Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Transformer Diagnostic
Measurements
Transformer Overview
Life Span and Operating Conditions
Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance
Oil Tests Dissolved Gas Analysis, Degree of
Polymerisation (DP) & Furan Analysis
Overview of CPC100 and Operating Software (Toolset)
Electrical Measurements
Dielectric Dissipation Factor Tan Delta
Dielectric Dissipation Factor - Moisture Content
Partial Discharge
Sweep Frequency Response
Testing Current Transformers
Summary
2
Types of Transformers
Distribution Transformers
3
Types of Transformers
4
Types of Transformers
Supply Networks
5
Transformer Design Considerations
Losses > No load at rated voltage and Load Losses at rated current
6
Transformer Design Considerations
Manufacturing Losses
Cost
7
Transformer Design Considerations
8
Transformer Design Considerations
Design considerations
Core Structure
Windings
Cooling
9
3-Phase Core in the Factory
Page: 10
How a Transformer Works
11
Winding Bank
Page: 12
How a Transformer Works
13
Assembling of Windings
Page: 14
OLTC (3-Phase)
Page: 15
Active Part of Transformer
How a Transformer Works
Total primary current in an unloaded transformer is called the exciting
current, and is comprised of magnetizing current plus any additional
current necessary to overcome core. It is never perfectly sinusoidal in
a real transformer. The distortion (= harmonics) is minimised if the
transformer is designed and operated so that magnetic flux density is
kept to a minimum.
Core flux induces a voltage in any coil wrapped around the core. The
induces voltage(s) are ideally in- phase with the primary winding
source voltage and share the same waveshape.
17
Mounting of a 400 kV Bushing
Page: 18
Transformer Faults
Transformer Faults
20
Transformer Faults
3/16/2012
Transformer Faults
22
Why Perform Diagnostic
Measurements on Transformers
23
Condition Assessment & Asset Health
Reviews
24
Condition assessment & Asset
health reviews
25
Transformer Failure Modes
Winding & connections Thermal/Ageing
Winding Dielectric
Winding Mechanical
Core & frame earths and circulating current
overheating
Oil deterioration & contamination
OLTC malfunction
Bushings/ surge arresters malfunction
External tank, indicators
26
Faults in Transformers
Changer
Tap
Vessel & Oil
Accessories
Winding
Bushing
Core
On-line,
Identify SURVEY &
diagnostics to non-invasive Outage
match relevant testing investigative
failure modes testing
Assess
FMECA & Obtain Condition Current Maintenance
manufacturers & RLA Work, future plans &
design Residual Life Assessment operational
performance environment
(Failure Mode, Effects and critical
Assessment)
Identify
priority
actions
28
Condition Classification
CONDITION DEFINITION REMARK
29
Transformer History
30
Generator Transformer 27/400kV
HV Bushing
LV Bushing
Measuring Tap
Diverter Switch
Tapped Winding
Tap Selector
Core High Voltage Winding
Low Voltage Winding
31
Transformer Diagnostic
Measurements
Transformer Overview
Life Span and Operating Conditions
Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance
Oil Tests Dissolved Gas Analysis, Degree of
Polymerisation (DP) & Furan Analysis
Overview of CPC100 and Operating Software (Toolset)
Electrical Measurements
Dielectric Dissipation Factor Tan Delta
Dielectric Dissipation Factor - Moisture Content
Partial Discharge
Sweep Frequency Response
Testing Current Transformers
Summary
32
Causes of Ageing
Dielectric causes
Electromagnetic causes
Thermal causes
Chemical causes
33
Dielectric Causes of Ageing
Generation of gases
Generation of X-wax
34
Electromagnetic Causes of Ageing
35
Thermal Causes of Ageing
36
Chemical Causes of Ageing
37
Ageing of the Cellulose by Acids
38
Ageing in the Cellulose
39
Ageing of Paper
As the cellulose ages, the glucose ring chains break
(depolymerisation). The following substances are produced:
Water
Gases (CO, CO2)
Aldehyde Groups (Alkaline)
Carboxyl Groups (organic acids)
H 2O
H 2COOH H
OH
C O O C C
H H
CH H CH CH OH CH
OH H2COOH
C C C O
H OH H
40
Water as Ageing Factor
Water accelerates the ageing of the Cellulose:
1000
100 C
100 120 C
10
1
0 1 2 3 [%] 4
Wassergehalt im Papier
41
Main Risks of Water in OIP insulations
Life expectance / a
Dr
y halves the life
100 1%
time!
2. Accelerated aging of cellulose
- water is a ageing byproduct 10 2%
- water content increases during life 3%
1
4%
0,1
80C
50 70 90 110 130
Temperature / C
L. E. Lundgaard,Aging of oil-impregnated paper
in power transformers,
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Jan. 2004
44
Risks with Bushing
45
On Load Tap Changer
46
Summary
47