Debian PDF

Debian - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Debian
Debian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chris Lamb
Debian
Mehdi Dogguy Debian
Neil McGovern
Lucas Nussbaum
Stefano Zacchiroli
Steve McIntyre
Sam Hocevar
Anthony Towns
Branden Robinson
Martin Michlmayr
Bdale Garbee
Ben Collins
Debian GNU/Linux 8.2 with GNOME and some free software applications
Developer
Wichert Akkerman Debian Project (Software in the Public Interest)
OS family Unix-like
Ian Jackson
Working state Current
Bruce Perens
Source model Open source
Initial release September1993
Ian Murdock
Latest release 8.8 (Jessie) (May6, 2017[1]) [] (https://en.wikipedia.org
/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release
/Debian&action=edit)
Available in 73 languages
Update method APT (several front-ends available)
Package manager dpkg
Platforms ARM, IA-32, IA-64, MIPS, PowerPC, PPC64le,
x86-64, z/Architecture [2]
Kernel type Monolithic:
* Linux
* kFreeBSD (in development)
Micro:
* GNU Hurd (in development)[3]
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Debian - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian
Userland GNU
Default user interface GNOME
License DFSG-compliant
(free software licenses)
Oicial website www.debian.org (https://www.debian.org/)
(/dbin/)[4] is a Unix-like computer operating system that is composed

entirely of free software, most of which is under the GNU General Public
License and packaged by a group of individuals participating in the Debian
Project.
The Debian Project was rst announced in 1993 by Ian Murdock, Debian 0.01
was released on September 15, 1993,[5] and the rst stable release was made
in 1996.[6]
The Debian stable release branch is one of the most popular for personal
computers and network servers, and has been used as a base for many other
distributions.
The project's work is carried out over the Internet by a team of volunteers
guided by the Debian Project Leader and three foundational documents: the
Debian Social Contract, the Debian Constitution, and the Debian Free Software
Guidelines. New distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate
is released after a time-based freeze.
As one of the earliest operating systems based on the Linux kernel, it was
decided that Debian was to be developed openly and freely distributed in the
spirit of the GNU Project. This decision drew the attention and support of the
Free Software Foundation, which sponsored the project for one year from
November 1994 to November 1995.[7] Upon the ending of the sponsorship, the
Debian Project formed the non-prot organisation Software in the Public
Interest.
While Debian's main port, Debian GNU/Linux, uses the Linux kernel and GNU
programs, other ports exist based on BSD kernels and the GNU HURD
microkernel. All use the GNU userland and the GNU C library (glibc).
Contents
1 Features
2 Kernels
3 Installation and Live images
4 History
4.1 Founding (199398)
4.2 Leader election (19992005)
4.3 Sarge and later releases (200515)
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5 Releases
6 Desktop environments
7 Debian Live
8 Package management
8.1 APT tools
8.2 GDebi and other front-ends
9 Branches
9.1 Numbering scheme
9.2 Code names
9.3 Blends
10 Logo
11 Archive areas
12 Multimedia support
13 Hardware support
13.1 Hardware requirements
13.2 Architecture ports
13.2.1 Oicial ports
13.2.2 Unoicial ports
13.3 Embedded systems
14 Support for communities
14.1 Localization
14.2 Virtual communities
15 Policies
15.1 Organization
15.2 Developer recruitment, motivation, and resignation
16 Development procedures
16.1 Security
16.1.1 2008 OpenSSL vulnerability
17 Cost of development
18 Derivatives
19 See also
20 References
20.1 Citations
20.2 Sources
21 External links
Features
Debian has access to online repositories that contain over 50,000 software
packages[8] making it the largest software compilation.[9] Debian oicially
contains only free software, but non-free software can be downloaded from the
Debian repositories and installed.[10] Debian includes popular free programs
such as LibreOice,[11] Firefox web browser, Evolution mail, K3b disc burner,
VLC media player, GIMP image editor, and Evince document viewer.[10] Debian
is a popular choice for web servers (cf. LAMP).[12][13]
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Kernels
Debian supports Linux oicially, oered
kFreeBSD for version 7 but not 8,[14] and GNU
Hurd unoicially.[15] GNU/kFreeBSD was
released as a technology preview for IA-32 and
x86-64 architectures,[14] and lacked the amount
of software available in Debian's Linux
distribution.[16] Oicial support for kFreeBSD Debian 7 installation menu
was removed for version 8, which did not
provide a kFreeBSD-based distribution.
Several avors of the Linux kernel exist for each

port. For example, the i386 port has avors for
IA-32 PCs supporting Physical Address
Extension and real-time computing, for older
PCs, and for x86-64 PCs.[17] The Linux kernel
does not oicially contain rmware without
sources, although such rmware is available in
non-free packages and alternative installation
media.[18][19] Text version of the Debian
Installer
Installation and Live images
Debian oers DVD and CD images for
installation that can be downloaded using
BitTorrent or jigdo. Physical disks can also be
bought from retailers.[20] The full sets are made
up of several discs (the amd64 port consists of
13 DVDs or 84 CDs),[21] but only the rst disc is
required for installation, as the installer can
retrieve software not contained in the rst disc
Graphical version of the
image from online repositories.[22]
Debian Installer
Debian oers dierent network installation
methods. A minimal install of Debian is available
via the netinst CD, whereby Debian is installed
with just a base and later added software can be
downloaded from the Internet. Another option is
to boot the installer from the network.[23]
Installation images are hybrid on some

architectures and can be used to create a
Debian console login and
bootable USB drive (Live USB).[24]
welcome message
The default bootstrap loader is GNU GRUB
version 2, though the package name is simply grub, while version 1 was
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renamed to grub-legacy. This conicts with e.g. Fedora, where grub version 2
is named grub2.
The default desktop may be chosen from the DVD boot menu among GNOME,
KDE Software Compilation, Xfce and LXDE, and from special disc 1 CDs.[25][26]
History
Founding (199398)
Debian was rst announced on August 16, 1993, by Ian Murdock, who initially
called the system "the Debian Linux Release".[27][28] The word "Debian" was
formed as a combination of the rst name of his then-girlfriend Debra Lynn and
his own rst name.[29] Before Debian's release, the Softlanding Linux System
(SLS) had been a popular Linux distribution and the basis for Slackware.[30]
The perceived poor maintenance and prevalence of bugs in SLS motivated
Murdock to launch a new distribution.[31]
Debian 0.01, released on September 15, 1993, was the rst of several internal
releases.[5] Version 0.90 was the rst public release,[5] providing support
through mailing lists hosted at Pixar.[32] The release included the Debian Linux
Manifesto, outlining Murdock's view for the new operating system. In it he
called for the creation of a distribution to be maintained openly, in the spirit of
Linux and GNU.[33]
The Debian project released the 0.9x versions in 1994 and 1995. [34] During
this time it was sponsored by the Free Software Foundation for one year.[35]
Ian Murdock delegated the base system, the core packages of Debian, to Bruce
Perens and Murdock focused on the management of the growing project.[36]
The rst ports to non-IA-32 architectures began in 1995, and Debian 1.1 was
released in 1996.[37] By that time and thanks to Ian Jackson, the dpkg package
manager was already an essential part of Debian.[38]
In 1996, Bruce Perens assumed the project leadership. Perens was a

controversial leader, regarded as authoritarian and strongly attached to
Debian.[39] He drafted a social contract and edited suggestions from a
month-long discussion into the Debian Social Contract and the Debian Free
Software Guidelines.[40] After the FSF withdrew their sponsorship in the midst
of the free software vs. open source debate,[41] Perens initiated the creation of
the legal umbrella organization Software in the Public Interest instead of
seeking renewed involvement with the FSF.[37] He led the conversion of the
project from a.out to ELF.[42] He created the BusyBox program to make it
possible to run a Debian installer on a single oppy, and wrote a new
installer.[43] By the time Debian 1.2 was released, the project had grown to
nearly two hundred volunteers.[42] Perens left the project in 1998.[44]
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Ian Jackson became the leader in 1998.[45] Debian 2.0 introduced the second
oicial port, m68k.[34] During this time the rst port to a non-Linux kernel,
Debian GNU/Hurd, was started.[46] On December 2, the rst Debian
Constitution was ratied.[47]
Leader election (19992005)
From 1999, the project leader was elected yearly.[48] The Advanced Packaging
Tool was deployed with Debian 2.1.[34] The amount of applicants was
overwhelming and the project established the new member process.[49][50] The
rst Debian derivatives, namely Libranet,[51] Corel Linux and Stormix's Storm
Linux, were started in 1999.[37] The 2.2 release in 2000 was dedicated to Joel
Klecker, a developer who died of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.[52]
In late 2000, the project reorganized the archive with new package "pools" and
created the Testing distribution, made up of packages considered stable, to
reduce the freeze for the next release.[37] In the same year, developers began
holding an annual conference called DebConf with talks and workshops for
developers and technical users.[53] In May 2001, Hewlett-Packard announced
plans to base its Linux development on Debian.[54]
In July 2002, the project released version 3.0, code-named Woody, the rst
release to include cryptographic software, a free licensed KDE and
internationalization.[55] During these last release cycles, the Debian project
drew considerable criticism from the free software community because of the
long time between stable releases.[56][57][58]
Some events disturbed the project while working on Sarge, as Debian servers
were attacked by re and hackers.[37][59] One of the most memorable was the
Vancouver prospectus.[60][61][62] After a meeting held in Vancouver, release
manager Steve Langasek announced a plan to reduce the number of supported
ports to four in order to shorten future release cycles.[63] There was a large
reaction because the proposal looked more like a decision and because such a
drop would damage Debian's aim to be "the universal operating system".
[64][65][66]
Sarge and later releases (200515)
The 3.1 Sarge release was made in June 2005. This release updated 73% of the
software and included over 9,000 new packages. A new installer with a
modular design, Debian-Installer, allowed installations with RAID, XFS and
LVM support, improved hardware detection, made installations easier for
novice users, and was translated into almost forty languages. An installation
manual and release notes were in ten and fteen languages respectively. The
eorts of Skolelinux, Debian-Med and Debian-Accessibility raised the number
of packages that were educational, had a medical ailiation, and ones made for
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people with disabilities.[37][67]
In 2006, as a result of a
much-publicized dispute,
Mozilla software was
rebranded in Debian, with
Iceweasel Firefox forked as Iceweasel
logo and Thunderbird as Icedove.
The Mozilla Corporation
stated that software with
unapproved modications could not be
distributed under the Firefox trademark. Debian 4.0 Etch (2007)
Two reasons that Debian modies the
Firefox software are to change the non-free artwork and to provide security
patches.[68][69] In February 2016, it was announced that Mozilla and Debian
had reached agreement and Iceweasel would revert to the name Firefox;
similar agreement was anticipated for Icedove/Thunderbird.[70]
A fund-raising experiment, Dunc-Tank, was created to solve the release cycle

problem and release managers were paid to work full-time;[71] in response,
unpaid developers slowed down their work and the release was delayed. [72]
Debian 4.0 (Etch) was released in April 2007, featuring the x86-64 port and a
graphical installer.[34] Debian 5.0 (Lenny) was released in February 2009,
supporting Marvell's Orion platform and netbooks such as the Asus Eee PC.[73]
The release was dedicated to Thiemo Seufer, a developer who died in a car
crash.[74]
In July 2009, the policy of time-based

development freezes on a two-year cycle
was announced. Time-based freezes are
intended to blend the predictability of time
based releases with Debian's policy of
feature based releases, and to reduce
overall freeze time.[75] The Squeeze cycle
was going to be especially short; however,
this initial schedule was abandoned.[76] In Debian 6.0 Squeeze (2011)
September 2010, the backports service
became oicial, providing more recent
versions of some software for the stable release.[77]
Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) was released in February 2011, introduced Debian

GNU/kFreeBSD as a technology preview, featured a dependency-based boot
system, and moved problematic rmware to the non-free area.[78] Debian 7.0
(Wheezy) was released in May 2013, featuring multiarch support[79] and
Debian 8.0 (Jessie) was released in April 2015, using systemd as the new init
system.[80] At present, Debian is still in development and new packages are
uploaded to unstable every day.[81]
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Throughout Debian's lifetime, both the Debian distribution and its website have
won various awards from dierent organizations,[82] including Server
Distribution of the Year 2011,[83] The best Linux distro of 2011,[84] and a Best
of the Net award for October 1998.[85]
On December 2, 2015, Microsoft announced that they would oer Debian

GNU/Linux as an endorsed distribution on the Azure cloud platform.[86][87]
Releases
Desktop environments
Debian oers CD images specically built for GNOME (the default desktop),
KDE Software Compilation, Xfce and LXDE.[78] MATE is oicially
supported,[88] while Cinnamon support was added with Debian 8.0 Jessie.[89]
Less common window managers such as Enlightenment, Openbox, Fluxbox,
IceWM, Window Maker and others are available.[90]
The default desktop environment of version 7.0 Wheezy was temporarily

switched to Xfce, because GNOME 3 did not t on the rst CD of the set. [91]
The default for the version 8.0 Jessie was changed again to Xfce in November
2013,[92] and back to GNOME in September 2014.[93]
Debian Live
Debian releases live install images for CDs, DVDs and USB thumb drives, for
IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, and with a choice of desktop environments.
These Debian Live images allow users to boot from removable media and run
Debian without aecting the contents of their computer.
A full install of Debian to the computer's hard drive can be initiated from the
live image environment.[94]
Personalized images can be built with the live-build tool for discs, USB drives
and for network booting purposes.[95]
Package management
Package management operations can be performed with dierent tools
available on Debian, from the lowest level command dpkg to graphical
front-ends like Synaptic. The recommended standard for administering
packages on a Debian system is the apt toolset.[96]
dpkg provides the low-level infrastructure for package management.[97] The

dpkg database contains the list of installed software on the current system. The
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dpkg command tool does not know about repositories. The command can work
with local .deb package les, and information from the dpkg database.[98]
APT tools
An Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) tool allows

administering an installed Debian system to
retrieve and resolve package dependencies from
repositories. APT tools share dependency
information and cached packages.[96]
Aptitude is a command line tool that also

oers a text-based user interface. The
program comes with enhancements such as Using Aptitude to view
better search on package metadata.[96] Debian package details
apt-get and apt-cache are command tools
of the standard apt package. apt-get
installs and removes packages, and
apt-cache is used for searching packages
and displaying package information.[96]
GDebi and other front-ends
GDebi is an APT tool which can be used in

command-line and on the GUI.[99] GDebi can
install a local .deb le via the command line like Package installed with
the dpkg command, but with access to Aptitude
repositories to resolve dependencies.[100] Other
graphical front-ends for APT include Software Center,[101] Synaptic[102] and
Apper.[103]
GNOME Software is a graphical front-end for PackageKit, which itself can

work on top of various software packaging systems.
Branches
Three branches of Debian (also called releases,
distributions or suites) are regularly
maintained:[104]
Stable is the current release and targets

stable and well-tested software needs.[105]
Stable is made by freezing Testing for a
few months where bugs are xed and
packages with too many bugs are removed;
A Debian 4.0 Etch box cover
then the resulting system is released as
stable. It is updated only if major security
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or usability xes are incorporated.[106] This branch has an optional

backports service that provides more recent versions of some
software.[77] Stable 's CDs and DVDs can be found in the Debian
website.[21]
Testing is the preview branch that will eventually become the next major
release. The packages included in this branch have had some testing in
unstable but they may not be t for release yet. It contains newer
packages than stable but older than unstable. This branch is updated
continually until it is frozen.[106] Testing 's CDs and DVDs can be found on
the Debian website.[21]
Unstable, always codenamed sid, is the trunk. Packages are accepted
without checking the distribution as a whole.[106] This branch is usually
run by software developers who participate in a project and need the
latest libraries available, and by those who prefer bleeding-edge
software.[104] Debian does not provide Sid installation discs. This branch
can be installed through a system upgrade from testing.[107]
Other branches in Debian:
Oldstable is the prior stable release.[106] It is supported by the Debian

Security Team until one year after a new stable is released, and since the
release of Debian 6, for another 2 years through the Long Term Support
project.[108] Eventually, oldstable is moved to a repository for archived
releases.[106]
Oldoldstable is the prior oldstable release. It is supported by the Long
Term Support community. Eventually, oldoldstable is moved to a
repository for archived releases.
Experimental is a temporary staging area of highly experimental software
that is likely to break the system. It is not a full distribution and missing
dependencies are commonly found in unstable, where new software
without the damage chance is normally uploaded.[106]
The snapshot archive provides older versions of the branches. They may be
used to install a specic older version of some software.[109]
Numbering scheme
Stable and oldstable get minor updates, called point releases; as of December
2016, the stable release is version 8.7,[110] and the oldstable release is version
7.11.[111]
The numbering scheme for the point releases up to Debian 4.0 was to include
the letter r (for revision)[112] after the main version number and then the
number of the point release; for example, the latest point release of version 4.0
is 4.0r9.[113] This scheme was chosen because a new dotted version would
make the old one look obsolete and vendors would have trouble selling their
CDs.[114]
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From Debian 5.0, the numbering scheme of point releases was changed,
conforming to the GNU version numbering standard;[115] the rst point release
of Debian 5.0 was 5.0.1 instead of 5.0r1.[116] The numbering scheme was once
again changed for the rst Debian 7 update, which was version 7.1. [111] The r
scheme is no longer in use, but point release announcements include a note
about not throwing away old CDs.[117]
Code names
The code names of Debian releases are names of characters from the Toy Story
lms. Debian 8 was named Jessie, after the cowgirl in Toy Story 2 and Toy
Story 3. The Testing branch is currently named Stretch, after the toy rubber
octopus in Toy Story 3. The future release of Debian 10 will be called
"Buster",[118] which is the real (not the toy) dog seen in Toy Story 2 and 3;
Debian 11 will be called "Bullseye".[119] The unstable trunk is permanently
nicknamed Sid, after the emotionally unstable boy next door who regularly
destroyed toys.[120]
This naming tradition came about because Bruce Perens was involved in the
early development of Debian while working at Pixar.[39]
Blends
Debian Pure Blends are subsets of a Debian release congured out-of-the-box

for users with particular skills and interests.[121] For example, Debian Jr. is
made for children, while Debian Science is for researchers and scientists.[122]
The complete Debian distribution includes all available Debian Pure
Blends.[121] "Debian Blend" (without "Pure") is a term for a Debian-based
distribution that strives to become part of mainstream Debian, and have its
extra features included in future releases.[123]
Logo
The Debian "swirl" logo was designed by Raul Silva[124][125] in 1999 as part of
a contest to replace the semi-oicial logo that had been used. [126] The winner
of the contest received an @debian.org email address, and a set of Debian 2.1
install CDs for the architecture of their choice. There has been no oicial
statement from the Debian project on the logo's meaning, but at the time of the
logo's selection, it was suggested that the logo represented the magic smoke
that made computers work.[127][128]
One theory about the origin of the Debian logo is that Buzz Lightyear, the
chosen character for the rst named Debian release, has a swirl in his
chin.[129][130] Stefano Zacchiroli also suggested that this swirl is the Debian
one.[131]
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Archive areas
The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) dene the distinctive meaning of
the word "free" as in "free and open-source software".[132] Packages which
comply with these guidelines, usually under the GNU General Public License,
Modied BSD License or Artistic License,[133] are included inside the main
area;[106] otherwise, they are included inside the non-free and contrib areas.
These last two areas are not distributed within the oicial installation media,
but they can be adopted manually.[132]
Non-free includes packages which do not comply with the DFSG,[134] such as
documentation with invariant sections and proprietary software,[135][136] and
legally questionable packages.[134] Contrib includes packages which do comply
with the DFSG but fail other requirements. For example, they may depend on
packages which are in non-free or requires such for building them.[134]
Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have criticized the Debian
project for hosting the non-free repository and because the contrib and
non-free areas are easily accessible,[137][138] an opinion echoed by some in
Debian including the former project leader Wichert Akkerman.[139] The
internal dissent in the Debian project regarding the non-free section has
persisted,[140] but the last time it came to a vote in 2004, the majority decided
to keep it.[141]
Multimedia support
Multimedia support has been problematic in Debian regarding codecs
threatened by possible patent infringements, without sources or under too
restrictive licenses,[142] and regarding technologies such as Adobe Flash.[73]
Even though packages with problems related to their distribution could go into
the non-free area, software such as libdvdcss is not hosted at Debian.[143]
A notable third party repository exists, formerly named debian-multimedia.org,

[144][145][146] providing software not present in Debian such as Windows
codecs, libdvdcss and the Adobe Flash Player.[147] Even though this repository
is maintained by Christian Marillat, a Debian developer, it is not part of the
project and is not hosted on a Debian server. The repository provides packages
already included in Debian, interfering with the oicial maintenance.
Eventually, project leader Stefano Zacchiroli asked Marillat to either settle an
agreement about the packaging or to stop using the "Debian" name. [148]
Marillat chose the latter and renamed the repository to deb-multimedia.org.
The repository was so popular that the switchover was announced by the
oicial blog of the Debian project.[149]
Hardware support
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Hardware requirements
Hardware requirements are at least those of the kernel and the GNU
toolsets.[150] Debian's recommended system requirements depend on the level
of installation, which corresponds to increased numbers of installed
components:[151]
Minimum
Minimum Recommended Hard drive
Type processor clock
RAM size RAM size capacity
speed (IA-32)
Non
128MB 512MB 2GB
desktop
Desktop 256MB 1GB 1GHz 10GB
The real minimum memory requirements depend on the architecture and may
be much less than the numbers listed in this table. It is possible to install
Debian with 60MB of RAM for x86-64;[151] the installer will run in low memory
mode and it is recommended to create a swap partition.[25] The installer for
z/Architecture requires about 20MB of RAM, but relies on network hardware.
[151][152] Similarly, disk space requirements, which depend on the packages to
be installed, can be reduced by manually selecting the packages needed. [151]

As of August 2014, no Pure Blend exists that would lower the hardware
requirements easily.[153]
It is possible to run graphical user interfaces on older or low-end systems, but

the installation of window managers instead of desktop environments is
recommended, as desktop environments are more resource-intensive.
Requirements for individual software vary widely and must be considered, with
those of the base operating environment.[151]
Architecture ports
Oicial ports
As of the Jessie release, the oicial ports

are:[154]
amd64: x86-64 architecture with 64-bit

userland and supporting 32-bit software
arm64: ARMv8-A architecture[155]
armel: Little-endian ARM architecture
(ARMv4T instruction set)[156] on various HP 9000 C110 PA-RISC
embedded systems (embedded application workstation booting Debian
binary interface (EABI)) Lenny
armhf: ARM hard-oat architecture
(ARMv7 instruction set) requiring
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hardware with a oating-point unit

i386: IA-32 architecture with 32-bit userland, compatible with x86-64
machines[150]
mips: Big-endian MIPS architecture
mipsel: Little-endian MIPS
powerpc: PowerPC architecture
ppc64el: Little-endian PowerPC64 architecture supporting POWER7+ and
POWER8 CPUs[155]
s390x: z/Architecture with 64-bit userland, intended to replace s390[157]
Unoicial ports
Unoicial ports are available as part of the unstable distribution:[154]
alpha: DEC Alpha architecture

hppa: HP PA-RISC architecture
hurd-i386: GNU Hurd kernel on IA-32 architecture
kfreebsd-amd64: Kernel of FreeBSD on x86-64 architecture
kfreebsd-i386: Kernel of FreeBSD on IA-32 architecture
m68k: Motorola 68k architecture on Amiga, Atari, Macintosh and various
embedded VME systems
mips64el: Little-endian 64-bit MIPS
powerpcspe: PowerPCSPE architecture, incompatible with PowerPC
ppc64: PowerPC64 architecture supporting 64-bit PowerPC CPUs with
VMX
sh4: Hitachi SuperH architecture
sparc64: Sun SPARC architecture with 64-bit userland
x32: x32 ABI userland for x86-64[158]
Embedded systems
Debian supports a variety of ARM-based NAS devices. The NSLU2 was

supported by the installer in Debian 4.0 and 5.0,[159] and Martin Michlmayr is
providing installation tarballs since version 6.0.[160] Other supported NAS
devices are the Bualo Kurobox Pro,[161] GLAN Tank, Thecus N2100[162] and
QNAP Turbo Stations.[161]
Devices based on the Kirkwood system on a chip (SoC) are supported too, such
as the SheevaPlug plug computer and OpenRD products.[163] There are eorts
to run Debian on mobile devices, but this is not a project goal yet since the
Debian Linux kernel maintainers would not apply the needed patches. [164]
Nevertheless, there are packages for resource-limited systems.[165]
There are eorts to support Debian on wireless access points.[166] Debian is

known to run on set-top boxes.[167] Work is ongoing to support the AM335x
processor,[168] which is used in electronic point of service solutions.[169]
Debian may be customized to run on cash machines.[170]
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BeagleBoard, a low-power open-source hardware single-board computer (made

by Texas Instruments) has switched to Debian Linux preloaded on its
Beaglebone Black board's ash.
Support for communities

Localization
Several parts of Debian are translated into languages other than American
English, including package descriptions, conguration messages,
documentation and the website.[171] The level of software localization depends
on the language, ranging from the highly supported German and French to the
hardly translated Creek and Samoan.[172] The installer is available in 73
languages.[173]
Virtual communities
Debian provides packages made for virtual communities. The Facebook and
Twitter application interfaces are available to programmers;[174][175] the
Pidgin messaging client used a custom plugin for Facebook until the
networking site added support for XMPP.[176] Debian 5.0 Lenny was the last
release supporting Tencent QQ.[177][178] Communication with Skype is possible
using software in the contrib area.[179]
Policies
Debian is known for its manifesto,[180][181] social contract,[181][182][183] and
policies.[184] Debian's policies and team eorts focus on collaborative software
development and testing processes.[4] As a result of its policies, a new major
release tends to occur every two years with revision releases that x security
issues and important problems.[112][75]
Organization
The Debian project is a volunteer organization with three foundational

documents:
The Debian Social Contract denes a set of basic principles by which the
project and its developers conduct aairs.[132]
The Debian Free Software Guidelines dene the criteria for "free
software" and thus what software is permissible in the distribution. These
guidelines have been adopted as the basis of the Open Source Denition.
Although this document can be considered separate, it formally is part of
the Social Contract.[132]
The Debian Constitution describes the organizational structure for formal
15 of 34 25/05/17, 9:22 AM
decision-making within the

project, and enumerates the General Resolution
powers and responsibilities of
the Project Leader, the elect override
Secretary and other roles.[47] Leader
Debian developers are organized in appoint
a web of trust.[185] There are at
present about one thousand active Delegate
Debian developers,[186][187] but it is
decide
possible to contribute to the project
without being an oicial Developer propose
developer.[188]
The project maintains oicial

mailing lists and conferences for Simplied organizational structure
communication and coordination
between developers.[106][189] For Historical population
issues with single packages and
Year DD %
other tasks,[190] a public bug
1999
tracking system is used by
(https://www.debian.org
developers and end users. Internet 347
/vote/1999
Relay Chat channels (primarily on /vote_0001#quorum)
the Open and Free Technology
2000
Community (OFTC) and freenode
networks) are also used for 347 +0.0%
/vote/2000
communication among /vote_0007#quorum)
developers[106] and to provide real 2001
time help.[191] (https://www.debian.org
?
/vote/2001
Debian is supported by donations /vote_0001#quorum)
made to organizations authorized by 2002
the leader.[47] The largest supporter (https://www.debian.org
is Software in the Public Interest, 939
/vote/2002
the owner of the Debian trademark, /vote_0001#quorum)
manager of the monetary 2003
donations[192] and umbrella (https://www.debian.org
831 11.5%
organization for various other /vote/2003
community free software /vote_0001#quorum)
projects.[193] 2004
911 +9.6%
A Project Leader is elected once per /vote/2004
year by the developers. The leader /vote_001.quorum.log)
has special powers, but they are not 2005
absolute, and appoints delegates to (https://www.debian.org
965 +5.9%
perform specialized tasks. Delegates /vote/2005
make decisions as they think is best, /vote_001.quorum.log)
taking into account technical criteria
16 of 34 25/05/17, 9:22 AM
and consensus. By way of a General 2006

Resolution, the developers may (https://www.debian.org
972 +0.7%
recall the leader, reverse a decision /vote/2006
made by the leader or a delegate, /vote_001_quorum.log)
amend foundational documents and 2007
make other binding decisions.[47] (https://www.debian.org
1,036 +6.6%
The voting method is based on the /vote/2007
Schulze method (Cloneproof /vote_001_quorum.log)
Schwartz Sequential Dropping).[48] 2008
1,075 +3.8%
Project leadership is distributed /vote/2008
occasionally. Branden Robinson was /vote_001_quorum.log)
helped by the Project Scud, a team 2009
of developers that assisted the (https://www.debian.org
1,013 5.8%
leader,[196] but there were concerns /vote/2009
that such leadership would split /vote_001_quorum.log)
Debian into two developer 2010
classes.[197] Anthony Towns created 886 12.5%
/vote/2010
a supplemental position, Second In
/vote_001_quorum.log)
Charge (2IC), that shared some
2011
powers of the leader.[198] Steve (https://www.debian.org
McIntyre was 2IC and had a 2IC 911 +2.8%
/vote/2011
himself.[199] /vote_001_quorum.log)
2012
One important role in Debian's (https://www.debian.org
leadership is that of a release 948 +4.1%
/vote/2012
manager.[200] The release team sets /vote_001_quorum.log)
goals for the next release, supervises 2013
the processes and decides when to (https://www.debian.org
release. The team is led by the next 988 +4.2%
/vote/2013
release managers and stable release /vote_001_quorum.log)
managers.[201] Release assistants 2014
were introduced in 2003.[202] (https://www.debian.org
1,003 +1.5%
/vote/2014
Developer recruitment, /vote_001_quorum.log)
motivation, and resignation 2015
1,033 +3.0%
The Debian project has an inux of /vote/2015
/vote_001_quorum.log)
applicants wishing to become
2016
developers.[203] These applicants
must undergo a vetting process 1,023 1.0%
/vote/2016
which establishes their identity, /vote_001_quorum.log)
motivation, understanding of the
Source: Debian Voting Information
project's principles, and technical (https://www.debian.org/vote/)
competence.[204] This process has
become much harder throughout the
years.[205] Project leaders
17 of 34 25/05/17, 9:22 AM
2018
Debian developers join the project for many
2017
reasons. Some that have been cited include:
2016

Debian is their main operating system 2015

and they want to promote Debian[206] 2014
To improve the support for their
2013
favorite technology[207]
2012
They are involved with a Debian
2011
derivative[208]
A desire to contribute back to the 2010

free-software community[209] 2009

To make their Debian maintenance 2008

work easier[210] 2007

2006
Debian developers may resign their
2005
positions at any time or, when deemed
necessary, they can be expelled.[47] Those 2004

who follow the retiring protocol are granted 2003

the "emeritus" status and they may regain 2002
their membership through a shortened new
2001
member process.[211]
2000

1999
Development procedures
1998

1997
Each software package has a maintainer
1996
that may be either one person or a team of
Debian developers and non-developer 1995

maintainers.[212][213] The maintainer keeps 1994

track of upstream releases, and ensures 1993
that the package coheres with the rest of The Project Leader is the
public face of Debian and
the distribution and meets the standards of
denes its direction.
quality of Debian. Packages may include
[194][195]
modications introduced by Debian to
achieve compliance with Debian Policy,
even to x non-Debian specic bugs, although coordination with upstream
developers is advised.[211]
The maintainer releases a new version by uploading the package to the

"incoming" system, which veries the integrity of the packages and their
digital signatures. If the package is found to be valid, it is installed in the
package archive into an area called the "pool" and distributed every day to
hundreds of mirrors worldwide. The upload must be signed using OpenPGP-
compatible software.[106] All Debian developers have individual cryptographic
key pairs.[214] Developers are responsible for any package they upload even if
the packaging was prepared by another contributor.[215]
Initially, an accepted package is only available in the unstable branch.[106] For
18 of 34 25/05/17, 9:22 AM
a package to become a candidate for the next

release, it must migrate to the Testing branch by upstream
meeting the following:[216] packaging
package
It has been in unstable for a certain length of
time that depends on the urgency of the upload
changes. incoming
It does not have "release-critical" bugs, except
for the ones already present in Testing. checks
Release-critical bugs are those considered unstable
serious enough that they make the package migration
unsuitable for release.
testing
There are no outdated versions in unstable for
any release ports. freeze
The migration does not break any packages in frozen
Testing.
release
Its dependencies can be satised by packages
already in Testing or by packages being stable
migrated at the same time.
Flowchart of the life
The migration is not blocked by a freeze.
cycle of a Debian
Thus, a release-critical bug in a new version of a package
shared library on which many packages depend may
prevent those packages from entering Testing, because the updated library
must meet the requirements too.[217] From the branch viewpoint, the
migration process happens twice per day, rendering Testing in perpetual
beta.[106]
Periodically, the release team publishes guidelines to the developers in order to

ready the release. A new release occurs after a freeze, when all important
software is reasonably up-to-date in the Testing branch and any other
signicant issues are solved. At that time, all packages in the testing branch
become the new stable branch.[106] Although freeze dates are time-based,[75]
release dates are not, which are announced by the release managers a couple
of weeks beforehand.[218]
A version of a package can belong to more than one branch, usually testing and
unstable. It is possible for a package to keep the same version between stable
releases and be part of oldstable, stable, testing and unstable at the same
time.[219] Each branch can be seen as a collection of pointers into the package
"pool" mentioned above.[106]
Security
The Debian project handles security through public disclosure rather than
through obscurity. Debian security advisories are compatible with the Common
Vulnerabilities and Exposures dictionary, are usually coordinated with other
free software vendors and are published the same day a vulnerability is made
public.[220][221] There used to be a security audit project that focused on
19 of 34 25/05/17, 9:22 AM
packages in the stable release looking for security bugs;[222] Steve Kemp, who
started the project, retired in 2011 but resumed his activities and applied to
rejoin in 2014.[223][224]
The stable branch is supported by the Debian security team; oldstable is

supported for one year.[108] Although Squeeze is not oicially supported,
Debian is coordinating an eort to provide long-term support (LTS) until
February 2016, ve years after the initial release, but only for the IA-32 and
x86-64 platforms.[225] Testing is supported by the testing security team, but
does not receive updates in as timely a manner as stable.[226] Unstable 's
security is left for the package maintainers.[108]
The Debian project oers documentation and tools to harden a Debian

installation both manually and automatically.[227] Security-Enhanced Linux and
AppArmor support is available but disabled by default.[161] Debian provides an
optional hardening wrapper, and does not harden all of its software by default
using gcc features such as PIE and buer overow protection, unlike operating
systems such as OpenBSD,[228] but tries to build as many packages as possible
with hardening ags.[14]
2008 OpenSSL vulnerability
In May 2008, it was revealed that a Debian developer discovered that the
OpenSSL package distributed with Debian and derivatives such as Ubuntu,
made a variety of security keys vulnerable to a random number generator
attack, since only 32,767 dierent keys were generated.[229][230][231] The
security weakness was caused by changes made in 2006 by another Debian
developer in response to memory debugger warnings.[231][232] The complete
resolution procedure was cumbersome because patching the security hole was
not enough; it involved regenerating all aected keys and certicates. [233]
Cost of development
The cost of developing all of the packages included in Debian 5.0 Lenny (323
million lines of code) has been estimated to be about US$8 billion, using one
method based on the COCOMO model.[9] As of 2016, Black Duck Open Hub
estimates that the current codebase (74 million lines of code) would cost about
US$1.4 billion to develop, using a dierent method based on the same model.
[234][235]
Derivatives
Debian is one of the most popular Linux distributions, and many other
distributions have been created from the Debian codebase, including Ubuntu
and Knoppix.[236] As of 2016, DistroWatch lists 126 active Debian
20 of 34 25/05/17, 9:22 AM
derivatives.[237] The Debian project provides its derivatives with guidelines for
best practices and encourages derivatives to merge their work back into
Debian.[238][239]
See also
Comparison of Linux distributions
Computer technology for developing areas
DCC Alliance
Free culture movement
Debian version history
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&

oldid=779495241"
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Debian - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

(/dbin/)[4] is a Unix-like computer operating system that is composed

Several avors of the Linux kernel exist for each

Installation images are hybrid on some

In 1996, Bruce Perens assumed the project leadership. Perens was a

Leader election (19992005)

Sarge and later releases (200515)

people with disabilities.[37][67]

A fund-raising experiment, Dunc-Tank, was created to solve the release cycle

In July 2009, the policy of time-based

Debian 6.0 (Squeeze) was released in February 2011, introduced Debian

On December 2, 2015, Microsoft announced that they would oer Debian

The default desktop environment of version 7.0 Wheezy was temporarily

dpkg provides the low-level infrastructure for package management.[97] The

An Advanced Packaging Tool (APT) tool allows

Aptitude is a command line tool that also

GDebi and other front-ends

GDebi is an APT tool which can be used in

GNOME Software is a graphical front-end for PackageKit, which itself can

Stable is the current release and targets

or usability xes are incorporated.[106] This branch has an optional

Other branches in Debian:

Oldstable is the prior stable release.[106] It is supported by the Debian

Debian Pure Blends are subsets of a Debian release congured out-of-the-box

A notable third party repository exists, formerly named debian-multimedia.org,

be installed, can be reduced by manually selecting the packages needed. [151]

It is possible to run graphical user interfaces on older or low-end systems, but

As of the Jessie release, the oicial ports

amd64: x86-64 architecture with 64-bit

hardware with a oating-point unit

Unoicial ports are available as part of the unstable distribution:[154]

alpha: DEC Alpha architecture

Debian supports a variety of ARM-based NAS devices. The NSLU2 was

There are eorts to support Debian on wireless access points.[166] Debian is

BeagleBoard, a low-power open-source hardware single-board computer (made

Support for communities

The Debian project is a volunteer organization with three foundational

decision-making within the

The project maintains oicial

and consensus. By way of a General 2006

The maintainer releases a new version by uploading the package to the

Initially, an accepted package is only available in the unstable branch.[106] For

a package to become a candidate for the next

Periodically, the release team publishes guidelines to the developers in order to

The stable branch is supported by the Debian security team; oldstable is

The Debian project oers documentation and tools to harden a Debian

2008 OpenSSL vulnerability

16. "architecture requalication status for wheezy" (https://release.debian.org

34. "Chapter 3 Debian Releases" (https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-

56. Lettice, John (2002-07-23). "Debian GNU/Linux 3.0 released"

74. "Appendix C. Lenny dedicated to Thiemo Seufer" (https://www.debian.org

94. "Live install images" (https://www.debian.org/CD/live/). Debian. 2013-10-27.

116. Brockschmidt, Marc (2009-02-15). "Debian squeeze waiting for development"

139. Akkerman, Wichert (1999-06-21). "Moving contrib and non-free of

158. Schepler, Daniel (2012-11-20). "X32Port" (https://wiki.debian.org

178. "File list of package libpurple0 in squeeze of architecture i386"

200. O'Mahony, Siobhn; Ferraro, Fabrizio (2007). "The Emergence of Governance in

217. "Debian 'testing' distribution" (https://www.debian.org/devel/testing). Debian.

239. Hertzog 2013, p.429.

Coleman, E. Gabriella (2013). "Two Ethical Moments in Debian". Coding

Wallen, Jack (2014). "Why aren't more people using Debian?"

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debian&

Categories: 1993 software ARM Linux distributions Debian