International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-12, December 2014

Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide T-junction with

a 2D Inclusion via Greens Theorem
Yu Guangbin, S. N. Shulga, O. V. Bagatskaya, A. V. Strizhachenko, Zheng Yu

Abstract A rigorous method for solving 2D scattering by an bh Y

arbitrary perfectly conducting inclusion located in the region of
Side
a rectangular waveguide T-junction is presented. This method is waveguide
developed from the approach based on the Greens theorem. The
latter is simultaneously the wave equation and the boundary Port A
conditions on the scatterer surface. The proposed method is r
illustrated by results obtained for a thick septum located inside
Z L1 N
the interaction region. Such approach can be applied for Main r
optimization of waveguide junctions.generalized using special waveguide N r
LS N
weighting functions satisfying y1
b S r
Index Terms Waveguide Junctions, Greens Theorem, N L2
Microwave, Rectangular Waveguide.
L3
Port C z3 L0 Port
I. INTRODUCTION z2 X
r
The T-junction of two waveguides is an important element N 0
of waveguide tracts, which can be used as one of the key
building blocks of various devices, e.g., power dividers, Fig. 1. The structure under study: rectangular waveguide
filters, multiplexers. The presence of extensive applications T-junction containing a PEC scatterer.
necessitates the development of methods for the study of such
structures.
The paper presents a rigorous solution for a 2D scattering A simple system of algebraic equations for determining the
problem of electromagnetic wave by a perfectly conducting amplitudes of scattered fields in the waveguides can be
inclusion of an arbitrary cross section shape within an obtained. To this aim only one propagating mode is taken into
interaction region of rectangular waveguide T-junction. In account in one of the waveguides and the scattering
Fig. 1 the interaction region is bounded by line segments coefficients are found by using the three-short method [2, 3],
L0 , L1, L2 , L3 , and the scatterer surface LS . This model can which enables us to obtain the scattering coefficients with
high accuracy. With this approach, one can construct the
be applied for optimizing the transmission properties of complete scattering matrix in a closed form for an arbitrary
waveguide junctions by placing rods or septums. number of waveguide modes [4]. Thus, this paper presents the
The approach proposed is based on the Greens theorem further development of the Green's theorem method for the
method, which has been previously successfully applied to case when the T-shaped interaction region of two variously
characterization of different T-junctions of rectangular sized rectangular waveguides is loaded with an E-plane
waveguides. E.g. in [1] the problem is solved using the perfectly conducting septum.
appropriate integral equation of the residue theory and the
weighting functions, which were chosen so as to identically II. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
satisfy Helmholtz equation in the inhomogeneous region of
the waveguide junction. The characteristic feature of our
For definiteness, we restrict our consideration to the
approach is that we choose the weighting functions in such
manner that they automatically take into account the presence analysis of LM waves in the E -plane of the waveguide
of the perfectly electric conducting (PEC) inclusion. More junction [5]. The time dependence is assumed in the form
precisely, the system of wave functions is found from exp(i t ) . For this type of waves the nonzero component
solutions of the three auxiliary problems for scattering by the E x ( x, y, z ) of the electric field can be presented in the
inclusion in short-circuited waveguides. following form:
m
Manuscript received December 04, 2014. Ex ( x, y, z ) cos x W ( y, z ) . (1)
Yu Guangbin, Harbin Engineering University, 145 Nantong St., 21,
150001, Harbin, China
a
S. N. Shulga, O. V. Bagatskaya, A. V. Strizhachenko, Zheng Yu, The other projections of the electromagnetic field are written
Karazin Kharkov National University, Svobody Sq. 4, 61022, Kharkov, as follows:
Ukraine.

51 www.erpublication.org
 Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide T-junction with a 2D Inclusion via Greens Theorem

Lets introduce a solution to equation (3) in the

m / a m inhomogeneous region W ( x, y ) that satisfies zero boundary
E y ( R) sin x yW ( y , z ),
k 2 m / a a
2 conditions on the PEC surfaces:
W 0; W 0, (4)
m / am LS L0
Ez ( R) sin x zW ( y , z ), Next we transform Helmholtz equation (3) inside the
k 2 m / a a
2
inhomogeneous region into the integral equation over the
H x ( R ) 0, contour L L0 L1 L2 L3 Ls of the said region by
applying the second Greens formula [6]:
i
m
H y ( R) cos x zW ( y , z ), W W
k 2 m / a
2
a dL W N W N 0 , (5)
L
i
m
H z ( R) cos x yW ( y , z ), where W ( y, z ) , as before, is an arbitrary solution to Eq. (3)
k 2 m / a a
2
in the inhomogeneous region and / N denotes the normal
where a is the common dimension of the waveguides. We derivative at contour L . As W we consecutively substitute
assume that the x mode order m 0,1,2,... is fixed. the three solutions of the auxiliary problems for the main and
Function W ( y, z ) satisfies the Helmholtz equation the side (see Fig. 1) waveguides.
Taking into account the boundary conditions (5) on the
( y , z K 2 )W ( y, z ) 0, (2)
perfectly conducting segments L0 and Ls of the integration
and zero boundary conditions on the PEC walls of the
contour the latter expression yields:
waveguide and contour Ls of the scatterer S . Here,
W W
K [k 2 ( m / a)2 ]1/2 is the effective wavenumber, k dL W
N
W
N
0.

(6)
L1 L2 L3
is the wavenumber of the waveguide filling. In regular regions
A ( y b) , B ( z 0) and C ( z bh ) , function
Next, we particularize our model and consider first the
W ( y, z ) is represented as auxiliary problem, which represents the main waveguide
containing the scatterer S in the form of a rectangular
n

W A Anin exp[in ( y b)] Ansc exp[in ( y b)] sin z ,
bh
septum (see Fig. 2a). This model can formally be obtained
from the structure presented in Fig. 1 if we consider the upper
n 1
section of line L1 to be PEC. Let the scatterer in this auxiliary

W B Bnin exp[i n z ] Bnsc exp[i n z ] sin n
y ,(3)
b waveguide is excited by the mode of order q 1, 2,...
n 1
propagating from z (port B). In this case, solution


W C Cnin exp[i n ( z bh )] Cnsc exp[i n ( z bh )] sin n outside the scatterer W ( y, z ) W B ( y, z ) in region
y ,
b z z z is
q
n 1
3 2

Anin , Bnin , Cnin and Ansc , Bnsc , Cnsc are the amplitude WBin WBB
sc
, z z2,
where WqB ( y, z ) . (7)
WCB , z z3,
sc
coefficients of the incident and scattered waves;
n [ K 2 ( n / bh )2 ]1/2 and
in equation (7) we have introduced the following notations for
n [ K ( n / b) ]
2 2 1/2
are the longitudinal the waves:
wavenumbers of the respective waveguides.
It is necessary to define the scattering matrix elements
SIJ (I, J A, B, C) , which are determined as

q
Asc = SAAA in + SAB B in + SAC Cin , WBin exp[i q ( z z2 )]sin y , z z2 ,
b
Bsc = SBAA in + SBB B in + SBC Cin , (3)
s
WBBsc S sqBB exp[i s ( z z2 )]sin y , z z2 , (8)
in + SCB B in + SCC Cin .
Csc = SCAA s 0 b

s
WCBsc S sqCB exp[i s ( z z3 )]sin y , z z3 .
Here we introduce the column vectors of the amplitudes of the
incident and scattered waves A
in
{ Anin } , Bin {Bnin } , s 0 b
C in {Cin
n} ; Asc {Ansc } , Bsc {Bnsc } ,
As the second auxiliary problem, we consider the same
Csc {Cnsc } . main waveguide, but now assuming that the waveguide is

52 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-12, December 2014
excited by the mode of order q 1, 2,... propagating from in the form
z (port C). The solution outside the scatterer WAin WAA

sc
, y y1 ,
WqA( y, z ) (11)
W ( y, z ) WqC ( y, z ) looks like
W , 0 y y1.

W in W sc , z z3 , Here
WqC ( y, z ) C sc CC (9)
WBC , z z2 , q
WAin exp[iq ( y y1 )]sin z , y y1,
bh
.(12)
y
s
y
sc
WAA S sqAA exp[is ( y y1 )]sin z , y y1.
s 1 bh
Note that in (8), (10), and (12) S ( I , J A, B, C ) are
d IJ
y1
Port
elements of the scattering matrices, which are defined during
Port C
the auxiliary problems solution.
h Here we introduce the column vectors of the incident and
z3 z2 scattered waves amplitudes: Ain { Anin } , Bin {Bnin } ,

z z2 Cin {Cnin } ; Asc { Ansc } , Bsc {Bnsc } ,

t
0
Csc {Cnsc } . The scattering coefficients and the solutions
(a) of the auxiliary problems can be found using various
numerical techniques, such as the mode-matching method [7],
boundary contour mode-matching method [8], the moment
y procedure [9, 10]. Here we use mode-matching method in the
partial domains with PEC boundary conditions at the metal
bh y surfaces and continuity conditions for W ( y, z ) and its
Port A normal derivative either W /z or W /y on the relevant
apertures.
Next, we substitute the found weight functions WqA( y, z ) ,
h
WqB ( y, z ) , WqC ( y, z ) to the second Greens formula (6) in
z3 z2
place of W and take into account the explicit form (4) for
z z2 0 W ( y, z ) in each of the interaction regions and impose the
dL t dR
boundary conditions for W and W on the PEC surfaces. As
(b) a result we arrive to a direct formula for calculating the
sc
scattering amplitudes An , Bnsc , Cnsc :
Fig. 2. The auxiliary structures: for the first and the second
auxiliary problems (a); for the third auxiliary problem (b)
where
Aqsc [ RqnA Anin RqnB ( Bnin Bnsc ) Rqn
C
(Cnin Cnsc )],
q n 1
WCin exp[i q ( z z3 )]sin y , z z3 ,

b
Bqsc [ PqnA ( Anin Ansc ) PqnB Bnin PqnC Cnin ], (13)

s
WCCsc S sqCC exp[i s ( z z3 )]sin y , z z3 , (10) n 1

s 1 b
Cqsc [QqnA ( Anin Ansc ) QqnB Bnin Qqn
C
Cnin ],

s
WBCsc S sqBC exp[i s ( z z2 )]sin y , z z2 . n 1
s 1 b where q 1, 2,... , and the matrix coefficients have the form:

The third auxiliary problem is formulated for the structure

formally obtained from Fig. 1 if the segments L2 and L3 are exp[iq (b y1 )]
A
Rqn n exp[in (b y1 )] SnqAA ,
assumed to be PEC (see Fig. 2b). Let the wave of mode order q
q 1, 2,... propagates from the side y (port A). In
b2
this case the solution outside the scatterer B
Rqn GWqnAB ,
W ( y, z ) WqA( y, z ) for the region y y1 can be written 2bhi

53 www.erpublication.org
 Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide T-junction with a 2D Inclusion via Greens Theorem

2exp[iq (b y1 )] b W%qA ( y, z ) n
Comparing the solution (16) with the definition of the
GWqnAB
q b 2 z
sin y dy,
b
scattering matrix (13), we find expressions for the scattering
matrix elements in the side waveguide A ( y b)
0 z 0
S AA = I D U A ,
1
b2
C
Rqn GWqnAC ,
S AB = I D U B ,
2bhi 1
(16)
2exp[iq (b y1 )] b
WqA( y, z ) n S AC = I D U C .
1
GWqnAC
q b 2 z
sin y dy,
b
0 z b
h
Using direct formulae (14-17) we obtain the elements of
bh2 the scattering matrix in the main waveguide:
PqnA GWqnB ,
2bi for scattering in port B of the main waveguide ( z 0 )

2exp[i q z2 ] bh WqB ( y, z ) n S BA P A I S AA ,
GWqn y
B
sin z dz,
qbh2 bh S BB P B P A S AB , . (17)
0 y b
exp[i q z2 ] S P P S ,
BC C A AC

PqnB n exp[i n z2 ] Snq

BB
, for scattering in port C of the main waveguide ( z bh )
q
SCA Q A (I S AA ),
exp[i q z2 ]
PqnC n exp[i n (bh z3 )] Snq
CB
, SCB QB Q A S AB , (18)
q
S CC
Q Q S .
C A AC
b2
QqnA h GWqnC ,
2bi III. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
2exp[i q (bh z3 )] bh
WqC ( y, z ) n Let us consider a PEC rectangular septum of thickness t
GWqnC
q bh2 y
sin z dz,
bh
and height h , placed in the interaction region of the empty
0 y b waveguides and, to be specific, fixed to the downside wall of
exp[i q (bh z3 )] the main waveguide (see insert in Fig. 3). We are interested in
QqnB n exp[i n z2 ] SnqBC , the complex elements of the scattering matrix
q S IJ ( I , J A, B, C ) . The waveguide dimensions are
exp[i q (bh z3 )] a 8.64 cm , b bh a / 2 . Figs. 3, 4 illustrate
C
Qqn n exp[i n (bh z3 )] SnqCC .
q frequency dependence of the reflection coefficient for
The integrals on the right hand sides of the above LM 01 impinged from the port A for various geometric
expressions can be calculated in a closed form provided that parameters of the inclusion. In these figures the septum is
WqA , WqB , WqC are known. placed symmetrically in the interaction region along the
z-axis.
Next we substitute the second and third equations from (14)
{Bnsc } and {Cnsc } .
0
|SAA|, dB

into the first equation thus eliminating

h=0,5b
As a result we obtain the system of linear algebraic equations
(SLAE) for the amplitudes of the scattered field in the side -5

waveguide Asc { Ansc } , which in matrix form looks like t=0,3bh

(I D) Asc = UA Ain UB Bin UC Cin . (14) -10 t=0,2bh

A
Here I is identity matrix, and the other matrices appearing
bh
in (15) are defined as follows -15 t=0,1bh

C b B
h
D = R P R Q ,
B A C A
-20

U A = R A R B P A R C Q A , dl t dr

U B = R B R B P B R C Q B ,
4 6 8
f, GHz

U = R R P R Q .
C C B C C C
Fig. 3. The reflection coefficient for LM 01 -mode at port A
The solution to SLAE (15) can be written in the form: for different t .
Asc = (I D)-1 (U A Ain UB Bin UC Cin ) . (15)

54 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-12, December 2014
5
|SAA|, dB dB h=0,5b
|SBB|
0 t=0,2bh 0 t=0,2bh
|SBB|
-5
|SCC|
-5 h=0,8b
-10

-10 h=0,5b
-15
|SCC|
-20
-15
h=0,2b dl=0,5(bh-t)
-25
dl=0,25bh-0,5t
-20
-30

4 6 8 4 6 8
f, GHz f,GHz

Fig. 4. The reflection coefficient for LM 01 -mode at port A Fig. 6. Reflection coefficients for ports B, C for different
septum positions.
for different h .

The results of comparison of the scattering parameters in

IV. CONCLUSIONS
the cases of symmetrical (solid line) and asymmetrical (dash
line) septum position in the interaction region are presented in
Figs. 5, 6. The step dimensions were chosen as h 0,5b , A universal method of rigorous analysis of metallic
inclusions of arbitrary cross-section located in the interaction
t 0, 2bh . region of waveguide T-junction is proposed. This model can
Correctness of the numerical simulation was monitored by be used to optimize scattering properties of wave guide
checking the balance of power in the ports of the T-junction. devices using rods or septums placed in waveguide junctions.
Accuracy of 10-8 was achieved in the considered frequency
band using 12 modes. It takes less than a second to compute
100 frequency points using the proposed method. The
accuracy of the results those obtained by Ansoft HFSS is of REFERENCES
the order 102...103 and the computation time is of order
30-50 s. The algorithm allocates memory for about 20 [1]. L. A. Rud, E-plane T-junction of Oversize Rectangular Waveguide,
Radiophys. Quantum. Electron., 28 (1985), pp. 146151.
complex matrices of size 12x12.
[2]. L. A. Rud, Wave Diffraction at a T-junction of Rectangular
The results obtained by our method are compared with the Waveguides in the H-plane, Radio Engn. Electronic Physics, 10
data those obtained by Ansoft HFSS. Agreement within the (1984), pp. 5967.
bounds of HFSS method accuracy is achieved for all the [3]. Z. Ma, E. Yamashita, Efficient Full wave Analysis of a Waveguide
T-junction with an Inductive Post, IEICE Trans. Electron., E78-C
considered cases. (1995), pp. 11171124.
[4]. S. N. Shulga, O. V. Bagatskaya, T. I. Vasileva, N. P. Zhuk, A
Rectangular Bend of Two Waveguides with a 2D Inclusion in the
dB |SCA| Interaction Region Analyzed Using the Green Theorem, Journal of
0 h=0,5b Communications Technology and Electronics, 47 (2002), pp.
|SCA| t=0,2bh 12181221.
[5]. L. Levin, Theory of Waveguides, Ed. London, Newness-Butterworth,
-5 |SBA| 1975.
[6]. J. Jackson, Classical electrodynamics, Ed. Wiley, 1999.
[7]. Z. Jiang, Z. Shen, X. Shan, Mode-Matching Analysis of Waveguide
T-Junction Loaded with an H-Plane Dielectric Slab, Progress in
-10
|SBA| Electromagnetics Research, PIER 36 (2002), pp. 319-335.
[8]. J. M. Reiter, and F. Arndt, Rigorous Analysis of Arbitrarily shaped H- and E-
Plane Discontinuities in Rectangular Waveguides by a Full-Wave Boundary
-15 Contour Mode-Matching Method, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,
MTT-43 (1995), pp. 796801.
[9]. Y. Levitan, P.G. Li, A.T. Adams, G. Perini, Single Post Inductive
dl=0,5(bh-t) Obstacle in Rectangular Waveguide, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory
-20
dl=0,25bh-0,5t Tech., MTT-31 (1983), pp. 806812.
[10]. H. Auda, R.F. Harrington, Inductive Post and Diaphragms of
Arbitrary Shape and Number in Rectangular Waveguide, IEEE Trans.
-25 Microwave Theory Tech., MTT-32 (1984), pp. 606612.
4 6 8
f,GHz

Fig. 5. Transition coefficients into ports B, C for different

septum positions

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 Analysis of a Rectangular Waveguide T-junction with a 2D Inclusion via Greens Theorem

Yu Guangbin, Professor of Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China,

Ph.: +8613766848448,

Sergey N. Shulga was born in Kharkov,

Ukraine. Diploma, Kharkov State University,
1982, postgraduate, 1987, PhD, 1989, Full Doctor
of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 2006.
Junior researcher, Kharkov State University,
19821985; postgraduate 19861989; associated
professor 19902006, radiophysics department,
Karazin Kharkov national university, professor
2007 present. Scientific contribution over 80
articles at profile journals: journal Telecommunication and radio
engineering: The spectral analysis of cylindrical radial waveguide
junction with laminated dielectric filling (2012), The automated complex
for parameters measurement of anisotropic crystal in the microwave range
(2010) (Redding, Connecticut, USA), journal Nano- and electronic
physics: Super Narrow-Band Low Dimensional Ultra High Frequency
Filter on the Basis of Waveguide-Dielectric Resonator.
Ph.: +38 0577075462

O. V. Bagatskaya received a degree in electrical

engineering from the State University of Kharkov
in 1989, received his Ph.D. degree in 1998. At
present she is an Associated professor, senior
researcher, Chair of Theoretical Radiophysics,
V.N. Karazin Kharkov National University,
Kharkov, Ukraine. Scientific contribution more
than 60 research articles at profile journals and
about 10 educational editions and tutorials:
Electrodynamics. Field theory, 2008,
Macroscopic electrodynamics, 2012 (V. N.
Karazin Kharkov National University). Research interests are the theory of
propagation and scattering of electromagnetic waves in inhomogeneous
anisotropic media; fields and waves in waveguides and cavities with
inhomogeneous filling, problems of magnitokardiology.
Ph.: +38 0577075162

Alexander V. Strizhachenko was born in

Kharkov, Ukraine. Diploma with honors, Kharkov
State University, 1983, postgraduate, 1990, PhD,
1991, Full Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, 2014.
Engineer, Kharkov State University,
19831985; junior researcher 19851988;
researcher 19881991; senior researcher
19911997; associated professor 1997 up to
date, radiophysics department, Karazin Kharkov
national university. Scientific contribution over 60 articles at profile
journals: monograph Measurement of anisotropic dielectrics at microwave.
Theoretical analysis, devices, methods (Saarbrucken, Germany, Lambert
Academic Publishing, 2011); journal Telecommunication and radio
engineering: The spectral analysis of cylindrical radial waveguide
junction with laminated dielectric filling (2012), The automated complex
for parameters measurement of anisotropic crystal in the microwave range
(2010) (Redding, Connecticut, USA), journal Electrical and Power
Engineering Frontier: The Measurement of Permittivity Tensor of
Uniaxial Crystals with Tetragonal and Hexagonal Symmetry at Microwaves
(2013).
Ph.: (+38-057) 771-81-59,
Zheng Yu received a degree in electrical
engineering from the State University of Kharkov
in 1998, received his Ph.D. degree in 2006. Since
2006 he worked as a senior teacher, in 2012 he
became an associated professor of V.N. Karazin
Kharkov National University. His main research
interests are diffraction; pulsed signals; numerical
and analytical methods in electrodynamics.
Scientific contribution more than 40 research
articles at profile journals. Ph.: +38 0577075162.

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