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Analysis
Verification Examples
For SAP2000 and CSiBridge
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Methodology
Acceptance Criteria
Summary of Examples
Analysis Examples
Frames
1-001 General Loading
1-002 Temperature Loading
1-003 Distributed and Concentrated Moments
1-004 Rotated Local Axes
1-005 Displacement Loading
1-006 Non-Prismatic Sections and Automatic Frame Subdivision
1-007 End Releases
1-008 Partial Fixity End Releases
1-009 Prestress Applied To Frame Objects
1-010 End Offsets
1-011 Insertion Point
1-012 No Tension and No Compression Frame Objects
1-013 Simply Supported Beam on Elastic Foundation
1-014 Eigenvalue Problem
1-015 Steady State Harmonic Loads
1-016 Tension Stiffening Using P-Delta Analysis
1-017 Vibration of a String Under Tension
1-018 Bending, Shear and Axial Deformations in a Rigid Frame
CONTENTS - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Shells
2-001 Patch Test With Prescribed Displacements
2-002 Straight Beam with Static Loads
2-003 Curved Beam with Static Loads
2-004 Twisted Beam with Static Loads
2-005 Rectangular Plate with Static Loads
2-006 Scordelis-Lo Roof with Static Loads
2-007 Hemispherical Shell Structure with Static Loads
2-008 Cantilever Plate Eigenvalue Problem
2-009 Plate on Elastic Foundation
2-010 Cylinder with Internal Pressure
2-011 ASME Cooling Tower Problem with Static Wind Pressure
2-012 Plate Bending when Shear Deformations Are Significant
2-013 Temperature Load that Is Constant Through Shell Thickness
2-014 Temperature Gradient Through Shell Thickness
2-015 Orthotropic Plate
2-016 Out-of-Plane Buckling
2-017 In-Plane Buckling
2-018 Large Axial Displacements
2-019 Large Bending Displacements
2-020 Prestress Applied to Area Objects
CONTENTS - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Planes
3-001 Patch Test With Prescribed Displacements
3-002 Straight Beam with Static Loads
3-003 Curved Beam with Static Loads
3-004 Thick-Walled Cylinder
3-005 Pore Pressure
Asolids
4-001 Soil Supporting Uniformly Loaded Circular Footing
4-002 Thick-Walled Cylinder
4-003 Rotating Annular Disk
4-004 Pore Pressure
Solids
5-001 Patch Test With Prescribed Displacements
5-002 Straight Beam with Static Loads
5-003 Curved Beam with Static Loads
5-004 Twisted Beam with Static Loads
5-005 Rectangular Plate with Static Loads
5-006 Scordelis-Lo Roof with Static Loads
5-007 Hemispherical Dome Structure with Static Loads
5-008 Thick-Walled Cylinder
5-009 Prestress Applied to Solid Objects
5-010 Buckling
5-011 Temperature Load
5-012 Plate on Elastic Foundation
5-013 Pore Pressure
CONTENTS - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Links
6-001 Linear Link with Ramp Loading
6-002 Multi-Linear Elastic Link
6-003 Gap Element
6-004 Hook Element
6-005 Damper Element Under Harmonic Loading
6-006 SUNY Buffalo Damper with Linear Velocity Exponent
6-007 SUNY Buffalo Damper with Nonlinear Velocity Exponent
6-008 Plastic Wen Link
6-009 Plastic Kinematic Link
6-010 SUNY Buffalo Eight-Story Building with Rubber Isolators
6-011 SUNY Buffalo Seven-Story Building with Friction Pendulum Isolators
6-012 Frequency Dependent Links
Cables
7-001 Uniform and Temperature Loading
7-002 Uniform and Concentrated Loading
7-003 Prestressed Cable Net
Design Examples
Steel Frame
AISC 360-05 Ex001 Wide Flange Member Under Bending
AISC 360-05 Ex002 Built Up Wide Flange Member Under Compression
AISC 360-10 Ex001 Wide Flange Member Under Bending
AISC 360-10 Ex002 Build Up Wide Flange Member Under Compression
AISC ASD-89 Ex001 Wide Flange Member Under Bending
AISC ASD-89 Ex002 Wide Flange Member Under Compression
AISC LRFD-93 Ex001 Wide Flange Member Under Bending
Wide Flange Member Under Combined Compression &
AISD LRFD-93 Ex002
Biaxial Bending
AS 4100-1998 Ex001 Wide Flange Member Under Compression
AS 4100-1998 Ex002 Wide Flange Member Under Bending
Wide Flange Member Under Combined Compression
AS 4100-1998 Ex003
and Bending
CONTENTS - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Concrete Frame
Shear and Flexural Reinforcement Design of a Singly
ACI 318-08 Ex001
Reinforced Rectangle
P-M Interaction Check for Compression-Controlled
ACI 318-08 Ex002
Rectangular Column
Shear and Flexural Reinforcement Design of a Singly
ACI 318-11 Ex001
Reinforced Rectangle
P-M Interaction Check for Compression-Controlled
ACI 318-11 Ex002
Rectangular Column
Shear and Flexural Reinforcement Design of a Singly
ACI 318-14 Ex001
Reinforced Rectangle
CONTENTS - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
CONTENTS - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Conclusions
Frames
Solids
Links
Cables
References
CONTENTS - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
INTRODUCTION
This document provides example problems used to test various features and capabilities
of the SAP2000 and CSiBridge programs. Users should supplement these examples as
necessary for verifying their particular application of the software.
INTRODUCTION - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY
Many different equation solver options are available in SAP2000. The different solver
options typically give identical results for most of the analysis examples. For a few
numerically sensitive problems the different solver options may give slightly different
results. The results presented in this document are those obtained using the Advanced
equation solver running as a separate 32bit process on an Intel(R) Core(TM) i7 CPU
with the Windows 7 Professional 64-bit operating system.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
The comparison of the SAP2000 validation and verification example results with
independent results is typically characterized in one of the following three ways.
Exact: There is no difference between the SAP2000 results and the independent
results within the larger of the accuracy of the typical SAP2000 output and the
accuracy of the independent result.
Acceptable: For force, moment and displacement values, the difference between
the SAP2000 results and the independent results does not exceed five percent
(5%). For internal force and stress values, the difference between the SAP2000
results and the independent results does not exceed ten percent (10%). For
experimental values, the difference between the SAP2000 results and the
independent results does not exceed twenty five percent (25%).
METHODOLOGY - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
The percentage difference between results is typically calculated using the following
formula:
SAP2000 Result
Percent Difference = 100 -1
Independent Result
SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES
The example problems are categorized into nine groups based on the structural elements
used or design type in the example. Table 1 defines the nine groups, illustrates the
example problem numbering system used for each group, and identifies the summary
table used for each group.
As shown in Table 1, Tables 2-1 through 2-9 summarize the validation and verification
examples for each of the nine categories. Tables 2-1 through 2-9 include the example
number, the problem title, a summary of the program features tested and the method of
independent verification.
METHODOLOGY - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
using the beam
deflection formulas in
Table 3 item 1a and
Rotated Local Frame local axes rotated from global axes
1-004 Table 3 item 2a on
Axes Use of AISC sections
pages 96 and 98,
respectively, in Table
3 in Roark and
Young 1975.
METHODOLOGY - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and
using basic principles
Prestress different eccentricities at the two ends and the unit load
1-009 Applied To Prestress tendon modeled usings loads
method described on
Frame Objects Prestress tendon modeled as elements
page 244 in Cook
Prestress losses
and Young 1985.
The use of end offsets in frames, including
Hand calculation
Non-rigid offsets
using the unit load
Partially rigid offsets
1-010 End Offsets method described on
Fully rigid offsets
page 244 in Cook
The effect of end offsets on the frame static analysis and Young 1985.
results
Hand calculation
No Tension using the unit load
and No Tension and compression limits for frame objects method described on
1-012
Compression End releases page 244 in Cook
Frame Objects and Young 1985
together with statics.
Hand calculation
Eigenvalue analysis of a frame with unequal moment based on formulas
Eigenvalue
1-014 of inertia values (I22 I33) for bending modes presented on page
Problem
Automatic frame subdivision 313 of Clough and
Penzien 1975.
METHODOLOGY - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
Vibration of a Static nonlinear analysis using the P-Delta option to using vibration theory
1-017 String Under provide tension stiffening presented on pages
Tension Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues 506 though 510 of
Kreyszig 1983.
Hand calculation
Bending, Shear
Calculation of bending, shear and axial deformations using the unit load
and Axial
1-018 in a rigid frame method described on
Deformations in
Frame property modification factors page 244 in Cook
a Rigid Frame
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
using formulas
presented in Article
Buckling of a Buckling analysis of a rigid frame
1-019 2.4 on pages 62
Rigid Frame Automatic frame subdivision
though 66 of
Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
Response
Spectrum Modal analysis of frame for eigenvalues and time Comparison with
Analysis of a periods example 13.11 on
1-020
Two- Response spectrum analysis page 521 of Chopra
Dimensional Joint masses 1995.
Rigid Frame
Comparison with
results published in
Bathe and Wilson
Bathe and
1972 and
Wilson Modal analysis for eigenvalues
1-021 comparison with
Eigenvalue Line mass assignment to frame objects
results from another
Problem
computer program
published in
Peterson 1981.
METHODOLOGY - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
results from another
ASME Three-dimensional frame analysis computer program
1-023 Eigenvalue Modal analysis using eigenvectors published in
Problem Joint mass assignments Peterson 1981 and in
DeSalvo and
Swanson 1977.
Response
Three-dimensional frame analysis Comparison with
Spectrum
Modal analysis using eigenvectors results from another
Analysis of a
1-024 Rigid diaphragm constraint computer program
Three-
Joint mass assignments published in
Dimensional
Response spectrum analysis Peterson 1981.
Moment Frame
Response
Three-dimensional frame analysis Comparison with
Spectrum
Modal analysis using eigenvectors results from another
Analysis of a
1-025 Rigid diaphragm constraint computer program
Three-
Joint mass assignments published in
Dimensional
Response spectrum analysis Peterson 1981.
Braced Frame
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Moment and Static nonlinear analysis of a frame structure using page 244 in Cook
1-026
Shear Hinges moment and shear hinges and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas
and superposition.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
Construction Nonlinear static analysis using the construction method described on
1-027 Sequence sequence loading option page 244 in Cook
Loading Frame end releases and Young 1985
together with basic
deflection formulas.
METHODOLOGY - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
results published in
Moving load case
1-030 Moving Loads Appendix A of
Multi-step static load case for vehicles AASHTO 1990 and
hand calculation.
METHODOLOGY - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
using the unit load
Membrane analysis using shell elements method described on
Plate bending analysis using shell elements page 244 in Cook
Straight Beam
Effect of shell element aspect ratio and Young 1985 and
2-002 with Static
Effect of geometrical distortion of shell element from using formulas from
Loads
rectangular Roark and Young
Joint force loading 1975. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Curved Beam Membrane analysis using shell elements
page 244 in Cook
2-003 with Static Plate bending analysis using shell elements
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Twisted Beam Membrane analysis using shell elements
page 244 in Cook
2-004 with Static Plate bending analysis using shell elements
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based theory in
Rectangular Plate bending analysis using shell elements Timoshenko and
2-005 Plate with Static Uniform load applied to shell elements Woinowsky-Krieger
Loads Joint force loading 1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
METHODOLOGY - 8
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hemispherical
Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements Results published in
Shell Structure
2-007 Joint local axes MacNeal and Harder
with Static Joint force loads 1985.
Loads
Hand calculation
using equation 185
Plate bending analysis using shell elements
Plate on Elastic on page 275 of
2-009 Area object spring assignment
Foundation Timoshenko and
Joint force loads
Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.
Hand calculation
Cylinder with Three-dimensional analysis using shell elements using item 1b in
2-010 Internal Surface pressure load applied to shell elements Table 29 on page
Pressure Joint local axes 448 of Roark and
Young 1975.
Plate Bending Plate bending analysis of shell elements when shear Results published in
when Shear deformations are significant example shown on
2-012
Deformations Area object stiffness modifiers page 376 of Roark
Are Significant Frame distributed loads and Young 1975.
METHODOLOGY - 9
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
Temperature using formulas
Temperature gradient loading for shell elements
Gradient presented in item 8e
2-014 Area object local axes
Through Shell of Table 24 on page
Joint local axes
Thickness 361 of Roark and
Young 1975.
Hand calculated
Plate bending analysis of shells
Orthotropic using theory
2-015 Orthotropic material properties
Plate presented in Chapter
Area object stiffness modifiers
6 of Ugural 1981.
METHODOLOGY - 10
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Membrane analysis using plane elements
page 244 in Cook
Straight Beam Effect of plane element aspect ratio
and Young 1985 and
3-002 with Static Effect of geometrical distortion of plane element from
using formulas from
Loads rectangular
Roark and Young
Joint force loading
1975. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Curved Beam
Membrane analysis using plane stress elements page 244 in Cook
3-003 with Static
Joint force loading and Young 1985.
Loads
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Timoshenko 1956
Analysis using plane stress elements and based on
Thick-Walled
3-004 Analysis using plane strain elements formulas in Roark
Cylinder
Plane surface pressure load and Young 1975.
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
Pore pressure loading for planes
3-005 Pore Pressure using basic
Joint pattern
principles.
METHODOLOGY - 11
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Thick-Walled Analysis using asolid elements Timoshenko 1956.
4-002
Cylinder Asolid surface press ure load Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based on equations
Rotating Analysis using asolid elements presented in Item 8
4-003
Annular Disk Asolid rotate load on page 567 of
Roark and Young
1975.
Hand calculation
Pore pressure loading for asolids
4-004 Pore Pressure using basic
Joint pattern
principles.
METHODOLOGY - 12
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hand calculation
Solid object bending with and without the using the unit load
Straight Beam incompatible modes option method described on
Effect of solid object aspect ratio page 244 in Cook
5-002 with Static
Effect of geometrical distortion of solid object from a and Young 1985.
Loads
cube Results also
Joint force loading published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Curved Beam Solid object bending with the incompatible bending
page 244 in Cook
5-003 with Static modes option
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
using the unit load
method described on
Twisted Beam Solid object bending and twist with the incompatible page 244 in Cook
5-004 with Static bending modes option
and Young 1985.
Loads Joint force loading
Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Hand calculation
based theory in
Rectangular Plate bending analysis using solid elements Timoshenko and
5-005 Plate with Static Surface pressure load applied to solid objects Woinowsky-Krieger
Loads Joint force loading 1959. Results also
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
METHODOLOGY - 13
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hemispherical
Results published in
Dome Structure Three-dimensional analysis using solid elements
5-007 MacNeal and Harder
with Static Joint force loads 1985.
Loads
Hand calculation
based on theory in
Analysis using solid elements
Thick-Walled Timoshenko 1956.
5-008 Solid surface pressure load
Cylinder Results also
Joint local axes
published in MacNeal
and Harder 1985.
Prestress tendon with parabolic tendon profile and
Hand calculation
different eccentricities at the two ends
using basic principles
Prestress Prestress tendon modeled using loads and applied to
and the unit load
5-009 Applied to Solid solid objects
method described on
Objects Prestress tendon modeled as elements and applied to page 244 in Cook
solid objects
and Young 1985.
Prestress losses
Hand calculation
Buckling analysis of solids using equation 2-4
5-010 Buckling Joint force loads on page 48 of
Active degrees of freedom Timoshenko and
Gere 1961.
Hand calculation
Temperature using equation 1.3.4
5-011 Temperature loading for solid elements
Load on page 9 of Cook
and Young 1985.
Hand calculation
Plate bending analysis using solid elements using equation 185
Plate on Elastic Solid object surface spring assignment on page 275 of
5-012
Foundation Solid object automatic mesh Timoshenko and
Joint force loads Woinowsky-Krieger
1959.
METHODOLOGY - 14
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY - 15
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
Multi-linear Multi-linear links defined link force-
6-002 Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Elastic Link deformation
characteristics.
Gap element links
Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Nonlinear modal time history analysis Hand calculation
Nonlinear direct time history analysis using the unit load
6-003 Gap Element Frame point loads method described on
Joint force loads page 244 in Cook
Joint mass assignments and Young 1985.
Ramp loading for time histories
Hand calculation
Hook element links
using standard
6-004 Hook Element Force-controlled nonlinear static analysis
thermal expansion
Frame temperature loads
formulas.
Damper element links
Damper Hand calculation
Linear link elements
Element Under using equation 3.2.6
6-005 Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Harmonic on page 70 in
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Loading Chopra 1995.
Joint force loads
Damper links with linear velocity exponents
Comparison with
Frame end length offsets
experimental results
Joint mass assignments
SUNY Buffalo from shake table
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Damper with tests published in
6-006 Linear modal time history analysis
Linear Velocity Section 5, pages 61
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Exponent through 73, of
Linear direct integration time history analysis
Scheller and
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Constantinou 1999.
Generalized displacements
Comparison with
Damper links with nonlinear velocity exponents
experimental results
SUNY Buffalo Frame end length offsets
from shake table
Damper with Joint mass assignments
tests published in
6-007 Nonlinear Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Section 5, pages 61
Velocity Nonlinear modal time history analysis
through 73, of
Exponent Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
Scheller and
Generalized displacements
Constantinou 1999.
METHODOLOGY - 16
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
Plastic kinematic links
Plastic defined link force-
6-009 Displacement-controlled nonlinear static analysis
Kinematic Link deformation
Link gravity load
characteristics.
Comparison with
results from the
Rubber isolator links
computer program
Linear links
SUNY Buffalo 3D-BASIS-ME (see
Zero-length, two-joint link elements
Eight-Story Tsopelas,
Diaphragm constraints
6-010 Building with Constantinou and
Modal analysis for ritz vectors
Rubber Reinhorn 1994)
Nonlinear modal time history analysis
Isolators published in Section
Nonlinear direct integration time history analysis
2, pages 5 through
Generalized displacements 23, of Scheller and
Constantinou 1999.
Hand calculation
using formulas and
Frequency
Frequency dependent links theory presented in
6-012 Dependent
Steady state analysis section 3.2 on pages
Links
68 through 69 of
Chopra 1995.
METHODOLOGY - 17
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Comparison with
Uniform load applied to cable nets
Prestressed results published in
7-003 Concentrated load applied to cable nets
Cable Net Section 4.6.3, Table
Nonlinear static analysis
4.4, of Tibert, 1999.
METHODOLOGY - 18
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Example 3 of
Allowable Stress
AISC Ex001 Bending of a wide flange member
Design Manual of
ASD-89 Ex002 Compression of a wide flange member
Steel Construction,
9th Ed.
Examples 1, 2, and 3
Bending of a wide flange member
CSA S16- Ex001 of the Handbook of
Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
09 Ex002 Steel Construction to
member
CSA S16-01.
Examples 1, 2, and 3
Bending of a wide flange member
CSA S16- Ex001 of the Handbook of
Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
14 Ex002 Steel Construction to
member
CSA S16-01.
Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
Ex001 member
EN 3-2005 Ex002 Bending of a wide flange member Hand calculations.
Ex003 Combined compression and bending of a wide flange
member
Compression of a wide flange member
Ex001
IS 800- Bending of a wide flange member
Ex002 Hand calculations.
2007 Combined compression and biaxial bending of a wide
Ex003
flange member
METHODOLOGY - 19
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY - 20
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY - 21
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY - 22
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
As illustrated in Table 3, the program features matrices are presented in tables 4-1
though 4-6. These tables are shown on the following pages.
METHODOLOGY - 23
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Masses 1-020, 1-022, 1-023, 1-024, 1-025, 6-003, 6-006, 6-007, 6-011
Panel zones
METHODOLOGY - 24
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Hinges 1-026
Automatic frame subdivide 1-006, 1-013, 1-014, 1-015, 1-017, 1-019, 2-016
Distributed load 1-001, 1-003, 1-008, 1-015, 1-016, 1-018, 2-012, 2-016
METHODOLOGY - 25
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY - 26
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY - 27
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
METHODOLOGY - 28
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
Nonlinear transient modal time 6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011
history
Nonlinear direct integration time 6-003, 6-005, 6-006, 6-007, 6-010, 6-011
history
METHODOLOGY - 29
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 11
Overview
The automated procedure for running the SAP2000 verification check uses
Visual Basic for Applications subroutines in specially prepared Excel files. The
subroutines run the SAP2000 models, process the results, and compare the results
with the published verification values. The Excel files are named
SAP2000_Verification_xxx.xls, SAP2000_Verification_SFD_xxx.xls, and
SAP2000_Verification_CFD_xxx.xls for analysis, steel frame design, and
concrete frame design, respectively. The xxx is a sequence of numbers (e.g., 909)
indicating the version of the SAP2000 program (e.g., version 9.0.9) from which
the comparison results in the Excel files were obtained.
Successful completion of the automated check using the Excel Visual Basic for
Applications subroutines requires that you have both Microsoft Excel and
Microsoft Access. Microsoft Access is run automatically (in the background) by
the Microsoft Excel verification subroutines.
If desired, instead of running the verification examples using Excel, they can be
run directly from SAP2000 using a batch file. If this method is used then only the
comparison of results is done using the Excel file. The advantage to running the
models using a batch file is that the verification will run faster. Running the
models using the Excel file is slower because Excel has to open and close
SAP2000 for each model whereas the batch file method starts out with SAP2000
open and never has to close or reopen it.
Important Note: The SAP2000 verification models (*.sdb files) must be exactly
as they were issued, with no user modifications. Otherwise the automated
procedure may not work as intended. If any doubt exists as to whether the
verification models have been modified, get the verification files from a fresh
SAP2000 installation or the SAP2000 DVD. See step 1 in the following section.
Important Note: All of the verification examples will run in the Ultimate
version of SAP 2000. Some of the examples will not run in the Basic, Plus, or
Advanced versions of the program.
Steps for Automation if Analyses Are Run Using the Excel File
Use the following steps to perform the verification and check when the models
are run using the Excel file:
4. Open one of the three previously mentioned Excel files located in the
subfolders of the C:\MyDir directory. Be sure that macros are enabled
when you open the file.
a. Set the path to the Sap2000.exe file in cell C3. If the full path to
this file is C:\Program Files\Computers and Structures\Sap2000\
Sap2000.exe then cell C3 should contain C:\Program Files\
Computers and Structures\Sap2000\Sap2000.exe. An easy way to
set this path is to click the Browse for Sap2000.exe button, locate
the SAP2000.exe file and click Open. The correct path for the
selected file will be filled in cell C3.
d. In cell E3 set the option to delete analysis files. This item can be
Yes or No. We recommend using Yes.
6. Click the Run Verification Check button to start running the models and
performing the verification checks. If the models are run the entire
verification may take several hours to complete. If only the checks are
performed then they may take several minutes to complete. A progress
report form indicates the example that the program is currently analyzing
or checking. A summary message box appears when the verification
process is complete.
Steps for Automation if Analyses Are Run Using Batch File in SAP2000
Use the following steps to perform the verification analyses and check when the
analyses are run using the batch file analysis capability in SAP2000:
4. Start SAP2000. When the program comes up, click the File menu >
Batch File Control command.
5. In the Batch File Control form, click the Browse for Existing Batch
Files button in the upper left corner of the form. Locate and open the
desired batch file from a subfolder of the C:\MyDir directory.
If the path name is not correct for the files (it should be pointing to
C:\MyDir), click the Change Filename Path button in the lower left
corner of the form to open the Batch File Path form.
In the Batch File Path form, make sure the Change the Path of All
Files option is selected. Then click the Select Path button, select the
path to C:\MyDir, and click OK to return to the Batch File Control
form. The path names in the Batch File Control form should now be
pointing to C:\MyDir.
6. Click the Run Models In Current Batch File List button in the upper
right corner of the form to automatically run all of the verification
problems.
7. After the verification problems have been successfully run (this may take
several hours), open the Excel file located in the same folder as the batch
file. Go to the worksheet named Verification Control and do the
following:
Cell C2 reports the version of SAP2000 from which the published SAP2000
results were obtained.
Cell C5 reports the date and time that the last check was performed.
Column F on the Verification Control worksheet reports the problem status. This
is either Not Checked, meaning that the considered problem has not been
checked, or it is the maximum percent difference between any published result
obtained from the Sap2000 version specified in cell C2 and the result obtained
for the verification. The percent difference for each item considered is calculated
as:
The example worksheets typically consist of five or more columns filled with
data, then a blank column, and then another four columns filled with data. The
following figure shows a typical example.
The first five or more columns show the verification results as they are published
in the current verification examples. The formatting may in some cases be
different from the published tables, but the data is the same.
The last four columns are related to the results obtained from the current results.
The column labeled SAP2000 Result is automatically filled by the Excel macro
that is run, as described in the previous section.
The Number of Decimal Places column reports the number of decimal places that
are used for the comparison. It is equal to the number of decimal places used in
the published results.
The values in the Result for Comparison column are the values in the SAP2000
Result column rounded to the number of decimal places indicated in the Number
of Decimal Places column.
The % Diff From Version xxx column shows the percent difference between the
published Sap2000 result and the result obtained for the verification. The percent
difference is calculated as:
Important: You should not edit anything in the Excel files except for cells C3
and C4 and Columns D and E on the Verification Control worksheet.
LOG - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
LOG - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
LOG - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
LOG - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 14
LOG - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001
FRAME - GENERAL LOADING
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
A three-element frame is subjected to seven load cases with different types of
distributed and/or concentrated loads. The resulting displacements at specified
joints are compared with independent hand calculated results.
Section Properties
6'
2
A = 144 in2
4 2 I = 1,728 in4
3
10'
1
Z
X 1
Load Case 1
Self weight (0.15 k/ft)
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
10 k 17.2 k
1.8 k/ft
54.4 k-ft
/ft
2k
2 k/ft
15 k
0 .3
74
4k
/ft
4'
0.3744 k/ft
0.9984 k/ft
Load Case 6 Load Case 7
Trapezoidal load on frame elements 1 Concentrated load on frame element 2 in
and 2 in frame local direction frame local direction
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 8
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 9
Software Verification
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REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 10
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 11
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 12
Software Verification
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REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 13
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 14
Software Verification
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REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 15
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 16
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 17
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-001 - 18
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
EXAMPLE 1-002
FRAME - TEMPERATURE LOADING
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The various types of frame temperature loads that can be modeled in SAP2000
are tested in this example using a cantilever beam and a propped cantilever beam.
The beam is a 2 inch wide by inch deep rectangular section.
For this example, each of these types of temperature loads is applied separately
to both the cantilever beam and the propped cantilever beam. The free-end
displacements in the cantilever beam model and the end reaction in the propped
cantilever beam model are compared to independent hand calculated results.
10" 2
Material Properties
C
Z E = 29,000 k/in2
3 = 0.0000065 /F
3"
Model A
X C Section Properties
2"
C A = 6 in2
I = 4.5 in4
Section C-C
C Model B
Temperature Loads
Load Case 1: Increase of 20 F
Load Case 2: Variation along local 1-axis (X-axis) of 2 F per inch of element length (20 F in all)
Load Case 3: Gradient along 2-axis (bending about 3-axis) of 20 F per linear inch (60 F in 3 of
section height)
EXAMPLE 1-002 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results for load cases 1 and 2 are hand calculated using standard
thermal expansion formulas. Results for load case 3 in Model B are hand
calculated using Table 3 items 6a and 6c on page 107 in Roark and Young 1975.
EXAMPLE 1-002 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results and the independent results match exactly.
EXAMPLE 1-002 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-002 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
EXAMPLE 1-002 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-003
FRAME - DISTRIBUTED AND CONCENTRATED MOMENTS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example tests distributed and concentrated moments assigned to frame
objects, by applying torsional moments on a shaft. In SAP2000, you can apply
distributed (uniform, trapezoidal and triangular) and concentrated moments to
frame objects.
In this example a 1-inch-diameter circular shaft, fixed at one end, is loaded with
various types of torsional moments in two different load cases. The resulting
torsional reaction at the fixed end and the rotation at two joints along the shaft
are compared with independent, hand calculated results.
10"
5" 2" 1" 2"
Z Material Properties Section Properties
1 2 3 4
E = 28,990 k/in2 J = 0.09817 in4
1 2 3 4 5 v = 0.3
Geometry
X G = 11,150
1 k-in/in
2 k-in Load Cases
Load Case 1: 1 k-in/in uniform distributed
Load Case 1 torsion on frame element 2 and 2 k-in torsion
on the joint 4 end of frame object 3
1.5 k-in/in Load Case 2: Triangular distributed torsion with
2 k-in a maximum value of 1.5 k-in/in on frame
element 1 and 2 k-in torsion on the joint 5
Load Case 2 end of frame object 4
EXAMPLE 1-003 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are based on hand calculations using equation 8.1.3 on
page 284 in Cook and Young 1985.
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact match with the independent solution.
EXAMPLE 1-003 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-003 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-003 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-004
FRAME - ROTATED LOCAL AXES
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example tests SAP2000 for various types of loading on a frame element
with its local 2 and 3 axes not parallel to the global axes. A W12X106 cantilever
beam is used with the local 2 axis rotated 30 degrees from the global Z axis as
shown in the figure below. The free end displacements in the global Y and Z
directions are compared with independent hand calculations. The W12X106
section properties are read from the SECTIONS8.pro section database provided
with SAP2000.
30
144"
Material Properties
C Z
2 E = 29,000 k/in2
Geometry Y
C Section Properties
3 W12X106
0.01 k/in
Z I33 = 933 in4
Section C-C
I22 = 301 in4
Load Case 1 Load Cases
Y
X 1 kip Load Case 1: 0.01 kip/in uniform distributed load
in global Z direction
Load Case 2: 1 kip concentrated load at free end
in global Z direction
Load Case 2
Load Case 3: 240 k-in concentrated moment at
240 k-in free end about global Z axis
Load Case 3
EXAMPLE 1-004 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are calculated using the beam deflection formulas in
Table 3 item 1a and Table 3 item 2a on pages 96 and 98, respectively, in Table 3
in Roark and Young 1975.
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact match with the independent solution.
EXAMPLE 1-004 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-004 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-004 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-004 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-005
FRAME - DISPLACEMENT LOADING
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Using a portal frame, this example verifies SAP2000 for settlement and rotation
of normal supports, skewed supports (settlement only) and spring supports. Note
that for spring supports, the grounded end of the spring is displaced or rotated.
Six different models are created. The models are identical, except for the loading
and the support condition at joint 4 as shown in the figure below. The results for
various support reactions in each model are compared with independent hand
calculations.
144"
Material Properties
2 3 E = 29,000 k/in2
2
Section Properties
b = 12 in
144"
1 3 d = 12 in
Z A = 144 in2
Y I = 1,728 in4
X 1 4
Support condition at joint 4
varies for each model
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
Uz = -0.5"
0.01 rad
Uz = -0.2"
Model A Model B Model C
10 k
Joint local
axes for
skewed
U3
0.01 rad 3
supports 1
= -1
"
cos = 0.8
sin = 0.6
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
Output Percent
Model Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
COMPUTER FILES: Example 1-005a, Example 1-005b, Example 1-005c, Example 1-005d,
Example 1-005e, Example 1-005f
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact match with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 8
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 9
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 10
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-005 - 11
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006
FRAME - NON-PRISMATIC SECTIONS AND AUTOMATIC FRAME SUBDIVISION
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example tests the SAP2000 non-prismatic frame section property. In
SAP2000 the axial (A), torsion (J), weight, and mass properties can vary linearly,
and the bending property (I) variation can be linear, parabolic or cubic. The
variation of the moment of inertia is defined in SAP2000 as follows:
L
where,
n
I ( x) = (I11/ n ) 1 +
x
(I ) Lx
1/ n
n = 1 for linear variation,
I1 I2 2 n = 2 for parabolic variation, and
L
n = 3 for cubic variation,
x
Important Note: Only bending and axial deformations are considered in the
analysis. Shear deformations are ignored. In SAP2000 this is achieved by setting
the property modification factor for shear area to 0.
This example also tests the frame automatic subdivide feature of SAP2000. The
automatic frame subdivide option internally divides the frame object into a user-
specified number of elements for the analysis. The analysis results are combined
and reported for the entire frame object, not the subdivided elements.
In this example two models are run. Model A has no automatic subdivision.
Model B has automatic subdivision that divides the frame object up into 10 equal
length elements. The results are compared for each model.
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
144"
36" 36" 36" 36" Material Properties
E = 3,600 k/in2
= 0.2
Seg. 1 Seg. 2 Seg. 3 Seg. 4 G = 1,500 k/in2
Unit weight = 0.15 k/ft3
Z
FSec 2
FSec 3
FSec 2
FSec 4
FSec 3
FSec 1
FSec 1
FSec 2
Segment Definitions
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4
Length, in 36 36 36 36
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
Section Properties
FSec1 FSec2 FSec3 FSec4
Width b, in 12 12 12 12
Depth d, in 12 18 24 30
Loading
Load Case Load Type Value
3 Fy at free end 5k
4 Fz at free end -5 k
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact match with the independent results for both
models A and B.
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 8
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 9
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 10
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 11
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 12
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 13
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 14
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 15
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 16
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 17
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-006 - 18
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-007
FRAME - END RELEASES
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object end releases are verified in this example.
Three models are used in the example. The models are identical, except for the
end releases. Model A has a shear release, model B has an axial release and
model C has a moment release.
SAP2000 results for the axial force and moment at the fixed support are
compared with independent hand calculated results. Note that the models with
releases are statically determinate and thus the independent results are obtained
using basic statics.
10 k 10 k 10 k
5' 5' 5' 5' 5' 5'
Z
Y Shear (Vz) Axial (Pz) Moment (My)
10'
10'
10'
EXAMPLE 1-007 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The models are all statically determinate and thus the independent results are
obtained using basic statics.
Percent
Model Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Fz (fixed support) k 0 0 0%
A
My (fixed support) k-ft 50 50 0%
Fz (fixed support) k 0 0 0%
B
My (fixed support) k-ft 50 50 0%
Fz (fixed support) k 5 5 0%
C
My (fixed support) k-ft 0 0 0%
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-007 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-007 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-008
FRAME PARTIAL FIXITY END RELEASES
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object partial fixity end releases are tested in this example.
In the example a cantilever beam is subjected to a uniform load equal to twice its
self weight. At the fixed end of the cantilever the frame object is assigned a
partial fixity moment (My) spring and a partial fixity shear (Vz) spring. The
vertical tip deflection of the cantilever is compared with independent hand
calculated results.
Important Note: Both bending and shear deformations are considered in the
analysis for this example.
Important Note: The uniform load is applied using the gravity load feature of
SAP2000.
EXAMPLE 1-008 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-008 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-008 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-008 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009
FRAME PRESTRESS APPLIED TO FRAME OBJECTS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The SAP2000 prestress applied to frame objects is verified in this example using
a simply supported concrete beam with a parabolic prestressing tendon profile
and different eccentricities at each end. The bending moment and deflection at
the beam center are compared with independent hand-calculated results.
SAP2000 has two options for modeling the effect of the prestress. One option
models the prestress as loads applied to the structure. The other models the
prestress tendon as internal tendon elements. Both options are verified in this
example.
In SAP2000 the beam is modeled using a single frame element that is internally
meshed into two elements so that there is a node at the beam midpoint where the
displacement values are to be calculated.
Three separate models are used in this analysis. Model A has the prestress
modeled as loads. Models B and C treat the prestress as elements. Model B has a
maximum prestress tendon discretization length of 60 inches and Model C
reduces the maximum prestress tendon discretization length to 12 inches.
The effect of both wobble and curvature friction losses are included in the
example as well as elastic shortening of the concrete beam. The tendon is
stressed from the left end only.
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
3"
10"
30"
A
Section A-A
10"
30' = 360"
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using basic principles and using the unit
load method described on page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
Output Percent
Model Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
A- By Loads 0.17028 +2.8%
Uz
B- Elems (60") (center) 0.16041 0.16564 -3.2%
in
C- Elems (12") 0.16484 -0.5%
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results and the independent results show an acceptable match.
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 8
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 9
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 10
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 11
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 12
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 13
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 7
EXAMPLE 1-009 - 14
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-010
FRAME - END OFFSETS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a cantilever beam to test the SAP2000 end offsets. In
SAP2000, end offsets may be non-rigid, partially rigid, or fully rigid. The rigidity
of the offset is specified by a rigid zone factor. This factor specifies the fraction
of the end offset length, measured from the frame element end, that is assumed to
be infinitely rigid. The remainder of the end offset, if any, is assumed to have the
same flexibility as the beam.
Four models are created in this example. The first has no end offset, the second
through fourth have an end offset with 0%, 50% and 100% rigidity, respectively.
For each model the vertical displacement at the free end of the cantilever is
compared with independent hand calculated results.
Important Note: Bending and shear deformations are included in the analyses
for this example.
G = 1,800 k/in2
End offset Section Properties
Y C Section C-C
X b = 12 in
d = 18 in
End Offsets A = 216 in2
Model A: a = 0, no end offset I = 5,832 in4
Model B: a = 6" end offset, 0% rigid Av = 180 in2 (shear area)
Model C: a = 6" end offset, 50% rigid
Model D: a = 6" end offset, 100% rigid
EXAMPLE 1-010 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
Rigid
Zone Output Percent
Model Factor Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
COMPUTER FILE: Example 1-010a, Example 1-010b, Example 1-010c, Example 1-010d
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results match exactly with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-010 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-010 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-011
FRAME INSERTION POINT
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a cantilever beam to test the SAP2000 frame insertion point.
In SAP2000 the frame insertion point is defined by a combination of a cardinal
point and joint offsets.
This example uses a 12 inch wide by 18 inch deep section. The cardinal point is
specified to be at the bottom left corner of the section (cardinal point location 1)
and global Z direction joint offsets of +12 inches are specified at each end of the
beam.
Two load cases are considered. The first load case has a 10 kip compressive load
applied to the joint at the free end of the cantilever. The second load case applies
the 10 kip compressive load to the free end of the frame object (not the joint).
The fixed end moments and the maximum beam moments are compared with
independent hand calculated results for the two load cases.
1 2 3
Cardinal point 1
9"
A 2 at bottom left
Y
X corner
12"
1
3
Joint 2
As Modeled in SAP2000
Section B-B
(Section A-A similar, opposite hand)
EXAMPLE 1-011 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
9"
C As modeled D
frame object location
9"
Rigid link
shown dashed
12"
Analysis Model Load Case 1
Joint 2
Rigid Frame
link C object D Section D-D
P = 10 k
(Section C-C similar, opposite hand)
1 2 Rigid
C As modeled D link
frame object location
shown dashed
Analysis Model Load Case 2
EXAMPLE 1-011 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using statics.
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results match exactly with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-011 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-011 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-012
FRAME NO TENSION AND NO COMPRESSION FRAME OBJECTS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a one-bay, one-story braced frame resisting a horizontal load
applied at the top of the frame to test the SAP2000 tension and compression
limits for frame objects. In SAP2000 both tension and compression limits can be
specified for frame objects. If the tension limit for a frame object is specified as
0, then the frame object can resist no tension. Similarly, if the compression limit
is specified as 0 then the frame object can resist no compression.
Important Note: Typically, the tension and compression limits only apply for
nonlinear analyses.
Three models are created for the example. Model A has no tension or
compression limits and is run as a static linear analysis. Model B allows no
compression in the compression diagonal and model C allows no tension in the
tension diagonal. Models B and C are run as static nonlinear analyses. The
horizontal displacement at the top of the frame and the support reactions for each
model are compared with independent hand calculated results.
Important Note: The beam and braces have pinned ends in the example.
120" Properties
100 k 3 E = 30,000 k/in2
2 4 A = 8 in2
Notes
1 2
120"
EXAMPLE 1-012 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using a combination of the unit load
method described on page 244 in Cook and Young 1985 and statics.
Output Percent
Model Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Ux (jt 2) in 0.10677 0.10677 0%
Fx (jt 1) kip -44.224 -44.224 0%
A Fz (jt 1) kip -100 -100 0%
Fx (jt 3) kip -55.776 -55.776 0%
Fz (jt 3) kip 100 100 0%
Ux (jt 2) in 0.24142 0.24142 0%
Fx (jt 1) kip -100 -100 0%
B Fz (jt 1) kip -100 -100 0%
Fx (jt 3) kip 0 0 0%
Fz (jt 3) kip 100 100 0%
Ux (jt 2) in 0.19142 0.19142 0%
Fx (jt 1) kip 0 0 0%
C Fz (jt 1) kip -100 -100 0%
Fx (jt 3) kip -100 -100 0%
Fz (jt 3) kip 100 100 0%
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results match exactly with the independent results
EXAMPLE 1-012 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-012 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-012 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-012 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-012 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-012 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-013
FRAME SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a simply supported beam on elastic foundation to test the
SAP2000 frame line spring assignment. The beam is 36 inches wide by 36 inches
deep, 15 feet long and the soil subgrade modulus is 800 k/ft3. A 500 kip vertical
load is applied at the center of the beam and the self weight of the beam is
ignored. The moment and deflection at the center of the beam are compared with
independent results calculated using formulas presented in Timoshenko 1956.
The model is made up of two frame objects each 7.5 feet long. Three separate
models are created. The models are identical, except for the discretization of the
two frame objects. Models A, B and C discretize each frame object into 1, 4 and
100 frame elements respectively.
EXAMPLE 1-013 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using formulas presented in Problem 3
on page 23 of Timoshenko 1956.
# Output Percent
Model Elms. Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
As long as the beam discretization is sufficient, the SAP2000 results match
exactly with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-013 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-013 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-013 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-014
FRAME - EIGENVALUE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The SAP2000 eigenvalue computations are verified using vibrations of a
cantilever beam.
This example uses several models of an eight foot long cantilever concrete beam
with I22 I33. Each of the models has a different discretization. The first five
bending Eigen modes for each model are compared with the independent solution
provided in Clough and Penzien 1975.
Important Note: Only bending modes are calculated and compared. Shear
deformations are ignored by setting the frame property modification factor for
shear area to zero. Axial and torsional modes are excluded by excluding the Ux
and Rx degrees of freedom from the analysis.
Discretization
Model A: 1 element 96 inches long
Model B: 2 elements each 48 inches long
Model C: 4 elements each 24 inches long
Model D: 6 elements each 16 inches long
Model E: 8 elements each 12 inch long
Model F: 10 elements each 9.6 inches long
Z Model G: 96 elements each 1 inch long
96"
Y
X
Material Properties Section Properties
E = 3,600 k/in2 b = 12 in
Mass per unit volume = 2.3E-07 k-sec2/in4 d = 18 in
A = 216 in2
I about global Y = 5,832 in4
I about global Z = 2,592 in4
EXAMPLE 1-014 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are calculated based on formulas presented on page 313
in Clough and Penzien 1975 for a cantilever beam with uniformly distributed
mass and constant EI.
Output Percent
Mode Parameter Model SAP2000 Independent Difference
A (1 elem) 0.054547 +43.53%
1
B (2 elems) 0.042333 +11.39%
EXAMPLE 1-014 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
Output Percent
Mode Parameter Model SAP2000 Independent Difference
A (1 elem) N.A. N.A.
3
B (2 elems) 0.008218 +35.52%
EXAMPLE 1-014 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
Note that the SAP2000 results for models A, B, C, D, E, F and G are for lumped
mass analyses, with masses lumped 96 inches, 48 inches, 24 inches, 16 inches,
12 inches, 9.6 inches and 1 inch apart, respectively, whereas the independent
solution is derived for a uniformly distributed mass.
COMPUTER FILES: Example 1-014a, Example 1-014b, Example 1-014c, Example 1-014d,
Example 1-014e, Example 1-014f, Example 1-014g
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable match with the independent solution as
long as the discretization of the beam is sufficient for the lumped mass analysis
to approximate the uniform mass distribution. In this example, the cantilever
beam needs to be discretized into a number of elements equal to at least three
times the vibration mode considered to obtain acceptable comparison with the
independent results. For example, when considering a second mode of vibration
(SAP2000 mode numbers 3 and 4 in this example), the beam needs to be
discretized into at least 2 * 3 = 6 elements.
EXAMPLE 1-014 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-014 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-014 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-015
FRAME - STEADY STATE HARMONIC LOADS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Steady state and periodic time history analysis are verified in this example using
a fixed-end beam that is subjected to a uniformly distributed load varying
harmonically with respect to time. The maximum midpoint deflections from the
SAP2000 analyses are compared with independent results published in Paz 1985.
The example is solved using two different calculation methods. They are
undamped steady state analysis; and periodic time history analysis. For the
steady state analysis, the frequency of the forcing function is used as input into
SAP2000. For the time-history analysis, one complete cycle of the sine wave
loading function, discretized at 100 equal intervals, is used as input, and, for
consistency with Paz 1985, five modes are used in the time history analysis.
The fixed end beam is modeled with two objects so that there is a midpoint node
where displacements are reported. Each of the objects is internally meshed in
SAP2000 into 120 elements each one inch long. Because the line mass in the
SAP2000 analysis is lumped at the nodes, this discretization of the beam
provides a good approximation of the uniform mass assumed in the example.
EXAMPLE 1-015 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are taken from Illustrative Example 20.2 on page 434 in
Paz 1985. The independent results are calculated using the first five mode
shapes.
Output Percent
Load Case Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
SS1
Undamped Uz (jt 2) in 0.0544 0.0541 +0.55%
steady state
MHIST1
Periodic time
Uz (jt 2) in 0.0544 0.0541 +0.55%
history using
5 modes
CONCLUSIONS
Comparison of the SAP2000 results with the independent results is acceptable.
The small difference between the SAP2000 results and the independent results
appears to be caused by round off in the independent solution.
EXAMPLE 1-015 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-015 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
EXAMPLE 1-016
FRAME - TENSION STIFFENING USING P-DELTA ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The SAP2000 tension stiffening calculation using P-Delta analysis is verified in
this example using a tie rod (beam) with a large axial force.
In this example a simply supported, 3-inch-square, steel beam has a large axial
force and a small transverse uniform load. The deflection in the direction of the
transverse load (global Z direction) is reduced because of the stiffening effect of
the tension force. The values of the midpoint deflection and bending moment
with and without tension stiffening are calculated and compared with
independent results derived using formulas presented in Timoshenko 1956.
Two different methods are used to apply the tension stiffening. In one method, a
P-Delta force equal to the specified tension is assigned directly to the beam. The
beam is then analyzed in a linear static load case with the transverse loading
applied. In the second method, the tension is applied to the beam in a nonlinear
static load case that is specified to consider P-Delta effects. The beam is then
analyzed in a separate linear static load case with the transverse loading applied.
This second load case is specified to use the stiffness at the end of the static
nonlinear case.
The beam is modeled with two objects so that there is a midpoint node where
displacements are reported. Several models are created using different
discretizations of the frame objects
Important Note: Shear deformations are ignored in the analysis by setting the
frame property modification factor for shear area to zero.
X Section Properties
150" 150" b = 3 in
300" d = 3 in
I = 6.75 in4
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are calculated using equations 43 and 45 on page 43 of
Timoshenko 1956 along with equation 23 on page 28 of the same reference.
# Output Percent
Model Elm Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
# Output Percent
Model Elm Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
# Output Percent
Model Elm Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
COMPUTER FILES: Example 1-016a, Example 1-016b, Example 1-016c, Example 1-016d,
Example 1-016e, Example 1-016f, Example 1-016g
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable, or exact, match with the independent
results as long as the discretization of the beam is sufficient. The two analysis
methods give identical results.
In general we recommend that you use the nonlinear static load case method to
solve tension stiffening problems.
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
EXAMPLE 1-016 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
EXAMPLE 1-017
FRAME VIBRATION OF A STRING UNDER TENSION
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
A flexible string is attached to two supports and tensioned to 0.5 kips. The first
three modes of the tensioned string are calculated and compared with
independent results derived using formulas presented in Kreyszig 1983.
The string is modeled using a single frame object. Two different models are
created for the comparison. The first has the frame object discretized into 10
elements and the second has it discretized into 100 elements.
The initial tension force is applied in the SAP2000 models through a static
nonlinear analysis that is specified to consider P-Delta effects. The modal
analysis to obtain the frequencies is performed in a second load case. The modal
load case is specified to use the stiffness at the end of the static nonlinear case.
EXAMPLE 1-017 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are calculated using string vibration theory presented on
pages 506 through 510 of Kreyszig 1983.
# Output Percent
Model Elm Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
f1 Hz 74.587 74.586 0%
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable match with the independent results.
Note that the SAP2000 analysis lumps the mass as the element nodes whereas the
independent analysis assumes a uniformly distributed mass. As the discretization
(number of elements) increases the lumped mass distribution approaches the
uniform mass distribution and the SAP2000 results converge to the independent
results.
EXAMPLE 1-017 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-017 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-018
FRAME BENDING, SHEAR AND AXIAL DEFORMATIONS IN A RIGID FRAME
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
A one-story, one-bay rigid bent is subjected to a uniform vertical load across the
horizontal member. The resulting vertical displacement at the center of the
horizontal member is compared with independent hand calculated results. The
displacement is calculated in four separate models with bending, shear and axial
deformations combined considered in the first model, bending deformations only
considered in the second model, shear deformations only considered in the third
model and axial deformations only considered in the fourth model.
Important Note: For the models with bending deformations ignored the
SAP2000 property modification factor for moment of inertia is set to 10,000,000.
For the models with shear deformations ignored, the SAP2000 property
modification factor for shear area is set to 0. For the models with axial
deformations ignored, the SAP2000 property modification factor for area is set to
100,000.
1 2
X Deformations Considered
1 3
Model A: Bending, shear and axial deformations
Model B: Bending deformations only
144" 144" Model C: Shear deformations only
Model D: Axial deformations only
EXAMPLE 1-018 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985.
Output Percent
Model Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
A
Bending, shear
-2.77076 -2.77076 0%
and axial
deformations
B
Bending Uz -2.72361 -2.72361 0%
deformations only
(jt. 5)
C (in)
Shear -0.03954 -0.03954 0%
deformations only
D
Axial -0.00760 -0.00760 0%
deformations only
COMPUTER FILES: Example 1-018a, Example 1-018b, Example 1-018c, Example 1-018d
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-018 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-018 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-018 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
EXAMPLE 1-019
FRAME BUCKLING OF A RIGID FRAME
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
A one-story, one-bay, two-dimensional frame is subjected to an axial force, P, at
the top of each column. The buckling load for this configuration is calculated and
compared with independent results calculated using formulas derived in
Timoshenko and Gere 1961. Several SAP2000 models are used. Each model is
identical, except for the discretization of the three frame objects.
EXAMPLE 1-019 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are calculated using formulas presented in Article 2.4 on
pages 62 through 66 in Timoshenko and Gere 1961.
Output Percent
Model Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
A Buckling
1 element per Load 280.98 280.19 +0.28%
object (kips)
B Buckling
2 elements per Load 280.24 280.19 +0.02%
object (kips)
C Buckling
4 elements per Load 280.19 280.19 0%
object (kips)
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable comparison with the independent
results. As the discretization increases the SAP2000 result converges to the
independent result.
EXAMPLE 1-019 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 1
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-019 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-020
FRAME - RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL RIGID FRAME
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
A single-bay, two-story, two-dimensional, reinforced concrete frame is analyzed
in this example. The applied loading is a response spectrum using 5% modal
damping. The SRSS modal combination technique is used. The building periods,
lateral displacements and bending moments in the columns and beams are
compared with the independent results presented in Chopra 1995.
Important Note: Only the Ux, Uz and Ry degrees of freedom are active in the
SAP2000 model. The building mass is only active in the X-direction; that is,
vertical excitation and out-of-plane excitation of the mass are not considered.
2 4
120"
0 0.5
2EI 2EI Concentrated Masses 0.03 0.5
2 5 2m 7 6 5 2m at joint 7 0.125 1.355
Z m at joint 8 0.5868 1.355
120"
2EI
2EI
1 3 m = 0.5182 kip-sec2/in
Y 0.66 1.355
1 X 4 1.562 0.576
4.12 0.218
240"
10 0.037
Fixed Base Frame
EXAMPLE 1-020 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
See example 13.11 on page 521 of Chopra 1995 for the independent results.
Time Periods
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Mode 1 period (sec) 1.562 1.562 0%
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Ux (jt. 2) in 7.576 7.566 +0.1%
EXAMPLE 1-020 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
Percent
Elm. Joint Location SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show acceptable comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-020 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-021
FRAME BATHE AND WILSON EIGENVALUE PROBLEM
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
A ten-bay, nine-story, two-dimensional, fixed base frame structure solved in
Bathe and Wilson 1972 is analyzed for the first three eigenvalues. The SAP2000
results are compared with independent results presented in Bathe and Wilson
1981 as well as independent results presented in Peterson 1981.
The material and section properties, and the mass per unit length used for all
members, shown in the figure below, are consistent with those used in the two
above mentioned references.
Important Note: Only bending and axial deformations are considered in the
analysis. Shear deformations are ignored by setting the shear area to 0.
9 @ 10' = 90'
10 @ 20' = 200'
Z
Y Material Properties Typical Section Properties
E = 432000 k/ft2 A = 3 ft2
X
Mass per unit length = 3 k-sec/ft2 I = 1 ft4
EXAMPLE 1-021 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
SAP2000 results are compared with independent results presented in Bathe and
Wilson 1972 as well as independent results presented in Peterson 1981.
Output Percent
Mode Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Output Percent
Mode Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
1 Eigenvalue 0.589541 0.589541 0%
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with Peterson 1981 and an
acceptable comparison with Bathe and Wilson 1972.
EXAMPLE 1-021 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-022
FRAME TWO-DIMENSIONAL MOMENT FRAME WITH STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example is a seven-story, two-dimensional, fixed base frame structure
subjected to lateral earthquake loads. The lateral earthquake load is modeled in
four different ways: as a static lateral load, as a response spectrum, as a modal
time history and as a direct integration time history. The results are compared
with the results from another computer program presented in the reference by
Engineering/Analysis Corporation and Computers/Structures International.
The earthquake excitation used in this example is the N-S component of the 1940
El Centro earthquake. The response spectrum function for this earthquake, shown
later, is input directly into the model. The digitized base acceleration is in the file
named ELCENTRO, which is read by the model when the analysis is run.
Important Note: Only the Ux, Uz and Ry degrees of freedom are active in the
SAP2000 model. Also, only bending and axial deformations are considered in the
analysis. Shear deformations are ignored. This is achieved in this example by
setting the shear area to 0 for all frame objects.
All framing and loads in this example are identical to those used in the above
mentioned reference. Static lateral loads are input as joint loads. The lateral (X)
displacements of the columns at each story level are constrained together using a
separate diaphragm constraint at each story level. Also 0.49 kip-sec2/in masses
are specified only in the lateral (X) direction at each story level. These modeling
techniques are commonly used to reduce the size of the equation system and
were used in the independent solution by Engineering/Analysis Corporation and
Computers/Structures International. The diaphragm constraints eliminate all axial
deformations in the beams. This and the absence of mass specification in the
vertical direction reduce the dynamic problem to seven modes of vibration. All
seven modes are included in the response spectrum analysis and the modal time
history analysis.
The independent solution uses the SRSS (square root sum of the squares) modal
combination technique for the response spectrum analysis. Two response
spectrum analyses are run in SAP2000, one using the SRSS modal combination
technique and the other using the CQC (complete quadratic combination) modal
combination technique. The CQC modal combination method is the default for
SAP2000 and is the recommended method.
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
The independent solution uses the modal time history analysis technique with 5%
damping for all modes. Two time history load cases are run in SAP2000. The
first is a modal time history analysis technique with 5% damping for all modes.
The second is a direct integration time history using the Hilber-Hughes-Taylor
alpha method for time integration with an alpha factor of zero.
The challenge that arises when including the direct integration time history in
this example is to get a good match between the 5% damping used in the modal
time history analysis and the mass and stiffness proportional damping specified
for the direct integration time history. In this example a mass proportional
damping coefficient of 0.3686 and a stiffness proportional coefficient of
0.005127 were used. These coefficients are calculated by assuming that the
damping for the first two modes is 5%; that is, that the damping at periods of
1.2732 and 0.4313 seconds is 5%. The table below shows a comparison of the
modal and proportional damping for all seven modes. Note that the proportional
damping has considerably more damping in the higher modes but the modal
participating mass ratio for the higher modes is low. Thus the higher damping
should have only a small influence on the results.
In the SAP2000 time history analyses the output sampling time interval used is
0.02 seconds and response is calculated for the first 8 seconds of the record. The
independent analysis has an output sampling time interval of 0.1 seconds.
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
W14X176
W14X176
13' - 0"
7 14 21
15 k 19 W24X110 20 W24X110 21 Level 7 Section Properties
27 34 W14X176
W14X176
W14X211
W14X176
13' - 0"
6 13 20 A = 51.7 in2
I = 2,150 in4
12.5 k 16 W24X110 17 W24X110 18 Level 6
26 33 W14X211
W14X211
W14X211
W14X246
13' - 0"
5 12 19 A = 62.1 in2
I = 2,670 in4
10 k 13 W24X130 14 W24X130 15 Level 5
25 32 W14X246
W14X211
W14X246
W14X211
13' - 0"
4 11 18 A = 72.3 in2
I = 3,230 in4
7.5 k 10 W24X130 11 W24X130 12 Level 4
24 31 W14X287
W14X246
W14X246
W14X287
13' - 0"
3 10 17 A = 84.4 in2
I = 3,910 in4
5k 7 W24X160 8 W24X160 9 Level 3
23 30 W24X110
W14X246
W14X246
W14X287
13' - 6"
2 9 16 A = 2.5 in2
I = 3,330 in4
2.5 k 4 W24X160 5 W24X160 6 Level 2
22 29 W24X130
W14X246
W14X246
W14X287
13' - 6"
1 8 15 A = 38.3 in2
I = 4,020 in4
Z 1 2 3 Ground
W24X160
Y 30' 30'
A = 47.1 in2
X I = 5,120 in4
Joint Mass Applied to Joints 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 and 23
m =0.49 kip-sec2/in in the X direction only
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
1.2
0.8
Acceleration (g)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Period (sec)
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
0.4
0.3
0.2
Ground Acceleration (g)
0.1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
Time (sec)
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are published in the reference by Engineering/Analysis
Corporation and Computers/Structures International.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Axial force in
69.99 69.99 0%
frame 1 (kip)
Moment in frame 1 at
2324.68 2324.68 0%
joint 1 (k-in)
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
The first table below shows the response spectrum results when the SRSS modal
combination technique is used. The second table below is for the CQC modal
combination technique. Note that the independent response spectrum analysis
results are based on the SRSS modal combination technique.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Axial force in
261.7 261.8 -0.04%
frame 1 (kip)
Moment in frame 1 at
9864 9868 -0.04%
joint 1 (k-in)
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Axial force in
261.5 261.8 -0.11%
frame 1 (kip)
Moment in frame 1 at
9916 9868 +0.49%
joint 1 (k-in)
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
The first table below shows the modal time history results and the second table
below shows the direct integration time history results.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Axial force in
263.0 258.0 +1.94%
frame 1 (kip)
Moment in frame 1 at
9104 8740 +4.16%
joint 1 (k-in)
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Axial force in
263.2 258.0 +2.02%
frame 1 (kip)
Moment in frame 1 at
9183 8740 +5.07%
joint 1 (k-in)
The differences between the SAP2000 results and the independent results occur
because the output sampling time interval used for SAP2000 is 0.02 seconds
whereas the output sampling time interval for the independent results is 0.1
seconds. Thus the independent results are not able to capture some of the peak
values that SAP2000 captures.
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 8
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
To directly compare the two time history methods, two new load cases are
created where the output sampling time interval is reduced to 0.001 seconds and
the damping for the modal time history case is changed to proportional damping
that matches the proportional damping in the direct integration time history (see
table on page 2 of this example). These new load cases are named MHIST2 and
DHIST2. The table below presents the results of these two cases. Note that they
are identical.
SAP2000 SAP2000
Modal TH Direct TH Percent
Output Parameter (MHIST2) (DHIST2) Difference
Ux at joint 22 (in) 5.499 5.499 0%
Axial force in
264.0 264.0 0%
frame 1 (kip)
Moment in frame 1 at
9200 9200 0%
joint 1 (k-in)
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 and independent results show exact comparison for the static
analysis and mode shapes and acceptable comparison for the dynamic results.
Also the SAP2000 modal time history and direct time history methods converge
to the same results when the output sampling time is sufficiently small.
EXAMPLE 1-022 - 9
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-023
FRAME ASME EIGENVALUE PROBLEM
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
A one-story, one-bay in each direction, three-dimensional, fixed-base frame
made of 2-inch steel pipe segments and 2.75-inch steel cubes is analyzed for the
first 24 modal frequencies using eigenvectors. The frame is Problem No. 1 from
the ASME 1972 Program Verification and Qualification Library (reference
ASME 1972).
The material and section properties, and the mass at each node, shown in the
figure below are consistent with those used in the above mentioned references.
Because masses are specified in three directions at 14 nodes, this problem has a
total of 3 * 14 = 42 dynamic degrees of freedom.
12 7 14 9
18.625"
6 16 10 11 6
4 13
5 17 15 10 8
CL 2" pipe 9 5
3 3 7
4 2
2.75" cube 2
1 1 = Joint number
Z
Fixed base 1 1 = Frame number
Y X
Material Properties Typical Section Properties
E =27,900 lb/in2 Nominal 2" Pipe
= 0.3 Outer diameter = 2.375 in
Wall thickness = 0.154 in
Joint Masses
Mass at joints 3, 6, 9, 12 = 25.35533E-03 lb-sec2/in
Mass at other joints = 8.942228E-03 lb-sec2/in
EXAMPLE 1-023 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The SAP2000 results for the first 24 natural frequencies are compared with
independent results presented in Peterson 1981 as well as independent results
presented in DeSalvo and Swanson 1977. These two independent results are
essentially identical and thus are presented in a single column below as the
independent results.
Output Percent
Mode Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
1 Frequency 112 112 0%
EXAMPLE 1-023 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
Output Percent
Mode Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The comparison between SAP2000 and the independent results is acceptable, and
is quite good considering the solution differences discussed previously in the
important note above the comparison table.
EXAMPLE 1-023 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-024
FRAME RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOMENT FRAME
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
In this example a two-story, two-bay in each direction, three-dimensional, fixed
base frame structure is analyzed using a response spectrum analysis. The modal
frequencies and X direction displacement at the story level centers of mass are
compared with independent results from another computer program presented in
Peterson 1981.
The structure is doubly symmetric in plan, except that the center of mass at each
story level is eccentric and is given by the coordinates X = 38 feet and Y = 27
feet, as shown in the figure. Additional joints labeled 28 and 29 are added at the
center of mass location at each story level. All of the story mass is applied at
these joints.
The masses are applied in the X and Y directions only. No rotational mass inertia
is used for consistency with Peterson 1981. Thus the problem has four natural
modes. All four modes are used in the response spectrum analysis.
Two rigid diaphragm constraints are defined, one for each of the story levels. All
of the joints at Level 2 are constrained together, including the joint at the center
of mass. Similarly, all of the joints at the Roof level are constrained together. For
each of the story levels, the X and Y displacements and the Z rotations for all
joints are dependent on each other.
The applied response spectrum is a constant 0.4g for all modes. This spectrum is
applied in the X direction of the structure only. Modal damping is assumed to be
4% for all modes.
Important Note: Only bending and axial deformations are considered in this
example. Shear deformations are ignored by setting the shear area to zero for
each frame object in the structure.
EXAMPLE 1-024 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
25 35 26 36 27
38 16 40 17 42 18
13'
16 23 29 17 24 18
22 33 23 34 24
13'
37 26 7 39 28 8 41 30 9
13 14 15
7 21 28 8 22 9
13 14 15
19 31 20 32 21
25'
25 4 27 5 29 6
10 11 12
4 19 5 20 6
10 11 12
1 - Joint number
25'
1 Z Y 2 3
1 - Column number
1 X 2 19 - Beam number 3
35' 35'
Column Local Axes X-Direction Beam Local Axes Y-Direction Beam Local Axes
2
1 2 1
1 3
3 3
EXAMPLE 1-024 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The SAP2000 results are compared with independent results presented in
Peterson 1981.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-024 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-025
FRAME RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL BRACED FRAME
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
In this example a three-story, L-shaped frame structure is analyzed using a
response spectrum analysis. The modal frequencies, center of mass displacement
at the roof level and axial forces in several members are compared with
independent results from another computer program presented in Peterson 1981.
The structure consists of four identical frames that have columns and diagonal
braces only. The frame objects can carry axial loads only. This is achieved in the
model by pinning the ends of each diagonal brace and pinning the bottom of each
column object at each story level. The frames are connected in plan by rigid
diaphragms at each story level. Beams are not required at the story levels because
the rigid diaphragm prevents them from carrying any loads.
A center of mass joint is defined at each story level located 33'-4" from the origin
in both the X and Y directions. All mass properties are concentrated at the center
of mass joints and they are identical at each of the three levels. X and Y
translational masses and a rotational mass moment of inertia about the Z axis are
defined at each center of mass joint. Thus there are nine dynamic degrees of
freedom and the model has nine natural modes. For consistency with Peterson
1981, only the first two modes are used in the response spectrum analysis.
Three rigid diaphragm constraints are defined, one for each of the story levels.
All of the joints at Level 2 are constrained together, including the joint at the
center of mass. Similarly, all of the joints at Level 3 and at the Roof level are
constrained together. For each of the story levels, the X and Y displacements and
the Z rotations for all joints are dependent on each other.
The applied earthquake for this example, the N-S component of the 1940 El
Centro earthquake, is applied in the X-direction of the model with 5% modal
damping assumed for all modes.
EXAMPLE 1-025 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
0.326887 0.810009
Building 10 0.810009
Frame 3
perimeter
Typical Story Masses Properties
MassX = 1.24224 kip-sec2/in
20'
33'-4"
Center of mass
20'
Joint 49 at Level 2
Frame 4
Joint 50 at Level 3
33'-4"
Joint 51 at Roof
Y
20'
X Frame 1
10 11 12 Roof
4 5 6 A = 6 in2
11 13 12 14 Level 2
1 2 3 1 - Joint number
12'
1 - Frame number
1 4 6 2 5 7 3 Base
20' 20'
Elevation of Frame 1
Frame 2 similar, increment joints by 12 and frames by 21;
Frame 3 similar, increment joints by 24 and frames by 42;
Frame 4 similar, increment joints by 36 and frames by 63
EXAMPLE 1-025 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
The SAP2000 results are compared with independent results presented in
Peterson 1981.
Output Percent
Mode Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
1 Frequency, Hz 3.0592 3.0592 0%
2 Frequency, Hz 3.1188 3.1188 0%
EXAMPLE 1-025 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-025 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
EXAMPLE 1-026
FRAME MOMENT AND SHEAR HINGES
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a horizontal cantilever beam to test the SAP2000 moment and
shear hinges in a static nonlinear analysis. The cantilever beam has a moment
(My) hinge and a shear (Vz) hinge at its fixed end. A vertical load, P, is applied to
the cantilever and increased until the vertical tip deflection, Uz, equals 2". Two
models are used in the example. Model B applies a default auto subdivide hinge
overwrite to the line object containing the hinge whereas Model A does not.
Multiple states are saved for the analysis with the minimum number of saved
states set to 6 and the maximum number of saved states set to 10. The tip
deflection, Uz, and tip rotation, Ry, for several of the saved states (identified on
the next page) are compared with independent hand calculated results.
Important Notes: Bending and shear deformations are included in this example.
Also, in SAP2000 frame hinges are only active in nonlinear static and nonlinear
direct time history load cases. The hinges are ignored in all other types of load
cases
G = 1,500 k/in2
Moment hinge (My) Section Properties
Y and shear hinge (Vz) C Section C-C b = 12 in
X P
d = 18 in
A = 216 in2
I = 5,832 in4
1920 Moment Hinge Shear Hinge
Av = 180 in2 (shear area)
Moment (kip-in)
Moment-Rotation Force-Deformation
Shear (kips)
1440 80 Loading
70 Increase P until the free
end tip deflection in the
480 Z direction is 2 inches
0.04 0.4
Plastic Rotation (radians) Plastic Deformation (inches)
EXAMPLE 1-026 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
RESULTS COMPARISON
Force P and free end vertical
Force P (kips)
displacement and rotation are reported for 80 2
the saved states corresponding to the 1
60
points labeled 1, 2 and 3 on the cantilever
beam force-tip deflection (P-Uz) diagram
20 3
shown to the right. Independent results
are hand calculated using the unit load
method described on page 244 in Cook Tip Deflection, Uz (inches)
and Young 1985 together with basic
deflection formulas and superposition.
Percent
Point Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
EXAMPLE 1-026 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
Percent
Point Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable comparison with the independent
results when the auto subdivide overwrite is used.
Sharp vertical drops in hinge forces or moments may not always be realistic and
can cause analysis convergence difficulties in more complicated models. For this
reason Sap2000 automatically limits the steepness of vertical drops to one-tenth
of the elastic stiffness of the element containing the hinge. When a frame object
is subdivided the shorter elements have larger elastic stiffnesses which permit
drops in hinge forces or moments that are closer to vertical. It is for this reason
that model B, which has an automatically meshed element that is 1% of the total
length, permits a steeper drop than model A. The drop is so steep that snap back
(negative displacement increment) of the overall cantilever can be observed.
EXAMPLE 1-026 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-026 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
EXAMPLE 1-026 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
EXAMPLE 1-026 - 6
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-027
FRAME CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE LOADING
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example applies construction sequence loading to a three-element frame to
test the SAP2000 staged construction capabilities.
The first construction stage includes frame object 1 only. Stage 2 adds frame
objects 2 and 3 to the model. Finally, stage 3 removes frame object 3 from the
model.
For each stage of the construction, the vertical reaction at joint 1 and the vertical
displacement at joint 2 are compared with independent hand calculated results.
Important Note: Bending, shear and axial deformations are all included in this
example. Only the Ux, Uz and Ry degrees of freedom are active in this two-
dimensional example.
Material Properties
E = 29,900 k/in2
100 k Stage 1 = 0.3
W36X150 G = 11,500 k/in2
1 1 2 Section Properties
W4X13
2 W36X150
72"
A = 3.83 in2
3
72"
Y Loading
X 4
Stage 3 Joint 2: Fz = -100 k
Joint 3: Fz = -25 k
EXAMPLE 1-027 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated using the unit load method described on
page 244 in Cook and Young 1985 together with basic deflection formulas.
Output Percent
Stage Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show a exact comparison with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-027 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-027 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-027 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-028
FRAME LARGE AXIAL DISPLACEMENTS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a three-hinged arch to test static nonlinear analysis with large
axial displacements in SAP2000. A concentrated vertical downward load, P, is
applied to the center joint of the three-hinge arch. The load P is increased until
the vertical downward deflection at the center joint reaches one foot. The
resulting vertical support reaction at joint 1 is compared with independent hand
calculated results.
P Material Properties
E = 29,000 k/in2
Z 2 Section Properties
1 3 W14X90
3'
A = 26.5 in2
X I = 999 in4
10' 10'
Loading
20'
Increase P until downward
deflection at joint 2 is one foot
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results are calculated using basic statics.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Fz (jt 1) kip 3,497 3,497 0%
EXAMPLE 1-028 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an exact match with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-028 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-028 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-028 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-029
FRAME LARGE BENDING DISPLACEMENTS
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a fixed base cantilever column to test static nonlinear analysis
with large bending displacements in SAP2000. A concentrated moment, M, is
applied at the top of the column. The moment M is increased until the rotation at
the top of the column is equal to radians (180 degrees). The resulting vertical
and horizontal displacements of the top of the column and the moment required
to create the desired deflected shape are compared with independent hand
calculated results.
Three different models, labeled A, B and C are run for this example. The models
are identical except for the discretization of the column, which is broken up into
4, 16 and 64 elements in models A, B and C, respectively.
After running the analysis, use the Display menu > Show Deformed Shape
command to display the deflected shape. To get the deflected shape to display
properly, uncheck the cubic curve option, select the Scale Factor option in the
Scaling area of the form, and set the Scale Factor to 1.
Note that for this problem with large bending displacements the iteration
convergence tolerance for the nonlinear static load case is set to 1E-06. Large
displacements problems often require tighter iteration tolerances.
M
Material Properties
E = 29,000 k/in2
Section Properties
100"
W4X13
Deflected shape
A = 3.83 in2
I = 11.3 in4
EXAMPLE 1-029 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
RESULTS COMPARISON
Because the column is subjected to pure moment, it should bend in a circular arc.
Thus, the independent results for displacement are calculated from the properties
of a circle. The independent results for the moment are calculated using Equation
4 in Article 7.1 of Chapter 7 on page 91 of Roark and Young 1975.
# Output Percent
Model Elms. Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Ux (jt 2) in 65.328 63.662 +2.62%
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable match with the independent results. As
the discretization of the frame object increases, the SAP2000 and independent
results converge.
EXAMPLE 1-029 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-029 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE 1-029 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 10
EXAMPLE 1-030
FRAME MOVING LOADS
IMPORTANT NOTE
This example applies to CSiBridge only. Starting with Sap2000 version 15.00
the example does not apply to Sap2000 because it uses features that are not
supported in Sap2000.
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
This example uses a 40-foot-long simple span bridge (beam) to test moving load
load cases. Moving load cases use defined vehicle loads and defined lanes (rather
than the load cases that are used by other analysis types) to calculate the most
severe response resulting from vehicle live loads moving along lanes on the
structure.
In addition to the moving load case, this example also includes a multi-step static
analysis for the H20-44 vehicle. This analysis simulates the truck moving across
the bridge.
For each of the load cases the maximum moment and maximum reaction are
compared with independent results that are either presented in Appendix A of
AASHTO 1990 or hand calculated.
Output stations along the frame element modeling the bridge are specified to be
at a maximum spacing of 2 feet.
EXAMPLE 1-030 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 10
1.5'
Z Section Properties
b = 12 ft
1 40' C 2 Section C-C d = 1.5 ft
X
26k for all
response
18k for except
32k moment
Analysis Cases 8k moment
only
MOVEINF: Moving load analysis case; each vehicle
is run forward (from joint 1 to 2) and 14' 0.640 k/ft
backward along the lane
MOVEMS: Multi-step static analysis case; H20-44 H20-44
vehicle is run forward along the lane Truck Load H20-44 Lane Load
RESULTS COMPARISON
The independent results for all items, except the maximum reaction for the
MOVEMS load case, are taken from tables in Appendix A of AASHTO 1990.
The independent results for the MOVEMS load case are hand calculated.
Output Percent
Load Case Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Max Moment
MOVEINF 345.6 346.0 -0.1%
k-ft
Moving load
Max Reaction
case 38.789 38.8 0%
kips
Max Moment
MOVEMS 345.5 346.0 -0.1%
k-ft
Multi-step static
Max Reaction
load case 37.192 37.2 0%
kips
EXAMPLE 1-030 - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 10
CONCLUSION
The SAP2000 results show an acceptable match with the independent results.
EXAMPLE 1-030 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 10
HAND CALCULATION
EXAMPLE 1-030 - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 0
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The design flexural strengths are checked for the beam shown below. The beam
is loaded with a uniform load of 0.45 klf (D) and 0.75 klf (L). The flexural
moment capacity is checked for three unsupported lengths in the weak direction,
Lb = 5 ft, 11.667 ft and 35 ft.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are comparing with the results of Example F.1-2a from the
AISC Design Examples, Volume 13 on the application of the 2005 AISC
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-05).
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Compact Compact 0.00%
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: ASTM A572 Grade 50 Steel
E = 29,000 ksi, Fy = 50 ksi
Section: W18x50
bf = 7.5 in, tf = 0.57 in, d = 18 in, tw = 0.355 in
h = d 2t f = 18 2 0.57 = 16.86 in
I y Cw 40.1 3045.644
=rts = = 1.98 in
S33 88.889
Loadings:
wu = (1.2wd + 1.6wl) = 1.2(0.45) + 1.6(0.75) = 1.74 k/ft
Mu =
wu L2
8
= 1.74 352/8 = 266.4375 k-ft
Section Compactness:
Localized Buckling for Flange:
bf 7.50
= = = 6.579
2t f 2 0.57
E 29000
p = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.152
Fy 50
E 29000
p = 3.76 = 3.76 = 90.553
Fy 50
Section is Compact.
Lr = 16.966 ft
12.5M max
Cb = Rm 3.0 Eqn. 1
2.5M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3M C
Where MA = first quarter-span moment, MB = mid-span moment, MC = second quarter-span
moment.
The required moments for Eqn. 1 can be calculated as a percentage of the maximum mid-span
moment. Since the loading is uniform and the resulting moment is symmetric:
2
1 L
M A = MC = 1 b
4 L
Cb = 1.002
=
M n =
M p 5050 k in
b M=
n 0.9 5050 /12
b M n 378.75 k ft
=
Cb = 1.014
Lb L p
M n = C b M p (M p 0.7 Fy S 33 ) M p
L
r L p
11.667 5.835
=M n 1.014 5050 ( 5050 0.7 50 88.889 ) = 4088.733 k in
16.966 5.835
b M=
n 0.9 4088.733 /12
b M n 306.657 k ft
=
Cb = 1.136
2
Cb 2 E Jc L
Fcr = 2
1 + 0.078 b
Lb S 33 ho rts
r
ts
Fcr = 1 + 0.078 =
14.133 ksi
420
2
88.889 17.4 1.983
1.983
M n = Fcr S 33 M p
b M=
n 0.9 1256.245 /12
b M n 94.218 k ft
=
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
A demand capacity ratio is calculated for the built-up, ASTM A572 grade 50,
column shown below. An axial load of 70 kips (D) and 210 kips (L) is applied to
a simply supported column with a height of 15 ft.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated and compared with the results from
Example E.2 AISC Design Examples, Volume 13.0 on the application of the 2005
AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-05).
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: ASTM A572 Grade 50
E = 29,000 ksi, Fy = 50 ksi
Loadings:
Section Compactness:
Check for slender elements using Specification Section E7
KL y 1.0(15 12 )
= = 86.6
ry 2.08
2E 2 29000
Fe = = = 38.18 ksi
KL
2
(86.6)2
r
2 EC w 1
Fe = + GJ
(K z L ) Ix + Iy
2
2 29000 5462.4 1
=Fe + 11200 5.41 = 91.8 ksi > 38.18 ksi
(180 ) 1100 + 85.4
2
Fe = 38.18 ksi
E 29000 KLy
4.71 =4.71 =113 > =86.6
QFy 1.0 ( 50 ) ry
So
QFy
1.0( 50 )
f = Fcr = Q 0.658 Fe Fy = 1.0 0.658 38.2 50 = 28.9 ksi
E 0.34 E
be = 1.92t 1 b, where b = h
f ( b t ) f
29000 0.34 29000
be = 1.92 ( 0.250 ) 1 15.0in
28.9 (15.0 0.250 ) 28.9
=be 12.5in 15.0in
Aeff 19.1
=
Qa= = 0.968
A 19.75
=Q Q=
s Qa (1.00 )( 0.968
= ) 0.968
Critical Buckling Stress
Determine whether Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3 applies
E 29000 KLy
4.71 = 4.71 = 115.4 > = 86.6
QFy 0.966 ( 50 ) ry
E KL
When 4.71
QFy r
QFy
1.0( 50 )
=Fcr Q 0.658
= Fe
Fy 0.966 0.658
= 38.18
50 28.47 ksi
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The design flexural strengths are checked for the beam shown below. The beam
is loaded with a uniform load of 0.45 klf (D) and 0.75 klf (L). The flexural
moment capacity is checked for three unsupported lengths in the weak direction,
Lb = 5 ft, 11.667 ft and 35 ft.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are comparing with the results of Example F.1-2a from the
AISC Design Examples, Volume 13 on the application of the 2005 AISC
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-10).
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Compact Compact 0.00%
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: ASTM A572 Grade 50 Steel
E = 29,000 ksi, Fy = 50 ksi
Section: W18x50
bf = 7.5 in, tf = 0.57 in, d = 18 in, tw = 0.355 in
h = d 2t f = 18 2 0.57 = 16.86 in
I y Cw 40.1 3045.644
=rts = = 1.98in
S33 88.889
Loadings:
wu = (1.2wd + 1.6wl) = 1.2(0.45) + 1.6(0.75) = 1.74 k/ft
Mu =
wu L2
8
= 1.74 352/8 = 266.4375 k-ft
Section Compactness:
Localized Buckling for Flange:
bf 7.50
= = = 6.579
2t f 2 0.57
E 29000
p = 0.38 = 0.38 = 9.152
Fy 50
E 29000
p = 3.76 = 3.76 = 90.553
Fy 50
Cb = 1.002
=
M n =
M p 5050 k-in
b M n =
378.75 k-ft
12.5 (1.00 )
Cb =
2.5 (1.00 ) + 3 ( 0.972 ) + 4 (1.00 ) + 3 ( 0.972 )
Cb = 1.014
Lb L p
M n = C b M p (M p 0.7 Fy S 33 ) Mp
L L
r p
11.667 5.835
=M n 1.014 5050 ( 5050 0.7 50 88.889 ) = 4088.733 k-in
16.966 5.835
b M n =
0.9 4088.733 /12
b M n =
306.657 k-ft
Cb = 1.136
Fcr = 1 + 0.078 =
14.133ksi
420
2
88.889 17.4 1.983
1.983
M n = Fcr S 33 M p
b M n =
0.9 1256.245 /12
b M n =
94.218 k-ft
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
A demand capacity ratio is calculated for the built-up, ASTM A572 grade 50,
column shown below. An axial load of 70 kips (D) and 210 kips (L) is applied to
a simply supported column with a height of 15 ft.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated and compared with the results from
Example E.2 AISC Design Examples, Volume 13.0 on the application of the 2005
AISC Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-10).
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: ASTM A572 Grade 50
E = 29,000 ksi, Fy = 50 ksi
Loadings:
Pu = 1.2(70.0) + 1.6(210) = 420 kips
Section Compactness:
Check for slender elements using Specification Section E7
KL y 1.0(15 12 )
= = 86.6
ry 2.08
2 E 2 29000
=Fe = = 38.18 ksi
(86.6 )
2 2
KL
r
2 EC 1
=Fe w
+ GJ
( K z L ) I x + I y
2
2 29000 5462.4 1
=Fe + 11200 5.41 = 91.8 ksi > 38.18 ksi
(180 ) 1100 + 85.4
2
Fe = 38.18 ksi
E 29000 KLy
4.71 =4.71 =113 > =86.6
QFy 1.0 ( 50 ) ry
So
QFy
1.0( 50 )
f = Fcr = Q 0.658 Fy = 1.0 0.658 38.2 50 = 28.9 ksi
Fe
0.34 E
E
be = 1.92t 1 b, where b = h
(b t ) f
f
29000 0.34 29000
be = 1.92 ( 0.250 ) 1 15.0in
28.9 (15.0 0.250 ) 28.9
=be 12.5in 15.0in
therefore compute Aeff with reduced effective web width.
Aeff =betw + 2b f t f =(12.5)( 0.250 ) + 2 (8.0 )(1.0 ) =19.1 in 2
where Aeff is effective area based on the reduced effective width of the web, be.
Aeff 19.1
=
Qa= = 0.968
A 19.75
=Q Q=
s Qa (1.00 )( 0.968
= ) 0.968
Critical Buckling Stress
Determine whether Specification Equation E7-2 or E7-3 applies
E 29000 KLy
4.71 = 4.71 = 115.4 > = 86.6
QFy 0.966 ( 50 ) ry
E KL
When 4.71
QFy r
QFy
1.0( 50 )
=Fcr Q 0.658
= Fe
Fy 0.966 0.658
= 38.18
50 28.47 ksi
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The beam below is subjected to a bending moment of 20 kip-ft. The compression
flange is braced at 3.0 ft intervals. The selected member is non-compact due to
flange criteria.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from Allowable Stress Design Manual of Steel
Construction, Ninth Edition, 1989, Example 3, Page 2-6.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Non-Compact Non-Compact 0.00%
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact match with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: ASTM A572 Grade 50 Steel
E = 29,000 ksi, Fy = 50 ksi
Section: W8x10
bf = 3.94 in, tf = 0.205 in, d = 7.98 in, tw = 0.17 in
h = h 2t f = 7.89 2 0.205 = 7.48 in
Member:
L = 12.65 ft
lb = 3 ft
Loadings:
w = 1.0 k/ft
M=
wL2
8
= 1.0 12.652/8 = 20.0 k-ft
fb = 30.74 ksi
Section Compactness:
Localized Buckling for Flange:
bf 3.94
= = = 9.610
2t f 2 0.205
65 65
p
= = = 9.192
Fy 50
95 95
r = = = 13.435
Fy 50
640 f 640 0
=
p 1 3.74 a = 1 3.74 = 90.510
Fy F y 50 50
Section is Non-Compact.
Fb 33 = 32.70 ksi
lc = 40.948 in
Fb 33 = 32.70 ksi
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The column design features for the AISC ASD-89 code are checked for the frame
shown below. This frame is presented in the Allowable Stress Design Manual of
Steel Construction, Ninth Edition, 1989, Example 3, Pages 3-6 and 3-7. The
column K factors were overwritten to a value of 2.13 to match the example. The
transverse direction was assumed to be continuously supported. Two point loads
of 560 kips are applied at the tops of each column. The ratio of allow axial stress,
Fa, to the actual, fa, was checked and compared to the referenced design code.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from Allowable Stress Design Manual of Steel
Construction, Ninth Edition, 1989, Example 3, Pages 3-6 and 3-7.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Compact Compact 0.00%
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: A36 Steel
E = 29,000 ksi, Fy = 36 ksi
Section: W12x120:
bf = 12.32 in, tf = 1.105 in, d =13.12 in, tw=0.71 in
A = 35.3 in2
rx=5.5056 in
Member:
K = 2.13
L = 15 ft
Loadings:
P = 560 kips
Design Axial Stress:
P 560
f=
a =
A 35.3
f a = 15.86 ksi
Compactness:
Localized Buckling for Flange:
bf 12.32
= = = 5.575
2t f 2 1.105
65 65
p
= = = 10.83
Fy 36
d 13.12
= = = 18.48
tw 0.71
fa
Since = 0.44 > 0.16
Fy
257 257
p
= = = 42.83
Fy 36
Section is Compact.
22 E 22 29000
=Cc = = 126.099
Fy 36
KL x
rx 69.638
= = 0.552
Cc 126.099
KL x
< Cc
rx
1 KL x rx
2
1.0 Fy
2 Cc
Fa = 3
5 3 KL x rx 1 KL x rx
+
3 8 C c 8 Cc
2
1.0 (0.552 ) 36
1
Fa =
2
+ (0.552 ) (0.552 )
5 3 1 3
3 8 8
Fa = 16.47 ksi
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The design flexural strengths are checked for the beam shown below. The beam
is loaded with an ultimate uniform load of 1.6 klf. The flexural moment capacity
is checked for three unsupported lengths in the weak direction, Lb = 4.375 ft,
11.667 ft and 35 ft.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are comparing with the results of Example 5.1 in the 2nd
Edition, LRFD Manual of Steel Construction, pages 5-12 to 5-15.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Compact Compact 0.00%
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: ASTM A572 Grade 50 Steel
E = 29,000 ksi, Fy = 50 ksi
Fr = 10 ksi (for rolled shapes)
FL = Fy Fr = 50 10 = 40 ksi
Section: W18x40
bf = 6.02 in, tf = 0.525 in, d = 17.9 in, tw = 0.315 in
hc = d 2t f = 17.9 2 0.525 = 16.85 in
A = 11.8 in2
S33 = 68.3799 in3, Z33 = 78.4 in3
Iy = 19.1 in4, ry = 1.2723 in
Cw = 1441.528 in6, J = 0.81 in4
Other:
L = 35 ft
b = 0.9
Loadings:
wu = 1.6 k/ft
Mu =
wu L2
8
= 1.6 352/8 = 245.0 k-ft
Section Compactness:
Localized Buckling for Flange:
bf 6.02
= = = 5.733
2t f 2 0.525
65 65
p
= = = 9.192
Fy 50
Section is Compact.
X1
=
Lr r22 1 + 1 + X 2 FL 2
FL
1.27 1810
=
Lr 1 + 1 + 0.0172 40
= 2
= 12.069 ft
144.8in
40
Cb = 1.002
b M n =
294.0 k-ft
Cb = 1.014
Lb Lp
M=
n Cb M p ( M p F S )
L 33 Lr L p M p
11.667 4.486
M n 1.01 3920 ( 3920 40 68.4 )
= = 2836.042 k-in
12.06 4.486
b M n =0.9 2836.042 /12
b M n =
212.7031 k-ft
Cb = 1.136
M n = Fcr S 33 M p
2
Cb E
=M cr EI 22GJ + I 22CW
Lb Lb
1.136 29000
2
b M n =
50.599 k-ft
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
A check of the column adequacy is checked for combined axial compression and
flexural loads. The column is 14 feet tall and loaded with an axial load,
Pu = 1400 kips and bending, M ux , M uy = 200k-ft and 70k-ft, respectively. It is
assumed that there is reverse-curvature bending with equal end moments about
both axes and no loads along the member. The column demand/capacity ratio is
checked against the results of Example 6.2 in the 3rd Edition, LRFD Manual of
Steel Construction, pages 6-6 to 6-8.
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are hand calculated and compared with the results from
Example 6.2 in the 3rd Edition, LRFD Manual of Steel Construction, pages 6-6 to
6-8.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Compact Compact 0.00%
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: ASTM A992 Grade 50 Steel
Fy = 50 ksi, E = 29,000 ksi
Section: W14x176
A = 51.8 in2,
bf = 15.7 in, tf = 1.31 in, d = 15.2 in, tw = 0.83 in
hc = d 2t f = 15.2 2 1.31 = 12.58 in
Ix = 2,140 in4, Iy = 838 in4, rx = 6.4275 in, ry = 4.0221 in
Sx = 281.579 in3, Sy = 106.7516 in3, Zx = 320.0 in3, Zy = 163.0 in3.
Member:
Kx = Ky = 1.0
L = Lb = 14 ft
Other
c =0.85
b =0.9
Loadings:
Pu = 1400 kips
Mux = 200 k-ft
Muy = 70 k-ft
Section Compactness:
Localized Buckling for Flange:
=
( b=
f / 2) (15.7 / 2)
= 5.99
tf 1.31
65 65
=
p = = 9.19
Fy 50
< p , No localized flange buckling
Flange is Compact.
Pu
Since = 0.601 > 0.125
b Py
191 P 253
=p 2.33 u
Fy b Py Fy
191 253
=
p ( 2.33 0.601
= ) 46.714 = 35.780
50 50
< p , No localized web buckling
Web is Compact.
Section is Compact.
For braced frames, K = 1.0 and KxLx = KyLy = 14.0 ft, From AISC Table 4-2,
c Pn =
1940 kips
Or by hand,
K y L Fy 1.0 14 12 50
=c = = 0.552
ry E 4.022 29000
(
Fy 0.658c
Fcr =
2
)=
50 0.658 0.5522
=
44.012 ksi
c Pn =
c Fcr Ag =
0.85 44.012 51.8
c Pn =
1937.84 kips
Pu 1400
= = 0.722 > 0.2
c Pn 1937.84
50 160.1274
=M py = 667.198 k-ft
12
E
L p = 1.76ry
Fyf
29000 1
L= 1.76 4.02 = 14.2 ft > L= 14 ft
p
50 12 b
b M nx =
b M px
b M nx =0.9 1333.333
b M nx =
1200 k-ft
b M ny =
b M py
b M ny =
0.9 667.198
b M ny =
600.478 k-ft
Cm
B1 = 1
P
1 u
Pe1
M1
= +1.0
M2
M
C m = 0.6 0.4 1
M2
C m = 0.6 0.4(1.0 ) = 0.2
2 EI
pe1 =
( KL )
2
2 29000 2140
=pe1x = 21, 702 kips
(14.0 12 )
2
2 29000 838
=pe1 y = 8, 498
(14.0 12 )
2
C mx
B1x = 1
Pu
1
Pe1x
0.2
=
B1x = 0.214 1
1400
1
21702
B1x = 1
C my
B1 y = 1
P
1 u
P
e1 y
0.2
=
B1 y = 0.239 1
1400
1
8498
B1 y = 1
M ux = 1.0 200 = 200 kip-ft;
and
M uy = 1.0 70 = 70 kip-ft
1400 8 200 70
+ + =0.974 < 1.0 , OK
1940 9 1200 600.478
D
= 0.974
C
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object moment and shear strength is tested in this example.
A simply supported beam is laterally restrained along its full length and is
subjected to a uniform factored load of 69 kN/m and a factored point load at the
mid-span of 136 kN. This example was tested using the BS 5950-2000 steel
frame design code. The moment and shear strengths are compared with
independent hand calculated results.
L=6.5 m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material:
E = 205000 MPa
Ys = 275 MPa
y = 1.0 Ys = 275 MPa
Section: UB533x210x92
Ag = 11,700 mm2
D = 533.1 mm, b = 104.65 mm
t = 10.1 mm, T = 15.6 mm
d = D 2t = 533.1 2 10.1 = 501.9 mm
Z33 = 2,072,031.5 mm3
S33 = 2,360,000 mm3
Loadings:
Paxial = 0
wu = (1.4wd + 1.6wl) = 1.4(15) + 1.6(30) = 69 kN/m
Pu = (1.4Pd + 1.6Pl) = 1.4(40) + 1.6(50) = 136 kN
wu l 2 Pu l 69 6.52 136 6.5
Mu = + = +
8 4 8 4
M u = 585.4 kN-m
wu l + Pu 69 6.5 + 136
=Fv =
2 2
Fv = 292.25 kN
Section Compactness:
P
=r1 = 0 (since there is no axial force)
dt y
P
=r2 = 0 (since there is no axial force)
Ag y
275 275
= = = 1
y 275
=
6.71 < =
p 9 , No localized flange buckling
Flange is Class 1.
= 49.69 <=
p 80 , No localized web buckling
Web is Class 1.
Section is Class 1.
Pv 2 = 888.4 kN
M c = 649 kN-m
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object axial and moment strengths are tested in this example.
Mx
My
H
A A
Section A-A
H=5m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from Example 15 on page 83 of the SCI Publication
P326, Steelwork Design Guide to BS5950-1:2000 Volume 2: Worked Examples
by M.D. Heywood & J.B. Lim.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material:
E = 205000 MPa
G = 78846.15 MPa
Ys = 355 MPa
y = 1.0 Ys = 355 MPa
Section: RHS 150x150x6.3:
Ag = 3580 mm2
D = B = 150 mm, T=t = 6.3 mm
b = B 3 t = d = D 3 T = 150 2 6.3 = 131.1mm
r33 = 58.4483 mm
Z33 = 163,066.7 mm3
S33 = 192,301.5 mm3
Loadings:
N = 640 kN
Mx = 10.5 kN-m
My = 0.66 kN-m
Fv33 = Mx/H = 10.5 / 5 = 2.1 kN
Section Compactness:
P 640
=r1 = = 0.002183
dt y 131 6.3 355
275 275
= = = 0.880
y 355
= 20.81 <=
p 24.6 , No localized flange buckling
Flange is Compact.
= 20.81 <=
p 35.2 , No localized web buckling
Web is compact.
Section is Compact.
= max { 22 , =
33 } 85.546
2 E 2 205000
= o 0.2= 0.2 = 15.1
y 355
Robertson Constant: a = 2.0 (from Table VIII-3 for Rolled Box Section in CSI
code documentation)
=
Perry Factor: 0.001a ( =
0 ) 0.001 2 ( 85.546 15.1
= ) 0.141
2 E 2 205000
Euler Strength: = = = 276.5 MPa
2
E
85.5462
y + ( + 1) E 355 + ( 0.141 + 1) 276.5
= = = 355.215 MPa
2 2
E y 276.5 355
=c = = 215.967 MPa
+ 2 E y 335.215 + 335.2152 276.5 355
= g c
Pc A= 3580 215.967
Pc = 773.2 kN
D 150
Av =
Ag =3580 =1790 mm 2
D + B 150 + 150
Pv = 0.6 y Av 2 = 0.6 355 1790
Pv = 381.3kN
M c = 68.3kN-m
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object axial strengths are tested in this example considering in-plane
behavior only.
NEd
My,Ed
L
A A
Section A-A
L = 3.5 m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file SFD-EC-3-2005.pdf, which is
available through the program Help menu. This example was taken from "New
design rules in EN 1993-1-1 for member stability," Worked example 1 in section
5.2.1, page 151.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: S235
fy = 235 MPa
E = 210,000 MPa
G = 80,770 MPa
Section: IPE 200
A = 2848 mm2
h = 200 mm, bf = 100 mm, tf = 8.5 mm, tw = 5.6 mm, r = 12 mm
hw = h 2t f = 200 2 85 = 183mm
b f tw 2r 100 5.6 2 12
=c = = 35.2 mm
2 2
Iyy = 19,430,000 mm4
Wel,y = 194,300 mm3
Wpl,y = 220,600 mm3
Member:
Lyy = Lzz = 3,500 mm (unbraced length)
M 0 =
1
M1 =
1
y = 0.21
Loadings:
N Ed = 210, 000 N
M Ed , y ,Left = 0 N-m
Section Compactness:
235 235
= = = 1
fy 235
1 N Ed
1 =
1 1
2 2htw f y
1 210, 000
=
1 = 0.6737
2 2 200 5.6 235
=
e 4.14 < =
cl .1 13.36
So Flange is Class 1 in combined bending and compression
d 183
e = = = 28.39
tw 5.6
=
e 32.68 < =
cl .1 51.05
So Web is Class 1 in combined bending and compression
y 0.5 1 + y ( y 0.2 ) + =
= 2
y
0.5 1 + 0.21 ( 0.451 0.2 ) + 0.451
=2
0.628
1 1
=
y = = 0.939 1
y y ( y ) (
+ 2 2 0.628 + 0.6282 0.4512
)
Auxiliary Terms
N Ed
1 1
210
N cr , y 3287
=y = = 0.996
N Ed 210
1 y 1 0.939
N cr , y 3287
W pl , y 220.6 106
=
wy = = 1.135 1.5
Wel , y 194.3 106
Cmo Factor
M Ed , y ,right 0
=
y = = 0
M Ed , y ,left 43 103
1.6 N
1 + ( wy 1) 2
1.6
C yy = Cmy 2 22 Cmy 2 y 2 Ed bLT
wy wy N c , Rk
M1
1.6 1.6 210 10
3
1 + (1.135 1) 2
C yy = 0.7822 0.451 0.7822 0.4512 0
1.135 669 10
3
1.135
1.0
N Ed 210 103
=
D / CAxial =
N c , Rk 669 103
y 0.939
M1 1
D / CAxial = 0.334
Cmy M Ed , y ,right 0.782 43 10 3
D / CBending =
y =
0.996
210 10
3
51.8 10 3
1 N Ed C M pl , y , Rk 1 3
1.061
N cr , y yy M 1 3287 10 1
D / CBending = 0.646
D / CTotal = 0.980
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object axial strengths are tested in this example.
A beam is subjected to factored load N = 1050 kN. This example was tested
using the Eurocode 3-2005 steel frame design code. The design capacities are
compared with independent hand calculated results.
NEd
A
A
L/2 L/2 Section A-A
L = 1.4 m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file SFD-EC-3-2005.pdf, which is
available through the program Help menu. Examples were taken from Example
6.5 on pp. 53-55 from the book Designers Guide to EN1993-1-1 by R.S.
Narayanan & A. Beeby.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an exact comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: S275 Steel
fy = 275 MPa
E = 210000 MPa
Section: 406x178x74 UB
A = 9450 mm2
b = 179.5 mm, tf = 16 mm, h = 412.8 mm, tw = 9.5 mm, r = 10.2 mm
hw = h 2t f = 412.8 2 16 = 380.8 mm
Loadings:
N Ed = 0 kN
N = 1050 kN @ mid-span
Results in the following internal forces:
VEd = 525 kN
M Ed = 367.5 kN-m
Section Compactness:
235 235
= = = 0.924
fy 275
=
e 4.68 < =
cl .1 8.32
So Flange is Class 1 in pure compression
So Av = 4341mm 2
Av f y 4341 275
= = = 689, 245 N
M 0 3 1.0 3
V pl , Rd
V pl , Rd = 689.2 kN
M c , y , Rd = 412.8 kN-m
M v , y , Rd = 386.8 kN-m
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object axial strengths are tested in this example.
A M
A
L Section A-A
L = 0.4 m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file SFD-EC-3-2005.pdf, which is also
available through the program Help menu. Examples were taken from Example
6.6 on pp. 57-59 from the book Designers Guide to EN1993-1-1 by R.S.
Narayanan & A. Beeby.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: S275 Steel
E = 210000 MPa
fy = 235 MPa
Section: 457x191x98 UB
A = 12,500 mm2
b = 192.8 mm, tf = 19.6 mm, h = 467.2 mm, tw = 11.4 mm, r = 10.2 mm
hw = h 2t f = 467.2 2 19.6 = 428 mm
Loadings:
P = 1400 kN axial load
Results in the following internal forces:
N Ed = 1400 kN
M = 200 kN-m
Section Compactness:
235 235
= = = 1
fy 235
1 N Ed
1 = 1 1
2 2htw f y
1 1, 400, 000
=
1 = 2.7818 > 1, so
2 2 467.2 11.4 235
=1.0
=
e 4.11 < =
cl .1 9
So Flange is Class 1 in combined bending and compression
d 407.6
e = = = 35.75
tw 11.4
=
e 35.75 > =
cl .1 33.00
456 456 1
= = = 38.00
13 1 13 1 1
cl .2
=
e 35.75 <
= cl .2 38.00
N pl , Rd = 2937.5 kN
Axial Reduction
N Ed =
1400kN > 0.25 N pl , Rd =
0.25 2937.5 =
734.4 kN
N Ed 1400
=n = = 0.48
N pl , Rd 2937.5
A 2bt f 12,500 2 192.8 19.6
=a = = 0.40
A 12,500
1 n 1 0.48
M N= M pl , y , Rd = 524.5
1 0.5a 1 0.5 0.4
, y , Rd
M N , y , Rd = 342.2 kN-m
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object axial strengths are tested in this example.
NEd
L
A A
Section A-A
L = 3m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file SFD-IS-800-2007.pdf, which is
available through the program Help menu. The example was taken from
Example 9.2 on pp. 765-766 in Design of Steel Structures by N. Subramanian.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: Fe 250
E = 200,000 MPa
fy = 250 MPa
Section: ISMB 350
A = 6670 mm2
b = 140 mm, tf = 14.2 mm, h = 350 mm, tw = 8.1 mm, r = 1.8 mm
d =h 2 ( t f + r ) =350 2 (14.2 + 1.8 ) =318 mm
Loadings:
N Ed = 1 kN
Section Compactness:
250 250
= = = 1
fy 250
b 70
e = = = 4.93
t f 14.2
=
e 4.93 <
= p 8.40
So Flange is Plastic in compression
d 318
e = = = 39.26
tw 8.1
=
e 39.26 < =
s 42
So Web is Plastic in compression
2 E 2 200, 000
=
Euler Buckling Stress: f cc = 2
= 2
4485 MPa
K z Lz 3, 000
rz 143
fy 250
=
z = = 0.2361
f cc 4485
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2 ) + =
2 0.5 1 + 0.21( 0.2361 0.2 ) + 0.23612
=0.532
1 1
=
Stress Reduction Factor: = = 0.9920
+
2 2
0.532 + 0.5322 0.23612
fy 250
f cd , z =
=
0.992 =
255.5 MPa
M 0 1.1
2 E 2 200, 000
=
Euler Buckling Stress: f cc = 2
= 2
177 MPa
K z Lz 3, 000
rz 28.4
fy 250
= y = = 1.189
f cc 177
= 0.5 1 + ( 0.2 ) + =
2 0.5 1 + 0.34 (1.189 0.2 ) + 1.1892
=1.375
1 1
=
Stress Reduction Factor: = = 0.4842
+
2 2
1.375 + 1.3752 1.1892
fy 250
f cd , y =
=
0.4842 =
110.1MPa Governs
M 0 1.1
=
Pd Af=
cd , y 6670 110.1
Pd = 734.07 kN
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object axial strengths are tested in this example.
Section A-A
L1 L2 L3 A
w
L1 = 4.9 m L2 = 6 m L3 = 4.9 m
Material Properties Loading Design Properties
E = 200x103 MPa w = 48.74 kN/m fy = 250 MPa
v = 0.3 Section: ISLB 500
G = 76923 MPa
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file SFD-IS-800-2007.pdf, which is
available through the program Help menu. The example was taken from
Example 10.8 on pp. 897-901 in Design of Steel Structures by N. Subramanian.
The torsional constant, It, is calculated by the program as a slightly different
value, which accounts for the percent different in section bending resistance.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: Fe 250
E = 200,000 MPa
G = 76,923 MPa
fy = 250 MPa
Loadings:
N Ed = 0 kN
= 48.75 kN / m
Section Compactness:
250 250
= = = 1
fy 250
Vd = 603.59 kN
I fc
f =
I fc + I ft
I w =(1 f ) f I y h f 2 =(1 0.5) 0.5 10, 600, 000 485.92 =6.257 1011 mm6
C1 = 1.0 (Assumed in example & specified in SAP)
2 EI y 2 EI w
=M cr C1 GI +
( KL ) ( KL )
2 t 2
=M cr 201,536, 272.8 N mm
LT = 0.21
b = 1.0
b Z pz f y 1 1, 770,800 250
=LT = = 1.48
M cr 201,536, 272.8
1
= LT 1.0
LT + LT 2 + LT 2
1
LT
= = 0.380 1.0
1.7329 + 1.73292 + 1.482
LT f y 0.38 250
=
fbd = = 86.4 MPa
M0 1.1
=M sd 152.97 kN m
EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The frame object axial strengths are tested in this example.
Z-Z
L N
A A
Mz,bot
My,bot Section A-A
L=4m
RESULTS COMPARISON
Independent results are taken from hand calculations based on the CSI steel
design documentation contained in the file SFD-IS-800-2007.pdf, which is also
available through the program Help menu. The example was taken from
Example 13.2 on pp. 1101-1106 in Design of Steel Structures by N.
Subramanian.
Percent
Output Parameter SAP2000 Independent Difference
Compactness Plastic Plastic 0.00%
Plastic Compression Resistance,
6564 6564 0.00%
Nd (kN)
Buckling Resistance in Compression,
6555 6555 0.00%
Pdz (kN)
Buckling Resistance in Compression,
5324.01 5324.01 0.00%
Pdy (kN)
Section Bending Resistance,
897.46 897.46 0.00%
Mdz (kN-m)
Section Bending Resistance,
325.72 325.72 0.00%
Mdy (kN-m)
Buckling Resistance in Bending,
886.76 886.76 0.00%
MdLTB (kN-m)
Section Shear Resistance,
1009.2 1009.2 0.00%
VPz (kN)
Section Shear Resistance,
2961.6 2961.6 0.00%
VPy (kN)
Interaction Capacity, D/C 1.048 1.048 0.00%
CONCLUSION
The results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.
HAND CALCULATION
Properties:
Material: Fe 410
E = 200,000 MPa
G = 76,923.08 MPa
fy = 250 MPa
Section: W310x310x226
A = 28,880 mm2
bf = 317 mm, tf = 35.6 mm, h = 348 mm, tw = 22.1 mm, r = 15 mm
b f 317
=
b = = 158.5 mm ,
2 2
d =h 2 ( t f + r ) =348 2 ( 35.6 + 15 ) =246.8 mm
Member:
Ly = Lz = 4,000 mm (unbraced length)
M 0 = 1.1
Loadings:
P = 2500 kN
Vz = 25 kN
Vy = 175 kN
=
M z 1 350 kN m
M z 2 =
350 kN m
=
M y 1 100 kN m
M=
y 2 0 kN m
Section Compactness:
fy 250
= = = 1
250 250
P 2,500, 000
=r1 = = 2.01676
fy 2.5
dtw 246.8 22.1
mo 1.1
Localized Buckling for Flange:
p= 9.4= 9.4 1= 9.4
b 158.5
=
e = = 4.45
tf 35.6
Section is Plastic.
fy 250
=
VPz = Avz 7690.8
M0 3 1.1 3
VPz = 1009.2 kN
Avy =2b f t f =
2 317 35.6 =22,570.4 mm 2
fy 250
=
VPy = Avy 22570.4
M0 3 1.1 3
VPy = 2961.6 kN
=M dz 897.46 kN m
=M dy 325.72 kN m
Vy =
175 kN < 0.6VPy =
0.6 2961.6 =
1777 kN No shear reduction is needed.
=
M ndz 616.7 kN m < 897.46 kN m
=
M ndy 308.6 kN m
K z = 0.65
K z Lz 2600
K z Lz =0.65 4000 =2600 mm, = =18.1
rz 143.608
2E 2 200, 000
=
Euler Buckling Stress: f cr , z = = 6022 MPa
(18.1)
2 2
K z Lz
rz
fy 250
=z = = 0.2038
f cr , z 6022
z = 0.5214
1 1
=
Stress Reduction Factor: z = = 0.9987
z + z z
2 2
0.5214 + 0.52142 0.20382
fy 250
f cd , z= = 0.9987 = 226.971 MPa
M0 1.1
=
Pdz f=
cd , z Ag 226.971 28,880
Pdz = 6555 kN
K y = 1.00
K y Ly 4000
K y Ly =
1 4000 =
4000 mm, = =
49.41
ry 80.961
2E 2 200, 000
=
Euler Buckling Stress: f cr , y = = 809 MPa
( 49.41)
2 2
K y Ly
ry
fy 250
y
= = = 0.5560
f cr , y 809
y = 0.7418
1 1
=
Stress Reduction Factor: y = = 0.8111
y + y y
2 2
0.7418 + 0.74182 0.55602
fy 250
f cd , y= = 0.8111 = 184.349 MPa
M0 1.1
=
Pdy f=
cd , y Ag 184.349 28,880
Pdy = 5324 kN
2 EI y 2 EI w
=M cr C1 GI +
( KL ) ( KL )
2 t 2
=M cr 15,327, 440,800 N mm
LT = 0.21
b = 1.0
b Z pz f y 1 3,948,812 250
=LT = = 0.2538
M cr 15,327, 440,800
=
M dLTB 886.76 kN m
M 2 350
z = = = 1
M1 350
= 0.6 + 0.4
Cmz = 0.6 + 0.4 =
1 0.2 > 0.4 so Cmz
= 0.4
Y-Y Axis
P 2500
=
ny = = 0.4696
Pdy 5324
=
K y 1.167 1.3757 so K y = 1.167
M2 0
= y = = 0
M 1 100
Cmy = 0.6 + 0.4 = 0.6 + 0.4 0= 0.6 > 0.4 so Cmy = 0.6
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
CmLT = 0.4
0.1LT n y 0.1n y
K LT = 1 1
CmLT 0.25 CmLT 0.25
K LT = 0.921
D
= 0.470 + 0.215 + 0.363
C
D
= 1.048 (Governs)
C
D P 0.6 K y Cmy M y K z Cmz M z 2500 0.6 1.167 0.6 100 1.0014 0.4 350
= + + =+ +
C Pdy M dy M dLTB 5324 325.72 886.76
D
= 0.381 + 0.129 + 0.158
C
D
= 0.668
C
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions are presented separately for frame, shell, plane, asolid, solid, link and
solid elements, as well as for load cases and design types in the following subsections.
FRAMES
The SAP2000 verification and validation example problems for frames all show
acceptable, and in many cases exact, comparison with the independent solutions.
The accuracy of the SAP2000 results for certain classes of frame examples depends on
the discretization of the frame objects. For those classes of examples, as the
discretization is refined, the solution becomes more accurate. The table below lists those
classes of examples and the verification examples that address them.
CONCLUSIONS - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 11
In general, meshes should always be two or more elements wide. Rectangular elements
give the best results and the aspect ratio should not be excessive. A tighter mesh may be
needed in areas where the stress is high or the stress is changing quickly.
When reviewing results, the following process can help determine if the mesh is
adequate. Pick a joint in a high stress area that has several different area elements
connected to it. Review the stress reported for that joint for each of the area elements. If
the stresses are similar, the mesh likely is adequate. Otherwise, additional meshing is
required. If you choose to view the stresses graphically when using this process, be sure
to turn off the stress averaging feature when displaying the stresses.
For most shell element models, the effect of out-of-plane shear deformations is
negligible. Example 2-012 is a problem where the shear deformations are significant,
and thus, the thick and thin plate solutions yield different results.
CONCLUSIONS - 2
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 11
In most problems where shear deformations are not significant the thin and thick plate
options will converge to essentially the same answers. The thick plate option usually
requires a finer mesh than the thin plate option to converge.
The thick plate results for twisting behavior are more sensitive to aspect ratio and
geometric distortions than the thin plate results. This is illustrated in load case 4 in
Example 2-002.
In general we recommend using the thin plate option, except in instances where out-of-
plane shear deformations may be significant.
We recommend that you always use the incompatible bending modes option when you
use plane and asolid elements.
SOLIDS
In general the SAP2000 verification and validation example problems for solids show
acceptable comparison with the independent solutions.
Models that have bending behavior and do not use the incompatible bending modes
option typically require a finer mesh than models using the incompatible bending modes
option to obtain the same level of accuracy in the results. In addition, the models without
incompatible bending modes appear to be more sensitive to the element aspect ratio.
We recommend that you always use the incompatible bending modes option when you
use plane and asolid elements.
CONCLUSIONS - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 11
LINKS
In general the SAP2000 verification and validation example problems for links show
acceptable comparison with the independent solutions. The verification problems
highlight some important modeling issues to note when using link elements.
When using nonlinear links in an analysis, it is important to recognize that careful study
of the problem is required. Parametric studies of the link properties used in the SAP2000
model are useful. Also, as described in the following subsection entitled Load Cases,
parametric study of some of the load case parameters should be performed to ensure an
appropriate solution.
CABLES
In general the SAP2000 verification and validation example problems for cables show
acceptable comparison with the independent solutions. As shown in the verification
problems, the cable element must be analyzed using nonlinear analysis.
LOAD C ASES
For some types of static nonlinear analyses, the accuracy of the results is dependent on
the discretization or meshing used in the model. Examples of this are shown in example
problems 1-016, 1-017, 1-029, and 2-019.
The accuracy of the time history analysis results can depend on the output sampling time
interval. If that time interval is too long, peak responses may not be captured. This is
illustrated in example problem 1-022.
In general, the accuracy of the results of buckling load cases is dependent on the
discretization or meshing used in the model. An example of this is shown in example
problem 1-019.
CONCLUSIONS - 4
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 11
a tolerance and then run an analysis using that tolerance and another using a smaller
tolerance. If the results of the two analyses are not significantly different, the assumed
tolerance was acceptable. Otherwise, a smaller tolerance should be tried.
Similar to the parametric studies for convergence tolerances, for direct integration time
histories, parametric studies should also be performed to confirm that the time step used
is sufficiently small to give consistent results. This is described in example problem
6-011. Note that for direct integration time histories, control the size of the time step in
the analysis using the Maximum Substep Size parameter, and control the size of output
steps reported using the Output Time Step Size parameter. For example, set the
Maximum Substep Size parameter to 0.0005 second to force the analysis to use steps no
larger than 0.0005 second, and at the same time, set the Output Time Step Size
parameter to 0.02 second so that results are reported at a 0.02-second interval.
CONCLUSIONS - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
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REFERENCES - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
Kreyszig, E. 1983. Advanced Engineering Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
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Holland.
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Roark, R.J., and W.C. Young. 1975. Formulas for Stress and Strain, Fifth Edition.
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REFERENCES - 2
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PROGRAM NAME: SAP2000
REVISION NO.: 6
Ugural, A.C. 1981. Stresses in Plates and Shells. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
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