Report

Flick books

A flipbook or flick book is a book with a series of pictures that vary gradually from one page
to the next, so that when the pages are turned rapidly, the pictures appear to animate by
simulating motion or some other change. Flip books are often illustrated books for children,
but may also be geared towards adults and employ a series of photographs rather than
drawings. The motion picture industry came into being in the 1890s, and the technology of
making movies has changed dramatically since then. Flick books take a long time because
every page has to be drawn exactly the same as the other page to create this animated
effect.

Cell Animation
A cel, short for celluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for
traditional, hand-drawn animation. Generally, the characters are drawn on cels and laid
over a static background drawing. This reduces the number of times an image has to be
redrawn and enables studios to split up the production process to different specialized
teams. Using this assembly line way to animate has made it possible to produce films much
more cost-effectively. The invention of the technique is generally attributed to Earl Hurd,
who patented the process in 1914. The outline of the images are drawn on the front of the
cel while colors are painted on the back to eliminate brushstrokes.
Generally, the characters are drawn on cels and laid over a static background drawing. This
reduces the number of times an image has to be redrawn and enables studios to split up the
production process to different specialized teams. Using this assembly line way to animate
has made it possible to produce films much more cost-effectively. The invention of the
technique is generally attributed to Earl Hurd, who patented the process in 1914. The
outline of the images are drawn on the front of the cel while colors are painted on the back
to eliminate brushstrokes. Traditionally, the outlines were hand-inked but since the 1960s
they are almost exclusively xerographer on. Another important breakthrough in cel
animation was the development of the Animation Photo Transfer Process, first seen in The
Black Cauldron, released in 1985.
Rotoscoping
Rotoscoping is an animation technique used by animators to trace over motion picture
footage, frame by frame, when realistic action is required. Originally, photographed live-
action movie images were projected onto a glass panel and re-drawn by an animator.
Rotoscoping has often been used as a tool for visual effects in live-action movies. By tracing
an object, the moviemaker creates a silhouette (called a matte) that can be used to extract
that object from a scene for use on a different background. While blue and green screen
techniques have made the process of layering subjects in scenes easier, rotoscoping still
plays a large role in the production of visual effects imagery. Rotoscoping in the digital
domain is often aided by motion tracking and onion-skinning software. Rotoscoping is often
used in the preparation of garbage mattes for other matte-pulling processes.

Edward Muybridge
Edward Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in
photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection. The
kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The device was designed for films
to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the top of
the device. Showing the view of each of the 46 frames passing in front of the shutter every
second. The result was a representation of persons and objects in motion.
The Kinetoscope mechanism was driven by an electric motor. The whole version that is
recognized as The Kinetoscope was ready in prototype form at the end of 1892. Most of
the early kinetoscope films burned because of the film's acidic base. However Edward
overcome this by making paper copies of the film's individual frames which was called
contact prints.
Edison Kinescope
When his assistant W.K.L. Dickson invented the motion picture viewer, Edison initially
considered it an insignificant toy. However, it turned out to be an immediate success. Edison
had hoped the invention would boost sales of his record player, the phonograph, but he was
unable to match sound with pictures. Therefore, he directed the creation of the
kinetoscope, a device for viewing moving pictures without sound. Edison patented this
invention on August 31, 1897. Most of those early kinetoscope films disintegrated or burned
because of the film's nitrate (acidic) base.
The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was designed
for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer window at the
top of the device. The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector, but introduced the basic
approach that would become the standard for all cinematic projection before the advent
of video, by creating the illusion of movement by conveying a strip of perforated
film bearing sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter.
Thomas Edison's early Kinetoscope machines had other flaws. With most subjects
photographed at 40 frames per second of film, and with a vertical looping capacity of
roughly 50 feet, the first Kinetoscopes could only present about 20 seconds of
entertainment. Gradually, increased film capacity and slower shooting speeds increased the
running time of the average Kinetoscope to a full minute.

Lumiere brothers
Lumiere brothers, French inventors and pioneer manufacturers of photographic equipment
who devised an early motion-picture camera and projector called the Cinematographe.
Auguste Lumiere born (Oct. 19, 1862, Besancon) and his brother Louis Lumiere born (Oct. 5,
1864, Besancon. They created the film Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory in 1895 which
is considered the first motion picture. They did this by consisting a single camera used for
both photographing and projecting at 16 frames per second. The machine known as the
Cinematograph, had a number of developments that made it an extremely versatile tool. It
could create the negatives of an image on film and also it could also print a positive image as
well as project the speeds of 12 frames per second. The brothers worked through the
Winter of 1894, Auguste making the first experiments. Their aim was to overcome the
limitations and problems, as they saw them, of Edisons peephole Kinetoscope. They
identified two main problems with Edisons device: firstly its bulk - the Kinetograph - the
camera, was a colossal piece of machinery and its weight and size resigned it to the studio.
Secondly - the nature of the kinetoscope - the viewer, meant that only one person could
experience the films at a time.

Digital Techniques

Techniques apps
Bitmap
A bitmap graphic is composed of many tiny parts, called pixels, which are often many
different colours. It is possible to edit each individual pixel. Since the computer has to store
information about every single pixel in the image, the file size of a bitmap graphic is often
quite large.

In computer graphics, when the domain is a rectangle (indexed by two coordinates) a

bitmap gives a way to store a binary image, that is, an image in which each pixel is either
black or white (or any two colors).

The more general term pixmap refers to a map of pixels, where each one may store more
than two colors, thus using more than one bit per pixel. Often bitmap is used for this as well.
In some contexts, the term bitmap implies one bit per pixel, while pixmap is used for images
with multiple bits per pixel.

A bitmap is a type of memory organization or image file format used to store digital images.
The term bitmap comes from the computer programming terminology, meaning just a map
of bits, a spatially mapped array of bits. Now, along with pixmap, it commonly refers to the
similar concept of a spatially mapped array of pixels. Raster images in general may be
referred to as bitmaps or pixmaps, whether synthetic or photographic, in files or memory.

Vector

Vector graphics is the creation of digital images through a sequence of commands or

mathematical statements that place lines and shapes in a given two-dimensional or three-
dimensional space. In physics, a vector is a representation of both a quantity and a direction
at the same time.

Unlike JPEGs, GIFs, and BMP images, vector graphics are not made up of a grid of pixels.
Instead, vector graphics are comprised of paths, which are defined by a start and end point,
along with other points, curves, and angles along the way. A path can be a line, a square, a
triangle, or a curvy shape. These paths can be used to create simple drawings or complex
diagrams. Paths are even used to define the characters of specific typefaces.

Because vector-based images are not made up of a specific number of dots, they can be
scaled to a larger size and not lose any image quality. If you blow up a raster graphic, it will
look blocky, or "pixelated."

Flash Player
Adobe Flash Player is freeware software for using content created on the Adobe Flash
platform, including viewing multimedia Internet applications, and streaming video and
audio. Flash Player can run from a web browser as a browser plug-in or on supported mobile
devices. Flash Player was created by Macromedia and has been developed and distributed
by Adobe Systems since Adobe acquired Macromedia. Flash player is required for websites
such as YouTube which contain a video.
Flash Player runs SWF files, an Adobe Flash file format for displaying "animated" vector
graphics on the Web. SWF file formats allow audio, video and several other possible forms
of interaction with the end user. Once files are created, they can be played by the Adobe
Flash Player, working either as a browser plugin or as a standalone player.
There are a number of mobile operating systems that support Flash Player usage as a
standalone application or within an Internet browser. Apple iOS, Android and BlackBerry
Tablet OS are among devices that support Flash Player as a standalone application

Adobe Photoshop
Photoshop was created in 1988 by Thomas and John Knoll. Since then, it has become
industry standard in raster graphics editing, such that the word "photoshop" has become a
verb as in "to Photoshop an image," "photoshopping" and "photoshop contest", though
Adobe discourages such use. It can edit and compose raster images in multiple layers and
supports masks, alpha compositing and several color models including RGB, duotone.
Photoshop has vast support for graphic file formats but also uses its own PSD and PSB file
formats which support all the aforementioned features. In addition to raster graphics, it has
limited abilities to edit or render text, vector graphics (especially through clipping path), 3D
graphics and video. Photoshop's featureset can be expanded by Photoshop plug-ins,
programs developed and distributed independently of Photoshop that can run inside it and
offer new or enhanced features.

Walt Disney
Walter Elias "Walt" Disney December 5, 1901 December 15, 1966) was an American
entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American
animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a
film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual,
having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe
Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films
are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.
In 1929, Disney created Silly Symphonies, which featured Mickey's newly created friends,
including Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Pluto. One of the most popular cartoons,
Flowers and Trees, was the first to be produced in color and to win an Oscar. In 1933, The
Three Little Pigs and its title song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" became a theme for
the country in the midst of the Great Depression.

On December 21, 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first full-length animated
film, premiered in Los Angeles. It produced an unimaginable $1.499 million, in spite of the
Depression, and won a total of eight Oscars. During the next five years, Walt Disney Studios
completed another string of full-length animated films, Pinocchio (1940), Fantasia (1940),
Dumbo (1941) and Bambi (1942).

Hanna-Barbera

Hanna-Barbera is known for creating a wide variety of popular animated characters and for
over 30 years, the studio produced smash hit cartoon shows, including Yogi Bear, The
Flintstones, The Jetsons, Wacky Races, Scooby-Doo and The Smurfs. For their achievements,
Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden
Globe Award and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The pair was also inducted into the
Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the
studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was
absorbed after Hanna died in 2001. Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the
channel's output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros. Animation until his death in
2006.

As of 2017, the studio exists as an in-name-only unit used to market properties and
productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library, specifically its "classic" works. In
2005, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences honored Hanna and Barbera with a bronze
wall sculpture of themselves and their characters.

Warner Bros

Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (known professionally as Warner Bros. Pictures, often
referred to as Warner Bros. or Warner Brothers and abbreviated as WB is an American
entertainment company, film studio and film distributor that is a division of Time Warner
and is headquartered in Burbank, California. It is one of the "Big Six" major American film
studios. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwood's 1919
Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, from theatrical impresario David Belasco. However, Rin
Tin a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their
reputation. In Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins. The movie was so
successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week.

Norman McLaren

Norman McLaren, CC CQ (11 April 1914 27 January 1987 was a Scottish/Canadian

animator, director and producer known for his work for the National Film Board of Canada
(NFB). He was a pioneer in a number of areas of animation and filmmaking, including hand-
drawn animation, drawn-on-film animation, visual music, abstract film, pixilation and
graphical sound. McLaren's next film, Camera Makes Whoopee (1935), was a more
elaborate take on the themes explored in Seven Till Five, inspired by his acquisition of a
Cin-Kodak camera, which enabled him to execute a number of 'trick' shots. McLaren used
pixilation effects, superimpositions and animation not only to display the staging of an art
school ball, but also to tap into the aesthetic sensations supposedly produced by this event.

Len lye

Leonard Charles Huia "Len" Lye 5 July 1901 15 May 1980), was a Christchurch, New
Zealand-born artist known primarily for his experimental films and kinetic sculpture. His
films are held in archives including the New Zealand Film Archive, British Film Institute,
Museum of Modern Art in New York City, and the Pacific Film Archive at University of
California, Berkeley. Lye spent his career pursuing an art of movement, a theory he
initiated before he left Aotearoa New Zealand in 1924. He wanted to affect people
physically and emotionally, so that art became a full body experience. Whether this was
with flashing, dancing cinematography, or thunderous, oscillating metallic sculptures, his
work stimulated the senses and was unforgettable.

He was a pioneer of experimental film and kinetic sculpture, and his practice included
painting and poetry, among numerous other media.

Monty Python
Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons were a British surreal comedy group who
created their sketch comedy show Monty Python's Flying Circus, which first aired on the
BBC in 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon
developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, including
touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books, and a stage musical. The
Pythons' influence on comedy has been compared to the Beatles' influence on music. The
Pythons' first feature film was directed by Ian McNaughton, reprising his role from the television
series. It was composed of sketches from the first two seasons of the Flying Circus, reshot on a low
budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes
"Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song

Yellow submarine
Yellow Submarine is a 1968 British animated musical fantasy comedy film inspired by the
music of the Beatles, directed by animation producer George Dunning, and produced by
United Artists and King Features Syndicate. Initial press reports stated that the Beatles
themselves would provide their own character voices.
The Beatles' animated personas were based on their appearance in the promotional film for
the song "Strawberry Fields Forever", with the exception of Paul being without his
moustache. The film also includes several references to songs not included in the
soundtrack, including "A Day in the Life", where the lyrics are referenced in the "Sea of
Holes" scene, as well as the orchestral breaks earlier in the film, also from "A Day in the
Life".
Desktop computers
The PC gaming community is one of the biggest parts of the gaming scene because simply
the endless performance that a computer can play games at. Games like World of Warcraft
always play on computers because when playing on keyboard and mouse instead of a
controller it is much better for quicker reactions and also a better playing experience.
Gaming computers are typically way more powerful than your average PC. Gaming
computers have higher capacity hard drives, higher capacity RAM, faster over clocked, liquid
cooled CPUs. Generally, they have fancier cases as well and the side door may be made of
glass so you can see the lit up components and fans. Gaming computers have way better
graphics cards with good GPUs that can keep up with the high resolution graphics that
games have. This results in less choppy graphics during game play than typical video cards
used in standard computers. The use of all these components is to make the playing
experience more realistic and to get the best high quality picture.

Mobile Phones
Gaming is not just only on Computers and consoles. With the technology of mobile phones
rising they have capabilities of playing high quality games with a good experience. Due to
the popularity of Candy Crush and other mobile device games, online casinos are also
offering casino games on mobile devices. The casino games are available on iOS, Android,
Windows Phone and Windows. Available games are roulette, blackjack and several different
types of slots. Most casinos have a play for free option. App stores allows people to browse
to look at different applications and also look at games in different genres. The store has a
range of games and other applications which makes it more of a betting playing experience.
First person shooter (FPS) games are among the most action packed and mentally
stimulating games out there. It is one of the most popular genres ever and a variety of high-
value games have come from it, including Halo, Call of Duty, Battlefield, Destiny, and many
others. Believe it or not, there is actually a healthy supply of FPS games on Android and
Apple store so people can download the game from their phone and play it then! It should
be noted that most of these require at least a semi-decent device to play because many of
these titles have heavy graphics and tons of stuff going on. So an old phone maybe will not
run the game as could because the hardware is outdated.

Websites

Websites have a big part In the animation industry and is one of the popular types of animation.
Most businesses set up a website and include animation on the website because it gives a
professional look if done correctly and is very easy to make. There is many websites that have just
animations on their websites for example the coke website. Today, animations are created with the
use of more lightweight JavaScript and CSS coding that help to add moving elements to the site
without overloading it.

Animation in web design is something that we are starting to see more of every day. The key to
animation as a design trend is moderation. Small, simple animations are engaging and interesting;
the user might not even think about their being an animation at all. Large-scale animations can be an
interesting visual that pull you into the design. But if you start mixing up too many different moving
effects, it can cause complete chaos.

What makes animation trendy is realism. In todays design landscape with so many flat and minimal
style designs, users need more cues to tell them what to do. Simple bits of animation can guide the
user without changing the aesthetic.
Music videos

An example of a music video such as this is The Gorillaz music video for Clint
Eastwood. Throughout the duration of the music video, animation is used to tell a surreal story of
the band. This music video is a classic representation of an animated music video that took quite
long to a long time to make in terms of designing and creating the music video, as well as specialised
animators, however the end product is used to connect with the audience members, by making the
music video memorable and unique

Animation, almost without exception, makes music videos better. It eliminates the impulse to stick
the band in a garage with one exposed light bulb to let them mug at the camera. Creative animators
become unmoored from the limitations of time and budget, allowing them to create distinct visual
landscapes to set music against. In the interest of full disclosure, the author of this article is an
unrepentant fan of stop-motion animation, so the scales are tipped a little heavily in that direction

Advertising

TV animated ads are more popular than ever before. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and many other
social networks have built functionality to make sharing fifteen and thirty seconds of content which
are normally advertisements and animations. Cost effectiveness of animation now enables any
business to share content.

3D animation is now accessible to all businesses. Whilst the use of 3D has traditionally been
associated with architectural projects, software now allows for a much wider and varied use.

A lot of adverts are now done using animation because this is new and it attracts the audience more
if they have not seen animations for advert and this creates popularity.

The animation is used in advertisement to give a feeling of reality and aliveness. It also helps to
explain the product or service and get to the point quickly. The main benefit of using animation in
commercial is to make it interesting and unique.
One of the main advantages of using animation in advertising is the ability of animators to create
environments and worlds that could not be accessed or reproduced by a live action camera crew.
The more original the advert is- the biggest the chance it that the customer will remember it and
then buy the product.
Children television

Television (TV) has its good side. It can be entertaining and educational, and can open up
new worlds for kids, giving them a chance to travel the globe, learn about different cultures,
and gain exposure to ideas they may never encounter in their own community. Shows with
a prosocial message can have a positive effect on kids' behavior; programs with positive role
models can influence viewers to make positive lifestyle changes. However, the reverse can
also be true: Kids are likely to learn things from TV that parents don't want them to
learn. TV can affect kids' health, behavior and family life in negative ways.
It's worthwhile for parents to think about what role they want TV to play in their family.

TV viewing among kids is at an eight-year high. On average, children ages 2-5 spend
32 hours a week in front of a TVwatching television, DVDs, DVR and videos, and
using a game console. Kids ages 6-11 spend about 28 hours a week in front of the TV.
The vast majority of this viewing (97%) is of live TV
71% of 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their bedroom ; 54% have a DVD/VCR player,
37% have cable/satellite TV, and 20% have premium channels
Media technology now offers more
ways to access TV content, such as
on the Internet, cell phones and
iPods. This has led to an increase in
time spent viewing TV, even as TV-
set viewing has declined. 41% of TV-
viewing is now online