ERES2014:1stEuropeanRareEarthResourcesConference|Milos|0407/09/2014

CHINAS RARE EARTH ORE DEPOSITS AND BENEFICIATION

TECHNIQUES
LingZHILI1,XiaoshengYANG2
1
ChinaWesternMiningCo.,Ltd,Xining,Qinghai,810001P.R.China
Email:lzli8288@sina.com
2
MineralProcessingLaboratory,GeologicalSurveyofFinland,83500Outokumpu,Finland
Email:jason.yang@gtk.fi

Abstract
Chinapossessesthelargestresourceofrareearthelements(REE)intheworldandthereserve
ofREEinChinatakesupover40%ofthetotalglobalreserve.Chinahasdominatedtheworld
REEproductionsince1980s.BayanOboREENbFedepositsituatedinInnerMongoliaisthe
worlds largest knownREE ore deposit with the reserve of 48 Mt REO and the largest REE
productionresource.OthertwomajorinproductionREEdepositsareMianningREEdepositin
SichuanandWeishanREEdepositinShandong.TheweatheredcrustelutiondepositedREE
ore(ionadsorptionREEdeposit),astheworlduniqueREEdepositfoundinChina,iscurrently
the second largest REE production resource containing high contents of heavy REE. In the
paper, the ore properties of these REE deposits are introduced and the renovation and
progressonthebeneficiationtechniquesincludingflowsheets,flotationandleachingreagents
andtechnologicalindexesontheseoresarediscussed.

Introduction
Chinahasthelargestresourceofrareearthelements(REE)intheworld.AccordingtoMineral
CommoditySummariesin2001thereservesandreservebasesofREEintheworldin2000
areshowninTable1.ItisindicatedthatthereserveofREEinChinatakesupover40%ofthe
worldreserve.ThenewestMineralCommoditySummaries2014showsthesimilarresults.
The resources of rare earth elements (REE) in China are mainly divided into four types of
deposits which consist of 95% total REE resources of China. They are the Bayan Obo
REEFeNbOreDepositinInnerMongolia,theMianningREEOreDepositinSichuanProvince,
the Weishan REE Ore Deposit in Shandong Province and the Weathered Crust
ElutiondepositedRareEarthOre(TheIonAdsorp onTypeRareEarthOre)mainlyinJianxi
Province,butalsodistributedinGuandong,FujianandGuanxiProvinces.

TheBayanOboREEFeNbOreDeposit

Mineralogy
TheBayanOboREENbFedepositissituatedinInnerMongoliaonthenorthernedgeofthe
NorthChinaKraton,135kmnorthwestofBaotou(110E,4147N).Itisagiantpolymetallic
rareearthelement(REE)FeNboredepositofhydrothermalorigin.Itwasfirstdiscoveredas
aFedepositbyProf.DingDaohengin1927.TheestimatedtotalreservesofFe(averagegrade
Fe35wt%),Nb(averagegradeof0.13wt%)andREE(averagegradeREO6wt%)are1.5Bt,1

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Mtand48Mt.ItistheworldslargestknownREEoredeposit.TheBayanObominingareais
showninFigure1.

Table1:thereservesandreservebasesofREEintheworldin2000(REO,104t)
Reserve Reserve
Country reserve % Country reserve %
base base
South
China 4300 4800 43 39 40 0.4
Africa
Russia 1900 2100 19 Brazil 28 31 0.3
USA 1300 1400 13 Malaysia 3.0 3.5 0
Australia 520 580 5.2 SriLanka 1.2 1.3 0
India 110 130 1.1 Other 1704.8 1814.2 17
Canada 94 100 0.9 Total 10000 11000 100

ThedistributionsofREEintheChinasREEoredepositsareshowninTable2.Itisobserved
that high percentages of three main light rareearth elements La, Ce and Nd are found in
Bayan Obo REEFeNb Ore Deposit, Sichuan Mianning REE Ore Deposit and Shandong
WeishanREEOreDeposit.However,intheIonAdsorptionTypeRareEarthOre(especially
typeB)highcontentsofYandotherheavyREEarecontained.

Table2:thedistributionsofREEintheChinasREEoredeposits
BayanObo IonAdsorptionTypeRare
Contentof SichuanMianning Shandong
REEFeNb EarthOre
REO REEOre WeishanREEOre
Ore TypeA TypeB
La2O3 2426 2830 32 3140 25
CeO2 50 4550 4850 37 12
Pr6O11 35 5 4 711 12
Nd2O3 1618 1214 1112 2635 35
Sm2O3 1.5 1.52 1.0 1.8 46 24
Eu2O3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.12
Gd2O3 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.5 4 6
(TbLu)2O3 0.20.3 1 0.4 0.6 45 1520
Y2O3 0.3 0.76 0.1 0.3 911 >60

TheorecompositionintheBayanOboisverycomplex,71elementsand170mineralsare
found, one element could exist in several or more than ten different minerals, mineral
symbiosisrelationshipiscloseandcomplicated,anddisseminationsizeisfine.Morethan90%
rareearthelementsinoreareexistedinindependentminerals,andabout4%~7%ofREE
dispersedinironmineralsandfluorite.Total15kindsofrareearthmineralsarefoundbutthe
principalonesarebastnaesite[(Ce,La,Nd)(CO3)F]andmonazite[(Ce,La,Nd)PO4]withtheratio
of7:3or6:4,whereasmagnetiteandhematitearethedominantFeoreminerals.Meanwhile,
several kinds of niobium minerals are contained in the ore such as columbite (FeNb2O6),
aeschynite((Y,Ca,Fe)(Ti,Nb)2(O,OH)6)andfersmite((Ca,Ce,Na)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2(O,OH,F)6)etc.The
mainganguemineralsarequartz,apatite,dolomiteandfluoriteetc.Thesemineralsconsist
ofbothprimaryandsecondarymetamorphicmineralsofthehostrocksandtheepigenetic

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oreandganguemineralsintroducedbyhydrothermalsolutions.ThemineralsoftheBayan
ObooredepositarelistedinTable3.
MostoftheBayanObominerals,particularlyinthebandedore,areveryfinetoextremely
finegrained.MostFeREENbmineralsarecloselyassociatedwithfinegrainsizes.Thegrain
sizesofREEmineralsareintherangeof0.010.074mmandtheamountoflessthan0.04
mmisaccountedfor70%~80%.

Figure1:SatelliteimageofBayanObominingarea(modifiedfromgoogle)

Table3:principalmineralsoftheBayanObodeposit

Beneficiationtechniques
Comparedwithdomesticandabroadsinglebastnaesiteores,theBayanObooresaremuch
moredifficulttoupgradeduetoitssimilarphysicalandchemicalpropertieswithironminerals
and gangue minerals associated closely, a lot of experimental studies by many research

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institutes in China on the rational exploitation of the Bayan Obo REE deposits had been
conducted since the late 1950s and more than 20 beneficiation techniques have been
reported.AsignificantprogressonREEmineralsprocessinghadbeenmadeintheearly1990s
and the mixed and separate REE concentrates with highgrade and high recovery were
obtainedfromtheironores.
The flowsheet of low intensity magnetic separation (LIMS) high intensity magnetic
separation(HIMS)flotation(Figure2)wasconsideredthemostsuccessfulonetobeusedin
industrialplantswhichwasdevelopedbyChangshaMetallurgicalResearchInstitutein1990.
AsshowninFigure2,aftercrushingtheoreisgroundto9095%passing0.074mm.ByLIMS
(rougherandcleaner)magnetiteisrecoveredintheLIMSconcentrate.ThetailingsofLIMSis
processedthroughHIMSrougheratthemagneticfieldstrengthof1.4TtorecoveranotherFe
mineralhematiteandmostREEminerals.AndhematiteandREEmineralscontainedinthe
HIMSrougherconcentrateareseparatedbyHIMScleaneratthemagneticfieldstrengthof
0.6T.CombinedLIMSandHIMSconcentratesreportedtotheFereverseflotationtogetthe
finalFeconcentrateandtheHIMScleanertailingscontainingmostREEmineralsisprocessed
byflotationtogetREEconcentrates.
AttheREEflotationcircuit,thefeedgradeofREOis9.7812%(HIMScleanertailings).The
flotationisperformedatlowalkalinecondition(pH9)andtheflotationreagentscontained
naphthylhydroxamicacidasthecollectorofREEminerals,sodiumsilicateasthedepressant
ofsilicatesandJ10asthefrother.Thefeedsolidsis3545%wt.Onestageofrougherflotation,
plusonescavengerflotationandtwocleanerflotationstagesproducedanREOconcentrate
atagradeof55%andasecondaryREOconcentrateatagradeof34%withthecombined
recoveryof7275%.However,theseconcentratesarethemixtureofREEmineralsmainly
bastnaesiteandmonazite.Theseparationofbastnaesiteandmonazitehasbeenreachedby
furtherflotationusingphthalicacidorBenzoicacidasthecollectorofbastnaesiteandalum
asthedepressantofmonazite.

Ore
REEFlotationfeed
Crushing

REEFlotationRougher
Grinding

REEFlotationScavenger
Classification
REEFlotationCleaner 1
LIMS Rougher

REEFlotationCleaner 2 Tailings
LIMS Cleaner
HIMS Rougher
1.4T
HIMS Cleaner REEConc REEConc
(REO>60%) (REO>30%)
Fe ReverseFlotation 0.6T Tailings

REEFlotationfeed

FeConc Tailings

Figure2:beneficiationflowsheetoftheBayanObodepositore

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Different flotation reagents had been tested. Only a rare earth concentrate with grade
15%~20%andthelowrecoverycouldbegottenbyusingfattyacids,suchasoxidizedparaffin
andoleicacid,asthecollectorinrareearthmineralprocessinginearliest.C5~9hydroxamic
acid by saponification was primarily used for rare earth mineral flotation from 1970s and
1980s, then the cyclic alkyl hydroxamic acid synthesized by naphthenic acid was used as
collectorbecausethesynthesismaterialsoffattyacidsC5~9inshortsupply.Amiracleresult
ofupto60%REOflotationconcentratewasobtainedbyprocessingpreviousconcentrateof
REO 25% ~ 30% from gravity separation concentrator when the major adjustments of the
compatible depressants were made. In 1976, the plant test was succeeded, and the
commercialproductionbeganin1978.Byapplicationofthereagentssystem,therareearth
concentrateofREO>60%,flotationrecoveriesof60%to65%wereobtained.Sincethen,high
gradecommercialrareearthconcentrateswereproduced.
Becausetheselectivityofcyclicalkylhydroxamicacidandalkylhydroxamicacidswasfound
poor the collector of H205, as the representative of aromatic hydroxamic acid, was
successfullydevelopedin1986byusingnaphthaleneasrawmaterialthroughsulfonated
hydrolysisalkalifusionhydroxylationforpreparationofintermediatesnaphthol,andthen
acylationreactionandcondensationsystemwithhydroxylamine(NHOH),tomakenaphthyl
isobutyl group hydroxamic acid. The rare earth grade and recovery could significantly be
improvedbyusingnewgenerationofrareearthmineralcollectorH205withonlywaterglass
andtheactivatorsodiumfluorideintheflotationprocesswasnotneeded.Afterthe1990s,a
hydroxamicacidwithdualactivatinggroup,theNo.8flotationoil,improvedfromH205,has
beenusedintheBayanOborareearthplantasacollector.
Bytheendof2012,theBayanOborareearthflotationconcentratorhadbeendevelopedinto
anannualoutputof250,000tofREEconcentrates(contained50%REO).

TheSichuanMianningREEDeposit

Mineralogy
The Sichuan Mianning REE Ore Deposit was found between 19851986. It is an alkaline
pegmatite carbonate type rare earth deposit. The industrial reserve is 1106 t with the
averagegradeofREO3.7%.ItisrichinlightREEandheavyREEaswellsuchaseuropium,
yttriumetc.ThechemicalanalysisresultsareshowninTable4.
Bastnaesiteisthemainrareearthmineralandchevkiniteandparisitearefoundintheore.
Otherassociatedmineralsarebarite(BaSO4),fluorite(CaF2),ironandmanganeseminerals
andsmallamountofgalena.Theoreisdividedintogranuleandpowdertypes.Thegranule
orehascoarsegrainsizeusually>1mm.Thegrainsizeofbastnaesiteisbetween1to5mm.
Thepowderoreistheweatheredproductoforiginaloreandtakesupabout20%oftotalore
weight.ThegradeisaboutREO37%andthegrainsizeis80%passing325mesh.

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Table4:ChemicalanalysisresultsofMianningREEore
Element Wt% Element Wt% Element Wt%
REO 3.70 F 5.50 Na2O 1.39
TFe 1.12 CaO 9.62 MnO 0.73
SiO2 31.00 MgO 1.10 BaO 21.97
Al2O3 4.17 S 5.33 K2O 1.31
FeO 0.43 P 0.24

Beneficiationtechniques
Three types of flowsheets are industrially used: the gravity concentration flowsheet, the
magneticgravityconcentrationflowsheetandthegravityflotationflowsheet.
The coexistence of massive and powdered black sludge, FeMn weathered amorphous
aggregatesslimegreatlyinfluencesthefloatabilityofREEminerals.
Gravityseparation
Theorewasgroundto62%passing200meshandhydroclassifiedintothefoursizefractions.
The shaking tables were used to process the fractions separately. Three different grade
bastnaesiteconcentrateswereobtainedwiththegradesof30%,50%and60%.Theoverall
recoverywas75%.
Magneticgravityseparation
After grinding the ore was concentrated by LIMS and HIMS separation and the magnetic
concentrate with the grade of 5.64% was obtained. The recovery of magnetic circuit was
74.2%andyield42%.Andthenthemagneticconcentratewasclassifiedintofoursizefractions
and processed separately by shaking tables. The final concentrate with the grade of REO
52.3%wasobtained.TheoverallrecoveryofREwasaround55%.
Gravityseparationflotation
As shown in Figure 3 the ore was primarily ground to 50% passing 200 mesh and hydro
classifiedintofoursizefractions.Theclassifiedfractionswereconcentratedbytheshaking
tablesseparately.ThegradeofoverallgravityconcentratewasREO30%withtheRErecovery
of74.5%.Thegravityconcentratewasregroundto70%passing200meshforflotation.C59
hydroximicacid(H205)andphthalateintheratioof1:1,sodiumcarbonate,sodiumsilicate
wereusedastheflotationreagentsatpH89.Byonerougher,onecleanerandonescavenger
flotationtheconcentratewiththegradeofREO5060%wasacquiredattheRErecoveryof
5060%.

TheShandongWeishanREEDeposit

Mineralogy
Theoredepositwasfirstfoundin1958andtheexplorationwasfinishedin1975.Thereserve
ofREwasabout2.55106tandtheaveragegeologicalgradewas3.13%.
ItisaquartzbaritecarbonatetypeREoredeposit.ThemainREmineralsarebastnaesiteand
parisiteandthemainassociatedmineralsarebarite,calcite,quartzandfluoriteetc.Thegrain
sizesofREmineralsarecoarseintherangeof0.040.5mm.Thechemicalcompositionsare
showninTable5.

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Ore

Grinding

Hydro classification

Shaking table Shaking table Shaking table Shaking table

Grinding Tailings
C59hydroximicacid(H205)and
phthalate(1:1),Na2CO3,
Rougher Flotation
Na2SiO3,pH89

CleanerFlotation ScavengerFlotation

Tailings
Concentrate (REO5060%)

Figure3:GravityseparationflotationprocessatMianningREEmin

Table5:ChemicalcompositionsofShandongWeishanREEOre
Element Wt% Element Wt% Element Wt%
REO 3.71 F 0.698 Na2O 3.53
TFe 2.81 CaO 1.18 Th 0.002
SiO2 47.92 MgO 1.18 BaO 11.99
Al2O3 22.48 S 2.1 K2O 1.85

Beneficiationtechniques
TheWeishanREEflotationplantwasbuiltin1982.Theorewasgroundto6575%passing
200 mesh and REE minerals were floated with once rougher, three scavengers and three
cleaners.In1980soleicacidandkerosenewereusedasthecollectorsofREmineralsatacidic
conditionofpH5usingsulfuricacid.After1991withtheoregradedroppedto34%,aspecific
collectorwithformulaC6H4OHCONHOHwasusedwiththeadditionofsodiumsilicateand
frother L101. The flotation was run at the weak alkaline condition of pH88.5. The RE
concentrate with the grade of REO >60% at the recovery of 6070% was obtained.
Meanwhile,asecondaryREconcentratewiththegradeofREO32%attherecoveryof1015%
wasacquired.Accordingtomarketdemand,REEconcentratewiththegradeof45~50%REO
attherecoveryof80~85%hasbeenproducedandbaritehasalsobeenrecoveredbyflotation
fromREEflotationtailings.

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TheWeatheredCrustElutiondepositedREEOre(TheIonAdsorptionREEDeposit)

Mineralogy
Chinasweatheredcrustelutiondepositrareearthoreorcalledionadsorptionrareearth
oreistheuniqueREEdepositintheworld.Itwasfoundin1969inJianxiProvincecontaining
twotypesofthisdeposit,lightREEtypeandheavyREEtype,andwasalsofoundinother
provinces Fujian, Hunan, Guandong and Guanxi. The known reserve of weathered crust
elutiondepositrareearthoreinChinaisover1106t(REO)andtheheavyREreserveinChina
occupiesover80%oftheworldtotalheavyREEreserve.NowChinaproducesabout1104t
concentrate(REO>60%)fromthisoreannually.
Thedepositwasconsideredtoformbymanyyearsweatheringofgraniteandeffusiverocks.
Ithasthecharacteristicsofshalloworebodycoverage,softoreandveryfinegrainsize.The
80% 90% REE in the state of positive hydrated ions are adsorbed on the surface of clay
mineralssuchaskaolinite,halloysiteandillite.Theoreisrelativelylowgrade,generallyonly
0.05%to0.5%REO,withhighheavyREE.

ExtractionTechniques
BecausetheREEintheoremainlyoccurinthestateofhydratedionsadsorbingonthesurface
ofclaymineralstheycantbeeffectivelyconcentratedbyconventionallyphysicalmethods
butextractedbytheionexchangemethod.TheadsorbedREEionsarenotdissolvedinwater
orethylalcoholbuttheyaredissolvedintheelectrolytessolutionsofNaCl,(NH4)2SO4and
NH4Clbyionexchange.ThepercentagesofREEindifferentphasesareshowninTable6.Itis
indicatedthatover80%REEareionexchangeable.

Table6:REEconcentrationindifferentphases(%,massfraction)
Aqueous Ion Colloidal
RareEarthOre Mineral
Soluble Exchangeable Sediment
LN 6.15103 80.62 5.30 13.36
3
XF 8.1410 83.58 3.23 12.63
NH 1.47103 84.94 4.98 9.09

In1970sasamajorextractionmethodNaClwasusedastheleachingsolventtodissolveREE
byionexchange.Buthighsolventconcentrationandlongleachingtimewererequired.And
the solvent consumption and processing cost were high. Meanwhile, the grade of RE
concentratecanonlyreach70%REO.Since1980s(NH4)2SO4hasbeenusedtoreplaceNaCl
asthesolvent.Ahighgrade(REO92%)ofREconcentratehasbeenachieved.
Theprocessisusuallyruninacementbathwiththevolumeofabout1020m3.Whenthe
bathisfilledwiththeoretotheheightofabout1.5mthesolventof(NH4)2SO4solutionwith
theconcentrationof14%ispouredthroughtheoreforleaching.Thepregnantsolventis
obtainedatthebottomofthebath.Oxalicacidisusedastheprecipitanttogetmidproduct
ofoxalicacidrareearthsandfurtherprocessedbyburningtogetfinalrareearthsproduct
(>REO92%).Ammoniumbicarbonatealsohasbeenusedasacompetitiveprecipitant.The
flowsheetoftheextractiontechniqueisshowninFigure4.

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Ore

Leaching
Residue

RE bearingsolution

oxalic acidprecipitation(oxideRE:oxalicacid=1:2

Filtration

Lquid RE oxalicacidsalt

Nutralization Dried 105C

Filtration Burned 850C

Residue REOxide(REO92%)

Figure4:REEextractiontechniqueforweatheredcrustelutiondepositREEore

Theinsituleachingprocessalsocalledthesolutionminingwasstudiedfrom1980storesolve
theecologicalenvironmentalproblemsintheexploitationbythebathleachingtechnology.
Thewellsaredrilledinthenaturalorebodyandtheleachingregentisinjected.REEionswere
selectively leached. Collected leachate is precipitated by the solution of oxalic acid or
ammoniumbicarbonateto obtainrareearthoxideproducts.Thewaterisrecycled.Itwas
reportedthattwokeytechnicalproblemsmustbesolvedduringtheinsituleachingprocess.
Oneishowtoavoidtheleachingreagentsolutionspreadingaroundthewellstocausethe
environmental pollution and the other is how to recover the leachate so as optimize the
leachingrate.ThetechnologyhasbeenutilizedinWenfeng,Jiangxiprovince.Morethan200
tofREEareextractedannuallyattheREErecoveryof70%.

Conclusions
China possesses the largest resource of rare earth elements (REE) in the world and has
dominated the world REE production since 1980s.The resources of rare REE are mainly
dividedintofourdepositswhichconsistof95%totalREEresourcesofChina.Theyarethe
BayanOboREEFeNbOreDeposit,theSichuanMianningREEOreDeposit,theShandong
WeishanREEOreDepositandtheWeatheredCrustElutiondepositedRareEarthOre.

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TheBayanOboREENbFedepositsituatedinInnerMongoliaonthenorthernedgeofthe
North China is a giant polymetallic rare earth element (REE)FeNb ore deposit of
hydrothermalorigin. ItistheworldslargestknownREEoredepositwithREO48 Mtwith
averagegradeREO6wt%.TheorecompositionintheBayanObowasverycomplexandthe
principalREEmineralsarebastnaesiteandmonazite.MostFeREENbmineralsareclosely
associatedwithfinegrainsizes.Theflowsheetoflowintensitymagneticseparation(LIMS)
highintensitymagneticseparation(HIMS)flotationwasconsideredthemostsuccessfulone
tobeusedinindustrialplantswhichwasdevelopedin1990s.
The Sichuan Mianning REE Ore Deposit was found between 1985 1986. It is a alkaline
pegmatite carbonate type rare earth deposit. The industrial reserve is 1106 t with the
averagegradeofREO3.7%.Bastnaesiteisthemainrareearthmineral.Threeprocesseshave
beenusedindustrially,magneticgravityseparationprocess,gravityseparationprocessand
gravityseparationflotationprocess.
TheShandongWeishanREEDepositwasfirstfoundin1958andtheexplorationwasfinished
in1975.ThereserveofREwasabout2.55106tandtheaveragegeologicalgradeof3.13%.
ItisaquartzbaritecarbonatetypeREoredeposit.ThemainREmineralsarebastnaesiteand
parasite.Theflotationplantwasbuiltin1982.
Chineseweatheredcrustelutiondepositrareearthoreorcalledionadsorp onrareearth
oreistheuniqueREEdepositintheworld.The80%90%REEinthestateofpositivehydrated
ionsareadsorbedonthesurfaceofclaymineralswhichcantbeeffectivelyconcentratedby
conventionallyphysicalmethodsandusuallyareextractedbytheionexchangemethodusing
NaCl,(NH4)2SO4orNH4Clasleachingsolvents.Theprocessisusuallyruninacementbathand
theinsituleachingprocesshasbeenalsoused.

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