STUDYOFTHEUNIONFOR
WELDINGOFDISIMILABLE
MATERIALSTHROUGHTHE
SCHAEFFLERDIAGRAMFOR
THENAVALINDUSTRY study we will opt to use an optimum
AUTHORS:
Quispe Ticona Janio Oliver,
janioqt@gmail.com
Vega Izaguirre Daniel Cesar,
dvegaizaguirre@gmail.com
Eguia Ochoa Abel Armando,
dabeleguiaochoa@gmail.com
Oncoy Abanto Victor Rodolfo,
dvegaizaguirre@gmail.com
ADVISER:
Ing. Enrique Sarmiento Sarmiento,
esarsar@gmail.com
UNIVERSIDADNACIONALDE
INGENIERIA
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Professional School of Naval
Engineering Av. Tpac Amaru 210-
Rimac LimaTelfono (01) 481-1490,
Telefax: 381-3847, Email:
webmaster@uni.edu.pe
ABSTRACT
In the Peruvian context we observe that the
recycling of one of the largest companies
such as ACEROS AREQUIPA is equivalent
to most of its products. With this preliminary
combination of recycled steel, especially the
A-36 and 316L stainless steel, where we will
find many applications where corrosion is
resistant.
Through an analysis according to the AWS
standard and the use of the Schaeffler
diagram to obtain the composition of the filler
material, we will study the dissimilar
behavior of A36 and 316L stainless steels,
where their application will be exposed in the
naval industry because it is the Of greater use
of this type of materials. Therefore one of the
objectives to be achieved is the reuse of these
materials for a greater optimum scope of
recycling contributing to a lower
environmental pollution cost in the
manufacture of new steel components
through recycling.
 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES

We divide the objectives according to their

In this particular we solve engineering application.
problems related to the field of naval a) Main objectives
engineering, where many of its parts are The unin of dissimilar
exposed to weather, high temperature and wet material will be demonstrated
working conditions as they are following an analysis
compartmentalized for food and furnace according to the Schaeffler
conservation. diagram for the unin of
materials most used in the
With the present report, specimens were
naval industry.
prepared for the analysis of dissimilar
Implementing this procedure
materials, using investigations developed in
will promote the recycling of
the Schaeffler diagram, by GMAW, GTAW,
Steel waste in industry for the
SMAW welds where after being welded they
various projects carried out
passed an inspection of Non Destructive
by the industry
Testing, Double Testing and A metallographic
analysis for the different specimens 2 of each,
in the case of GTAW 3 were used following b) Secondary objectives
the standards AWS D1.1 and AWS D1. 6 for Encourage the use of this
carbon steels and stainless steels respectively technique by the schaeffler
for the preparation of the joint. diagram for different
dissimilar materials for a
PRESENTATION OF THE convenient application
Demonstrate the variety of
PROBLEM welding utilization for the
different procedures, Gmaw,
Due to the loss of unused material in the Gtaw and Smaw, with the
construction losses are generated which are respective Shaeffler diagram
recycled in a subsequent treatment for its
reuse, however this entails a process that in a Description of the solution
certain way due to the high contents of
chemicals generate a certain pollution in the
environment of the The shipbuilding industry Firstly, the appropriate parameters are
is one of the largest producers of these calculated with the composition percentages
wastes, we saw in its use a solution for the of each material as shown:
application of these same materials for the Cromo equivalente=%Cr+%Mo+1,5x
construction of internal clothing of the boat, %Si+0,5x%Nb
which will be exposed to high temperatures
as they are in the batteries And high humidity Nquel equivalente=%Ni+30x
levels such as at meals. %C+0,5x%Mn
Process

The Schaeffler diagram is mainly used to

predict the structure of the weld metal
 obtained in the union of dissimilar stainless
steels, or of stainless steels with carbon steels,
with or without alloy. This diagram was
obtained by Schaeffler empirically and allows
to determine the structure of a metal knowing
its composition, this is valid only when the
components are in proportions no greater
than:

Element C % Mn % Si % Mo %
mx. mx. mx. mx.
Composition 0.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 For the present work a structural steel A36 and
stainless steel were used, for which such materials
have the following composition:
In addition, it is indicated that they have
Chemical composition between A36 steel, 316L
certain structures when welding, depending
stainless steel and E309 electrode: SMAW process
on their location in the diagram, which can be
avoided by properly selecting the filler metal
and the welding process.
For its use it is part of the chromium and the
nickel equivalent of the base material and the
material of contribution, these are calculated
from the formulas given below, then to graph
them in the diagram of Schaeffler. (Fig. 1).

Tabla 1 Composition of stainless supply materials

PERCENTAGES OF PROCUREMENT
DILUTION Fig. 1 Schaeffler Diagram of 307 Stainless
Steel and A36 Steel with E309 Contribution.

Process Gas de protectin (%) Dilutin

(%)
SMAW any 30
GMAW Ar: 98 + O: 2 42.8
GMAW Ar: 81 + He:18 +CO2:1 36.5

GTAW Ar : 100 39.7

Chemical composition between A36 steel, 316L

stainless steel and ER702 electrode: GMAW
process
According to the graph of the diagram, it is
observed that with the selected electrode would
present figuration below 400C and would be the
cord of a structure composed entirely of and Side specifies how to construct the
martensite. specimens

Characterization Techniques of Unions

Fort he present investigation, 6 specimens

were used, 2 for each GMAW, GTAW and
SMAW type welding.
a Transverse bending assembly

In the welding of dissimilar

materials, the specimens were
Fig. 2 Schaeffler diagram of 316L stainless steel used construct the test specimens
and A36 steel with ER702.
for the bend test, using the
standard AWS D1.1 ., following
Chemical composition between A36 steel, 316L the precedure as shown in figure
stainless steel and ER316L electrode: GTAW 5
process

Fig. 3 Schaeffler diagram of 316L stainless steel c) Figura 3 Cross-bending test

and A36 steel with ER 316L
Non-destructive test
.
For test specimens manufactured,
this test shall be use don the part
of the Weld bead to observe
The diagram shows a weld bead between 5 to 10%
of ferrite, which is permissible to be welded, posible discontinuities or cracks.
considering a process efficiency of 90% and a
mixture of materials of 50%.

Elaboration of welding Coupons

Following the AWS methodology for the tests

according Chapter 4 (Qualification) in
section 4.8.3.1 Samples for Root fold, Face

Figura 4 Non-Destructive Penetrant Test

 magnification where The
following characteristics of the
material are identified as shown
in Figure 5

d) Metallography test

For the present test the sample

was prepared by roughing and an
attack by a reagent according to OBTAINING AND
the material used carbon steel ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
and stainless steel with nital (2%)
and Picral respectively, where it
was observed by an electron
microscope with a 100x
Once the test pieces have been made we will
analyze the test pieces according to the
procedure of the standards
Analysis of the transverse fold test

As shown in the figure no problems of

figuration or breakage were observed by the
visual inspection of a qualified technician.

Figura 7 Sample welding of face fill pass with the

GMAW process

WPS (Welding Procedure Specification)

The present annexes provide the necessary

documentation for the welding procedures
and the necessary inspections following the
standard AWS D1.1 for structural steels and
AWS D1.5 for stainless steels.

Figura 6 Test of bending done to 6 test pieces, 2 for

each process of welding GMAW, GTAW and SMAW

CONCLUSIONS

Non-Destructive Testing
The fold test is preceded for a better analysis
of its properties due to the creation of
internnal porosity or cracking
In the GMAW process if there was a uniform
root pass penetration meeting the bend test
test and the ZAC (heat affected zone) has an
approximate range of half a centimeter
satisfying the necessary parameters for its
use.
In the GTAW process I presented a superficial
weldeability, whereas at 95amps a root
penetration was achieved.
In the SMAW process proceeded with an
intermediate weldability so there was no root
pass; However the bending tests
demonstrated the good dissolution of the
Weld with the base metals giving a good
resistance and so the joint was not separated
by both face and root.
he electrode suitable for welding GMAW for
dissimilar steels would have been according
to the theory a material of contribution of the
type stainless, since this material when
cooling would present micro fissures in the
zone of the cord and next to the zone affected
by the heat (ZAC) without However, an
electrode of material of different contribution
of the stainless steel was used so that after the
test would prove the micro cracks present in
the computer
Having a stainless steel filler material, a
better seal finish was observed and at a better
uniformity than the GMAW and SMAW tests.
(Smaller ZAC with smaller presence of micro
fissures in its structure)
Bibliography
G.A. Moreno Zavala Estudio de la
soldabilidad de la unin disimilar de
un acero estructural ASTM A36 con
un aleacin de alumnio AA5052-
H34, Lima: Pontificia Universidad
Catolica del Peru, 2015.
AWS Manual de Soldadura Octava
Edicin 1990
American Welding Society ,AWS
D1.1 Structural Welding Code-Steel ,
Miami, American Welding Society
2010
American Welding Society ,AWS
D1.1 Structural Welding Code-Steel ,
Miami, American Welding Society
2010
American Welding Society , AWS
D1.6/D1.6M : Structural Welding
Code Stainless Steel, American
Welding Society 2007
American Welding Society , AWS
A5.9/A5.9M:2012 Specification For
Bare Stainless Steel Welding,
American Welding Society 2012.