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(Total 4 marks)
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Formulae & Equations, Organic compounds)
31
15 P 15
27
13 Al3+ 14
35 46 36
Q2
(Total 7 marks)
B8 The table shows the energy released when one gram of an alkane or an alkene is completely
burned.
(b) Explain how you can tell that C20H42 is an alkane. [1]
(c) Select data from the table to show how the energy released per gram varies with the number
of carbon atoms in one molecule of an alkane. [1]
(d) Write the equation for the complete combustion of C4H8. [2]
(f) State a reagent used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene. [1]
B9 The table gives information about the first five members of the homologous series of carboxylic
acids.
relative
name of acid formula melting point / C boiling point / C
molecular mass
pentanoic acid
(a) (i) Predict the formula and the relative molecular mass for pentanoic acid. [2]
(ii) Explain why it is easier to predict the boiling point of pentanoic acid than the
melting point. (
[3] e
)
D
(b) Draw the displayed formula for propanoic acid.
e
s
[1] c
ri
(c) Analysis of an organic acid isolated from red ants shows that it contains 0.060 g of b
carbon, e
0.010 g of hydrogen and 0.16 g of oxygen. h
Calculate the empirical formula for this acid. o
w
[2] e
t
(d) Ethanoic acid reacts with magnesium oxide. h
Name the products formed and write a balanced equation for the reaction. a
n
oic acid can be converted into ethyl ethanoate.
[2]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Formulae & equations, Mole calculations)
Mg +
B9 Dilute ethanoic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid both react with magnesium ribbon to form
hydrogen.
(a) Give the formula of one ion found in both of these dilute acids. [1]
(b) Magnesium ribbon reacts with hydrochloric acid as shown in the equation.
A 0.24 g sample of magnesium ribbon is added to 5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 Am
mo
hydrochloric acid. nia
an
d
on
(i) Which reactant, magnesium or hydrochloric acid, is in excess? Use calculations e
to explain your answer. [2] oth
er
ga
(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of magnesium chloride that can be formed in s
this reaction. [2] we
re
for
(iii) A 0.24 g sample of magnesium ribbon is added to 5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 me
ethanoic acid. d.
Explain why this reaction forms the same volume of hydrogen but takes place He
much more slowly than the reaction of the same mass of magnesium with 5.0 tes
cm3 of ted
3
2.0 mol/dm hydrochloric acid. [3] the
ga
(c) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between dilute ethanoic acid and se
sodium carbonate. [1] s
co
(ii) What observations would be made during this reaction? [1] mi
ng
out
[Total:
of
the
10] tub
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Formulae & equations, Acid & Rate of reaction) e
wit
A2 The table shows some information about three gases. h
lit
mu
relative molecular s
name of gas formula
mass pa
per
chlorine Cl2 71 .
ammonia 17
HCl
HEAT
(b) Name the process which causes the gases to move along the tube.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Explain why the two gases travelled along the test-tube at different speeds.
Use information from the table.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
6 The table below shows some information about two copper ores, tenorite and cuprite.
Both contain copper oxide.
tenorite +2 80.0%
cuprite Cu2O
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2+
Cu
[Total: 7 marks]
(a) Complete the diagram below to show the arrangement of the molecules in ammonia gas.
[2]
(b) Which one of the following values is most likely to represent the pH of a dilute
solution of ammonia?
Put a ring around the correct answer.
N
H
HH
[1]
[1]
[Total: 10]
5 Buckminsterfullerene is a form of carbon which was discovered in 1985. It is shaped like a football
and has the formula C60. Its structure is shown below.
(
a
)
I
s
b
u
carbon atom
c
kminsterfullerene a compound or an element?
.........................................................................................................................................
.
......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Choose a word from the list below which best describes the bonding shown on the
diagram of buckminsterfullerene.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Write down the molecular formula of DDM.
[1]
(iii) When buckminsterfullerene reacts with DDM, nitrogen gas, N2, is given off.
State the total number of protons in one molecule of nitrogen.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
State the names of the two other forms of carbon and give a use for each.
(e) (i) Complete the word equation for the incomplete combustion of carbon.
(ii) Write down the chemical formula of the product in this reaction.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Formulae & equations, Bonding)
(b) Complete the table below to show the formulae and uses of some compounds.
9 Quantities of chemicals, expressed in moles, can be used to find the formula of a compound, to
establish an equation and to determine reacting masses.
(a) A compound contains 72% magnesium and 28% nitrogen. What is its empirical
formula?
[2]
(b) A compound contains only aluminium and carbon. 0.03 moles of this compound reacted
with excess water to form 0.12 moles of Al(OH)3 and 0.09 moles of CH4.
[2]
Si + 2Br2 SiBr4
(ii)
How
many
moles
of
SiBr4
are
form
ed?
[3]
[1]
[Total: 8]
aq
g [2]
(b) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
nitrogen.
[2]
(c) The rate of this reaction can be measured using the following apparatus.
20 40 60 80 100 cm3
nitrogen gas
solution of
organic compound
0
0
time
(i) How does the rate of this reaction vary with time?
[1]
[2]
(iii) The reaction is catalysed by copper powder. Sketch the graph for the catalysed
reaction on the same grid.
[2]
(iv) Why is copper powder more effective as a catalyst than a single piece of copper?
[1]
A5 One of the largest uses of phosphorus is in the making of safety matches. A safety match ignites
when it is rubbed against the striking surface of a match box.
(a) The friction between the match head and the striking surface generates enough heat for the
phosphorus to burn.
Phosphorus burns to form phosphorus(V) oxide. This oxide is covalently bonded with a molecular
structure.
(i) What is the molecular formula of phosphorus(V) oxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest one physical and one chemical property of phosphorus(V) oxide.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The heat from the combustion of phosphorus provides enough energy for the
decomposition of potassium chlorate(V) to oxygen and potassium chloride.
Construct the equation for the decomposition of potassium chlorate(V).
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Formulae & Equations, Structure)
B9 This question is about the chemistry of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Compare the reactions of sodium and of magnesium with cold water. In each case identify the
products formed.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Draw electronic structures, including the charges, of the ions present in sodium oxide.
Hence deduce the formula for sodium oxide.
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Write an equation for the formation of aluminium oxide from its elements.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Pure sand is silicon(IV) oxide. It has a giant molecular structure similar to that of diamond.
Suggest two physical properties of silicon(IV) oxide.
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
......................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE QUESTIONS SET X (Atomic structure, Formulae & Equations)
A3 Dry air contains mainly nitrogen and oxygen together with small amounts of argon and
carbon dioxide.
(a) State the approximate percentages of nitrogen and oxygen in dry air.
40
(b) Dry air contains about 1% of the argon-40 isotope, 18Ar.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the number of electrons and neutrons in this isotope of argon.
(c) Argon is used in the manufacture of titanium. In this process titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl4, is
reduced with hot sodium. The products are titanium and sodium chloride.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction between titanium(IV) chloride and sodium.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) During this reaction argon is blown over the mixture of sodium and titanium(IV)
chloride.
Suggest why the reaction is carried out in an atmosphere of argon.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) A small amount of xenon is present in the air. Several compounds of xenon have been
made in recent years.
A compound of xenon contained 9.825 g of xenon, 1.200 g of oxygen and 5.700 g of
fluorine.
Determine the empirical formula of this compound.
[3]
TOTAL / 8
9 This question is about atoms, ions and molecules.
(a) Draw a straight line from each particle to the correct example.
particle example
atom Na
ion O2
molecule K+
[2]
In this reaction, magnesium atoms lose electrons to make magnesium ions, Mg2+. At
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) The atoms in a water molecule are held together by shared pairs of electrons.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 5]
Which one?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) What is the total number of atoms shown in the formula K2SO4?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
(d)
Potassium sulfate dissolves in water.
14
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
sulfuric acid
acid
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(a) What is the total number of atoms shown in the formula (NH4)2SO4?
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
acid
sulfuric acid
........................................................................................................................................... Explain
why.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
percentage yield?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[Total: 9]
4 (a) Look at the equations. They show what happens when methane burns.
OH
O
O O H HH
C H + C +
O O O
H O
H H
(i) Write down the name of one of the reactants in the equation.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
compound relative number of atoms present formula use
Ca = 1
calcium oxide CaO
O=1
Na = 1
sodium chloride table salt
Cl = 1
Ca = 1
calcium carbonate C =1
O=3
NH4NO3 in fertilizers
[6]
[1]
Q1
(Total 6 marks)
Structured Questions:
11.Using the list of common ions given in the unit, work out the chemical formulae for :
a Calcium nitrate; 1
b Zinc carbonate; 1
c Silver bromide; 1
d Sodium sulphite; 1
e Aluminium oxide; 1
f Copper(i) oxide; 1
g Magnesium carbonate; 1
h Sodium phosphate; 1
12. Name the chemical compounds and calculate their relative molecular or relative formula
masses:
a SO3 3
b HNO3; 3
c Na2SO4 3
d BaSO4; 3
e NH3; 3
f NH4Cl 3
g Al(OH)3; 3
h Fe2(SO4)3; 3
i CuNO3; 3
j NH4NO3. 3
14.Which of the following fertilizers contains the greatest proportion by mass of the element
nitrogen?
a Ammonium sulphate, NH4(SO4)2
b Urea, NH2CONH2;
d Hydrazine, N2H4.
15.Calculate the empirical formula of a substance which, on analysis, is found to contain: 50%
water of crystallization, 19.1% oxygen, 18.2% sodium and 12.7% sulphur. 4
16.An organic compound contains 12.8% carbon, 2.1% hydrogen and 85.1% bromine, by
mass. Its molecular mass is 188.
a Calculate its empirical formula. 3
20.A sample the ore galena contains 10% of lead(II) sulphide, PbS. Each day 200 tonnes of the
ore is mined at a cost of $16000.
a What is the mass of lead(ii) sulphide mined each day? 2
c If the lead extracted from the ore is sold at $1010 per tonne, how much profit does the
company make each day? 2
Questions :
1. Work out the formulae of the following compounds.
Lead (ii) sodium bromide
b) Silane is the simplest compound of silicon of hydrogen. Work out the formula of silane
by drawing a dots-and crosses diagram of it. 2
3. Balance the following equations:
a) Ca + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 1
b) Al + Cr2O3 Al2O3 + Cr 1
c) Fe2O3 + CO Fe + CO2 1
f) Fe + HCl FeCl2 + H2 1
g) Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 1
h) Fe2O3 + H2 Fe + H2O 1
i) Mg + H2 Fe + H2O 1
j) Pb + AgNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + Ag 1
m) Fe2O3 + C Fe + CO 1
5. Write balanced symbol equations from the following descriptions. Everything must have a
state symbol attached.
a) Solid calcium carbonate reacts with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid(HCl) to give a
solution of calcium chloride and carbon dioxide gas. Water is formed. 2
b) Zinc meal reacts with copper (II) sulfate solution to give solid copper and a solution of
zinc sulfate. 2
c) Magnesium reacts with dilute sulfuric acid to give magnesium sulfate solution and
hydrogen. 2
d) Iron (III) sulfate solution and sodium hydroxide solution react to give a solution of
aluminium chloride and hydrogen (H2). 2
e) Solid aluminium reacts with a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to give a solution
of aluminium chloride and hydrogen (H2). 2
f) Solid iron (III) oxide reacts with a dilute solution of sulfuric acid to give iron (III) sulfate
solution and water. 2
g) Solid lead (II) carbonate reacts with a dilute solution of nitric acid (HNO 3) to give a
solution of lead (II) nitrate, carbon dioxide and water. 2
h) Magnesium reacts if heated in steam to produce white solid magnesium oxide and
hydrogen (H2). 2
i) A mixture of carbon and copper (II) oxide heated together produces copper and carbon
dioxide. 2