LESSON NOTES

Advanced S1 #4
Invert Your English Sentences for
Extra Emphasis!

CONTENTS
2 English
2 Vocabulary
3 Sample Sentences
4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage
4 Grammar
6 Cultural Insight

# 4
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 ENGLISH

1. JONATHAN: Okay Jennifer, what we need to do is get this schedule mapped out
in the next half-hour.

2. JENNIFER: Sounds great! So, the seminar is going to be for three days. During
those three days, we need three workshops, three panel
discussions, a keynote speaker, and someone to give the Robert
Forester lecture.

3. JONATHAN: And don't forget the food! They're always forgetting to reserve the
food.

4. JENNIFER: I know! Last time, it was I who reserved the banquet hall and I wasn't
even a member of the committee.

5. JONATHAN: Okay so, we need to set up breakfast, lunch, and dinner for all the
delegates.

6. JENNIFER: What we also need is a snack buffet between the events. I think it was
Sarah who suggested we have something like bagels, brownies,
water, juice, maybe some cheese; things like that.

7. JONATHAN: That's a good idea. We should propose that in the next meeting.

8. JENNIFER: How about you propose it? They're going to be tired of hearing me
by the end of the meeting. I have a lot to report on.

9. JONATHAN: Sounds good. Next we need to deal with the transportation to and
from each event.

VOCABULARY

V oc abular y English C lass

meeting where a group of

workshop people engage in discussion noun

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 an educational talk to an
lecture noun
audience

a small group of people

panel brought together to discuss noun
a particular matter

the action or process of

discussion talking about something noun

plan for an activity or event

schedule or day; agenda noun

map out plan a course of action verb

introductory speech given at

keynote the beginning of a noun
conference

speaker person who talks noun

reserve retain or hold for someone verb

a person who represents

delegate others in a conference noun

transportation process of being transported noun

SAMPLE SENTENCES

There will be three workshops for this Hed be great for tomorrows lecture.
seminar.

This panel is comprised of twenty five The discussion appeared to not have an
people. end.

My schedule has kept me on the go What's your schedule like next week?
recently.

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We need to map out the driving schedule. I think hed be great to give the keynote.

The speaker approached the podium with Could you reserve a room for us?
sweaty palms.

There were thirty-two delegates at the We need to bring better transportation to

symposium. every citizen of our country.

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE

"mapped out"
This phrase refers to the idea of a map. Maps identify the major points of a particular area of
interest. In the same sense, "mapping out" a schedule, is synonymous to creating an outline
for the schedule.

That's right. They aren't going to write down everything, just the structure and enough detail
for the schedule to be useful. The entire phrase is, "to get (something) mapped out." This
phrase can be used in any context except the very formal. For example, you could, "get your
wedding mapped out," or "get your semester mapped out," or "have your job duties mapped
out."

In formal situations you would say "organize your wedding," or "plan your semester."

"keynote speaker"
A keynote speaker is the person who gives a keynote speech. We already talked about the
keynote speech, but the keynote speaker is just as important. Since the keynote speech is so
important to the success of the seminar, the keynote speaker is typically a dynamic yet
professional speaker.

The keynote speaker is often held in high regard throughout the seminar. In many situations,
the keynote speaker can become a kind of delegate leader.

GRAMMAR

The Focus of this Lesson is Adding Emphasis in English

"They're always forgetting to reserve the

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food."

There are a number of ways to add emphasis to your sentences in English. Use these forms to
emphasize your statements when you are expressing your opinions, disagreeing, making
strong suggestions, expressing annoyance, and so on.

Use of the Passive

The passive voice is used when focusing on the person or thing affected by an action.
Generally, more emphasis is given to the beginning of a sentence. By using a passive
sentence, we emphasize what happens to something rather than who or what does something.

For example:
"Reports are expected by the end of the week."
In this example, attention is called to what is expected of students (reports).

Inversion

Invert the word order by placing a prepositional phrase or other expression ("at no time,"
"suddenly into," "little," "seldom," "never," etc.) at the beginning of the sentence followed by
inverted word order.

For exampl :

1. "Hardly had I arrived at work when he started complaining."

2. "Little did she know they'd planned a surprise party for her."

3. "Seldom have I felt so alone."

Note that the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject which is followed by the main verb.

Expressing Annoyance

Use the continuous form modified by "always," "forever," etc. to express annoyance at another
person's action. This form is considered an exception, as it used to express a routine rather
than an action occurring at a particular moment in time.

For example:

1. "Martha is always getting into trouble."

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2. "Peter is forever asking tricky questions."

3. "George was always being reprimanded by his teachers."

Note that this form is generally used with the present or past continuous (he is always doing,
they were always doing).

Cleft Sentences: "It"

Sentences introduced by "It is" or "It was" are often used to emphasize a specific subject or
object. The introductory clause is then followed by a relative pronoun.

For example:

1. "I know! Last time, it was I who reserved the banquet hall and I wasn't even a member
of the committee."

2. "It is the awful weather that drives him crazy."

Cleft Sentences: "What"

Sentences introduced by a clause beginning with 'What' are also used to emphasize a
specific subject or object. The clause introduced by 'What' is employed as the subject of the
sentence as is followed by the verb "to be."

For example:

1. "What we need is a good long shower."

2. "What he thinks isn't necessarily true."

CULTURAL INSIGHT

Workshop

The word "workshop" can have many meanings. During the industrial age, their workshop was
a building or room within a building which provided the area and tools required for

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manufacture, repair, or construction of goods.

Workshops are typically smaller than factories.

Nowadays, the term workshop tends to be used to describe a meeting intended to create or
generate plans, analysis, or train individuals or groups how to apply principles learned at other
times.

For example, at a seminar there may be a speech or meeting about the principles of sales and
later on a workshop training the individual sales persons how to apply the principles taught in
the speech.

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