 x106

d 773x106 m
20

C
8.854 x10 12
60.4 x106 0.69 fF
773x10 6

1 1
f srf 8.4MHz.
2 LC 2 524 x10 0.69 x10
6 15

P9.6: Calculate the self-resonance frequency for a 47 nF mica capacitor with a pair of 1.0
cm long AWG 24 copper leads.

We can apply the equivalent circuit of Figure 9.13(b), where we can neglect the very
small resistance Rx. Then,
H 2l
Lx 2 x107 l ln 1 , where each lead is l = 1 cm, and
m a
1 25.4 x106 m
a 20.1mils 6
255 x10 m, so
2 mil
H 2 0.01
Lx 2 x107 0.01 ln 6
1 6.7nH .
m 255 x10
With the two leads in series we then have Ltot = 13.4 nH, and then
1 1
f srf 6.3MHz,
2 Ltot C 2 13.4 x109 47 x109
so fsrf = 6 MHz.

P9.7: A thin film capacitor is made by sandwiching a 0.10 m thick layer of Teflon
between copper conductive layers. Determine the capacitance per unit area and the
maximum voltage that can be applied across such a capacitor.

For Teflon, from the appendix we have r = 2.1 and Ebr = 60x106 V/m.
So,
C 2.18.854 x10
12
F
6
186 2 ,
S d 0.1x10 m
and
Ebr max , or Vmax Ebr d 60 x106 0.1x106 6V .
V
d
 9-5

P9.8: If the 2.2 nF capacitor of Example 9.3 has an area of 20. mm 2, what thickness mica
is used? What is the maximum voltage that can be applied across this capacitor?

For mica, from the appendix we have r = 5.4 and Ebr = 200x106 V/m.
F
5.4 8.854 x1012 20mm2
S r o S
2
m 1m
C , d 435nm
d C 2.2 x109 F 1000mm
Vmax Ebr d 200 x106 435x109 87V .

P9.9: (JustAsk): Suppose a standard 300. twin-lead T-line is constructed with AWG 24
wire separated by a center-to-center spacing of 0.800 cm. If this line is terminated in a
short circuit realized using the shortest possible length of AWG 24 wire, calculate the
reflection coefficient looking into this short at 100 MHz, 1 GHz and 10 GHz.

AWG24 has a radius a = 255 m. Using Equation (9.4),

H 2l 2 0.008
Lx 2 x107 l ln 1 2 x107 0.008 ln 6
1 5.02nH
m a 255 x10
The impedance looking into the line, neglecting the very small resistance, is
ZL = jL.
At 100 MHz, we then have Z L j 2 100 x106 5.02 x109 j3.16.
The reflection coefficient is found by
Z Z o j3.16 300
L L 1e j179 .
Z L Z o j 3.16 300
Repeating the calculation at 1 GHz and at 10 GHz, we have:

Frequency ZL() L
100 MHz j3.16 1ej179
1 GHz j31.5 1ej168
10 GHz j315 1ej87

3. Digital Signals
P9.10: (JustAsk): What is the spectral bandwidth for a 4.0 ns risetime signal, using
equation (9.13)? What risetime is required to achieve a 1 GHz bandwidth?

(a) The bandwidth is approximated by Equation (9.13),

1 1
BW 250MHz.
tr 4 x109 s
(b) Modifying Equation (9.13),
1 1
tr 1ns.
BW 1x109
 9-6

P9.11: Suppose a 1.0 GHz clock rate is assumed. What is the minimum spectral
bandwidth calculated using Eqn. (9.13).

The minimum bandwidth occurs for the maximum possible rise time, or when the signal
is a sawtooth function. At 1 GHz, the period is T = 1/f = 1 ns. For a sawtooth wave,
then, the risetime would be half the period, or tr = 0.5 ns. Then we have
1 1
BW 2GHz.
tr 0.5 x109 s

P9.12: MATLAB: Modify MATLAB 9.3 to look at a 1.0 GHz clock rate signal.
Minimize the rise and fall times by letting the signal be a sawtooth wave.

% MLP0912
% Modify ML0903 to look at a 1 GHz
% clock rate signal, with minimum
% rise and fall times of a sawtooth wave.
%
clc %clears the command window
clear %clears variables

% Initialize variables
N=40;
fo=1e9;
wo=2*pi*fo;
To=1/fo;
Vo=1;
t1=0;
t2=0.50*To;
tf=t2-t1;

% Determine the coefficients

a0=(Vo/To)*(t1+t2);
for i=1:N
n(i)=i;
a(i)=((2*Vo)/(pi*wo*tf*i^2))*(cos(i*wo*t1)-
cos(i*wo*t2));
end

% Determine the function components

for j=1:1000
t(j)=j*To/1000;
for i=1:N
 9-7

Fn(i)=a(i)*cos(i*wo*t(j));
end
F(j)=a0+sum(Fn);
end

% Generate the plot

subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t,F)
axis([0 1e-9 0 1])
xlabel('time(sec)')
ylabel('voltage(V)')
grid on
subplot(2,1,2)
m=1:40;
b=a(m);
bar(m,b,'-k')
axis([0 40 0 0.5])
xlabel('n')
ylabel('an')

Fig. P9.12

4. Grounds
P9.13: Repeat Example 9.4 using AWG22 wire and 200 MHz current.

25.4 m
25.35mils
1
AWG22 wire has a 322 m, so we can use equation (9.4) to
2 mil
find
H 2l 2 0.04
Lx 2 x107 l ln 1 2 x107 0.04 ln 6
1 36nH
m a 322 x10
At 200 MHz, the impedance is
Z j L j 2 200 x106 36 x109 j 45
Figure P9.13 indicates our situation. By circuit analysis we then have
VA 3mA 45 135mV ,
VB 2mA 45 135mV 225mV ,
VC 1mA 45 225mV 270mV .
 9-8

Fig. P9.13

P9.14: Repeat Example 9.5 using AWG22 wire and 200 MHz current.

As in P9.13, we have for AWG22 wire a = 322 m, and for a 4 cm length equation (9.4)
gives
H 2l 2 0.04
Lx 2 x107 l ln 1 2 x107 0.04 ln 6
1 36nH
m a 322 x10
At 200 MHz, the impedance of the 4 cm length impedance is
Z j L j 2 200 x106 36 x109 j 45 .
Likewise, for the 8 cm length wire we have Lx = 83nH and Z = j105.
For the 12 cm length wire we have Lx = 135nH and Z = j170.
Now,
VA 1mA 45 45mV ,
VB 1mA 105 105mV ,
VC 1mA 170 170mV .

5. Shields
P9.15: The field within a shielded enclosure is 12 kV/m. What shielding effectiveness is
required such that the field outside the shield is no more than 1.0 nV/m?

E 12 kV m
SE 20log ns 20log 262dB
Es 1 nV m

P9.16: (JustAsk): Compare the attenuation in dB at 1.0 GHz for 20 m thick layers of (a)
copper, (b) aluminum and (c) nickel.

f 1x109 r 4 x107
1

 9-9

For copper, 1x109 1 4 x107 5.8 x107 479 x103 Np m,

Np dB
And the attenuation is Atten(dB) 20 x10 m 8.686
6
, which for copper is
m Np
Atten(dB) 479 x103 20 x106 m 8.686 83dB.
Using this approach the following table is generated:
r (S/m) (Np/m) Atten(dB)
(a) copper 1 5.8x107 479x103 83
(b) aluminum 1 3.8x107 387x103 67
(c) nickel 600 1.5 x107 5.96x106 1040

P9.17: A particular silver-filled paint is to be used as an absorptive layer. It has =

1.0x106 S/m with r and r assumed equal to one. Calculate the attenuation of a 100
MHz wave propagating through a 50. m thick layer and compare with the attenuation
through a pure silver layer of the same thickness.

Atten = t, where f .
For the silver paint we have
paint 100 x106 4 x107 106 19.9 x103
Np
.
m
Then,
Np dB
50 x10 m 8.686
6
Attenpaint 19.9 x103 8.6dB.
m Np
Repeating these calculations for pure silver, we find
silver = 156x103 Np/m and Attensilver = 68dB.

P9.18: Shielding low frequency magnetic fields often requires a magnetic shield. What
thickness of 99.8% iron is required to give 20 dB attenuation of a 1.0 kHz magnetic field?

For 99.8% iron we have r = 5000 and = 1x107 S/m. So we have

f 1000 5000 4 x107 1x107 14 x103
Np
.
m
In terms of dB, we have
Np dB 3 dB
(dB) 14 x103 8.686 122 x10 .
m Np m
Since atten = t, then we have
Atten 20dB
t 163 m.
122 x103 dB m
 9-10

P9.19: Find the shielding effectiveness for the silver-filled paint shield of P9.17 and
compare the result with that of pure silver.

Using the program ML0904, we find

SEpaint = 80 dB
SEsilver = 156 dB

P9.20: MATLAB: Consider a 10.0 m thick copper shield. Plot the contributions to
shielding effectiveness (and the total shielding effectiveness) from each of the reflective
terms and from the absorption term from 1 MHz up to 1 GHz. Repeat for the same
thickness nickel shield.

% used for P9.20

% Modify ML0904
%
% Here we want to plot the SE contributions
% vs frequency.
%
% Wentworth, 2/12/03
%
% Variables
% d shield thickness (m)
% s shield conductivity (S/m)
% ur rel permeability
% uo free space permeability
% er rel permittivity
% eo free space permittivity
% f,w freq. and ang. freq. (1/s)
% c speed of light (m/s)
% Zo free space impedance (ohms)
% A,B,C calculation variables
% prop propagation constant (1/m)
% Z1 impedance (ohms)
% taud transmission coeff at z = -d
% tao0 trans coeff at z = 0
% ratio power ratio
% SErefd SE from reflection at front face
% SEabs SE from atten in shield
% SEref0 SE from reflection at back face
% SEtot total shielding effectiveness

clc %clears the command window

clear %clears variables
 9-11

% Initialize variables
d=10e-6;
s=5.8e7;
ur=1;
er=1;
f=100e6;
eo=8.854e-12;
uo=pi*4e-7;
c=2.998e8;
Zo=120*pi;

% Perform calculations
for i=1:1:4
f(i)=10^(i+5);
w=2*pi*f(i);
A=i*w*ur*uo;
B=s+i*w*er*eo;
prop=sqrt(A*B);
Z1=sqrt(A/B);
C=tanh(prop*d);
Zin=(Z1*(Zo+Z1*C))/(Z1+Zo*C);
taud=2*Zin/(Zin+Zo);
tau0=2*Zo/(Zo+Z1);
ratio=abs(taud*tau0*exp(-prop*d));
SErefd(i)=-20*log10(abs(taud));
SEabs(i)=-20*log10(abs(exp(-prop*d)));
SEref0(i)=-20*log10(abs(tau0));
SEtot(i)=-20*log10(ratio);
end

semilogx(f,SErefd,'-o',f,SEabs,'-+',f,SEref0,'-
*',f,SEtot,'-^')
legend('front face reflection','absorption','back face
reflection','total')
title('10 micron thick copper shield')
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('loss (dB)')
grid on

This is repeated for nickel and the results plotted in Figure P9.20.
 9-12

Fig. P9.20

6. Filters
P9.21: Derive the insertion loss expression Equation (9.20) for the series inductor circuit
Figure 9.25(b).

Removing the inductor from the circuit of Figure 9.25(b) (that is, replacing it with a
short), we have the voltage across the load without the filter element
1
vL vS .
2
Now, with the filter in place, we have
R
vLf vS .
2 R j L
 9-13

Therefore,
vLf 2R 1 1
.
vL 2 R j L 1 j L 1 j fL
2R R
We find the magnitude of this ratio,
vLf 1
.
vL
2
fL
1
R
The insertion loss is then
v vLf fL
2
fL 2
IL 20log L

20log 1 10log 1 .
vLf vL R R

P9.22: (JustAsk): Suppose an L = 100. nH inductor is used in the series inductance filter
of Figure 9.25(b). Determine the insertion loss at 200 MHz if (a) R = 10. and (b )R =
10. k.

fL 2
We apply the equation IL 10log 1
R
.

16dB.
200 x106 100 x109 2
(a) IL 10 log 1
10

0.17 x103 dB.

200 x106 100 x109 2
(b) IL 10 log 1
10 x10 3

P9.23: Suppose a C = 47. pF capacitor is used in the shunt capacitance filter of Figure
9.25(a). Determine the insertion loss at 200. MHz if (a) R = 10. and (b) R = 10. k.

We apply the equation IL 10log 1 fRC .
2

0.36dB.
(a) IL 10log 1 200 x106 10 47 x1012
2

(b) IL 10log 1 200 x10 10 x10 47 x10 49dB.

2
6 3 12

P9.24: Determine the insertion loss at 1.0 GHz for a T-filter inserted between a 10.
source impedance and a 10. load impedance. Consider L = 10. nH and C = 47. pF.
 9-14

Fig. P9.24 (a)

We can analyzer the circuit shown in Figure

9.24(a) by using the models in Figures 9.24
(b) & (c):
Z1 R j L,
and

Fig. 9.24(b) & (c)
Z 2 Z1 j
C .
Then we have
Z2 R R R Z2
v2 vS , vLf v2 v2 , vLf vS .
Z1 Z 2 R j L Z1 Z1 Z1 Z 2
1
vL vS ,
2
v
and we then wish to calculate insertion loss as IL 20 log L .
vLf

This is calculated using MLP0924.

% MLP0924
%
% A T-Filter Problem
%
clc
clear
% Variables
R=10;
L=10e-9;
C=47e-12;
f=1e9;

% Run Program
w=2*pi*f;
XL=i*w*L;
XC=-i/(w*C);
 9-15

Z1=R+XL;
Z2=parallel(Z1,XC);
VLF=R*Z2/(Z1*(Z1+Z2));
ratio=1/(2*abs(VLF));
IL=20*Log10(ratio)

Now we run the program:

IL = 34.5662
So the insertion loss is IL = 34.6 dB.

P9.25: Determine the insertion loss at 40 MHz for a -filter inserted between a 10. k
source impedance and a 10. k load impedance. Consider L = 10. nH and C = 47. pF.

Referring to Figure P9.25, we have

j
Z1 RL ,
C
and
Z 2 j L Z1.
Then,
j
Z3 Z 2 .
C
Using these values we find
Z3
v1 vS ,
Z1 Rs
Z1
v2 v1 vLf ,
Z1 j L
Z1 Z3
vLf vS
Z1 j L Z1 Rs
and
RL
vL .
RL RS
Finally,
v
IL 20 log L .
vLf
Fig. P9.25
This is calculated using MLP0925.

% MLP0925
%
% This is a pi filter.
%
 9-16

clc
clear

% enter variables
RS=10e3;
RL=10e3;
L=10e-9;
C=47e-12;
f=40e6;

% Perform calculations
w=2*pi*f;
XC=-i/(w*C);
XL=i*w*L;
Z1=parallel(RL,XC);
Z2=XL+Z1;
Z3=parallel(XC,Z2);
vLf=(Z1*Z3)/(Z2*(Z3+RS));
vL=RL/(RL+RS);
IL=20*Log10(vL/abs(vLf))

Now running this program:

IL = 41.3
So IL = 41 dB.