Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Nina Nawara
0811553
Declaration
of
Authorship
I
declare
that
this
dissertation
is
my
own
unaided
work.
I
have
not
included
any
material
or
data
from
other
authors
or
sources,
which
are
not
acknowledged
and
identified
in
the
prescribed
manner.
I
have
read
the
section
in
the
exam
regulations
on
plagiarism
and
understand
that
such
offences
may
lead
the
Examinations
Board
to
withhold
or
withdraw
the
award
of
Bachelor
of
Business
Administration.
Date Signature
2
Abstract
Within
this
thesis
the
researcher
wants
to
find
out
how
Israel
is
influenced
by
political
violence
and
what
kind
of
consequences
this
threat
brings
to
the
tourism
industry
of
the
state.
The
definition
of
terrorism
will
be
clarified
and
additionally
its
different
effects
on
tourism.
Additionally
to
a
short
introduction
to
the
history
of
Israel
the
different
terror
organizations
that
represent
a
threat
to
the
state
will
be
verified.
The
political
issues
that
Israel's
destination
management
has
to
deal
with
will
be
analyzed
as
well
as
the
city
branding
of
Israel.
Furthermore
the
researcher
will
focus
on
Counter
Terrorism
tactics
of
the
state's
own
government
and
correlate
local
tourism
to
individual
target
groups.
It
is
of
interest
to
the
researcher
which
target
groups
are
mostly
deterred
by
terrorist
attacks.
Acknowledgements
4
Table
of
Contents
Declaration of Authorship 2
1 Introduction 7
6 Conclusion 37
7
Bibliography
39
5
List
of
Tables
and
Figures
Chart
1:
Terrorist
Attack
Rate
in
West
Bank
and
Gaza
Strip
1996
2002
26
Chart 2: Terrorist Attack Rate in West Bank and Gaza Strip 2002 2007 27
6
1
Introduction
The
Middle
East
Conflict
is
and
has
been
for
decades
the
most
critical
war
situation
in
the
world.
Two
peoples
are
fighting
for
their
rights,
both
for
good
reasons
and
their
natural
right
of
a
homeland.
The
states
surrounding
Israel
have
fought
with
and
for
either
Palestinians
or
Israeli.
Israel
as
the
Holy
Land
of
the
three
world
religions
Judaism,
Christianity
and
Islam
and
its
geographical
location
inbetween
Africa
and
Asia
gives
the
small
state
big
importance.
Balke
(2009:
134)
defines
the
state
of
Israel
as
an
immigration
country
with
the
raison
d'etre
of
the
right
of
every
jew
in
the
world
to
obtain
Israeli
citizenship.
Looking
back
history
proves
that
Israeli
people
have
suffered
from
indescribable
human
crimes
during
the
holocaust
and
the
few
survivors
were
not
only
homeless
but
stateless.
Over
the
years
the
state
was
confronted
with
numerous
hostilities
and
albeit
there
have
been
tragic
conflicts
between
Israel
and
other
Middle
Eastern
states,
it
is
the
conflict
between
Israeli
and
Palestinians
that
represents
the
most
pervading
enmity.
Israeli
and
Palestinian
people
do
not
live
in
peace
next
to
another
but
even
today
constantly
have
to
fear
attacks.
By
fact
that
this
cultural
conflict
also
manifests
itself
in
terrorist
attacks,
it
is
of
great
interest
to
the
researcher
to
give
a
definition
of
terrorism
and
the
consequences
on
tourism
in
Israel
that
these
acts
of
violence
entail.
Terrorism
is
presented
as
the
biggest
public
threat
in
the
media
these
times
but
how
and
why
do
terrorists
attack?
When
do
tourists
become
legitimate
targets
in
the
eyes
of
terrorists?
As
tourism
is
a
critical
source
of
revenue
generation
and
in
the
case
of
Israel
also
strongly
bonds
with
religion
the
researcher
would
like
to
find
out
what
happens
when
negative
conditions
exist,
such
as
political
violence.
How
does
the
tenuous
situation
within
Israel
influence
local
tourism?
For
this
purpose
it
would
be
effective
to
give
a
short
and
comprehensive
overview
of
the
political
history
of
Israel
but
mainly
focus
on
current
events.
Since
Israel
attracts
religious
tourists
that
are
in
search
of
biblical
sights
and
furthermore
those
people
of
Jewish
background
who
want
to
visit
their
families
the
probable
outcome
of
the
research
will
be
that
Jewish
tourists
might
not
be
as
deterred
by
political
violence
as
leisure
tourists.
This
bachelor
thesis
will
include
secondary
data
which
will
be
collected
by
the
researcher.
Journals,
newspaper
articles
and
literature
will
be
used
as
a
foundation
for
the
research
and
with
the
conducted
information
the
research
questions
will
be
answered
and
the
hypothesis
will
be
declared
as
either
true
or
false.
With
the
help
of
graphs
the
reduction
of
Israeli
tourism
after
terror
attacks
will
be
exemplified.
The
first
theme
that
will
be
examined
is
the
country
profile
of
Israel,
exemplifying
Israel
Demographics,
Market
Profile
and
Tourism
in
Israel.
It
is
of
special
interest
what
kind
of
tourism
Israel
offers
and
which
target
groups
are
attracted
to
the
various
choices.
In
the
third
chapter
Israel
Then
and
Now
the
researcher
will
illustrate
the
history
of
Israel,
from
the
beginnings
of
the
state
and
the
formation
of
Zionism
to
the
different
conflicts
the
young
state
had
yet
to
face.
The
researcher
will
place
an
emphasis
on
the
consequences
the
Second
Intifada
entailed
and
additionally
Arab
terrorist
movements
will
be
explained
in
detail.
The
fourth
chapter,
namely
Political
Violence
and
its
Consequences,
will
include
a
definition
of
terrorism
and
exemplify
its
effects
on
the
economy
in
Israel.
The
question
which
economic
industries
are
mostly
damaged
by
media
coverage
of
terrorism
will
be
answered.
Furthermore
a
line
will
be
drawn
from
overcoming
terrorism
to
the
consequences
of
terrorism
for
tourism
in
Israel.
Within
this
chapter
the
research
question
will
be
answered
and
the
employed
hypothesis
will
be
tested.
After
the
determination
that
terrorism
certainly
does
have
an
effect
on
local
tourism
the
researcher
will
elaborate
on
the
intercultural
challenge
of
Arab-Israeli
tourism.
The
theory
will
emerge
that
even
after
years
of
conflicts
between
the
two
cultures
there
is
a
need
for
exchange
and
an
interest
for
the
respective
other.
To
conclude
this
main
chapter,
changes
in
demand
of
Israel
tourism
will
be
explained
with
the
help
of
statistics.
8
thereby
marketing
strategies
to
work
against
terrorism
associations
will
be
exemplified.
Before
coming
to
a
conclusion
the
subchapter
of
Freedom
and
Tourism
will
contain
a
philosophical
approach
to
tourism.
The
researcher
will
focus
on
the
definition
of
travelling
in
times
of
globalization
and
the
need
for
an
intercultural
communication.
Concluding
this
research
paper
the
main
themes
will
be
revised,
the
research
question
answered
and
the
hypothesis
declared
as
either
true
or
false.
The
conclusion
will
additionally
contain
subjective
thoughts
of
the
researcher
and
the
need
for
an
acceptance
between
cultures
will
be
explicated.
9
2 Facts
about
Israel
The
state
of
Israel,
located
in
between
Lebanon,
Jordan,
Syria,
Egypt
and
the
Gaza
Strip,
is
a
country
that
entangles
traditions,
history
and
political
conflicts
all
at
once.
It
is
known
for
not
only
beautiful
landscapes
and
interesting
biblical
artefacts
but
unfortunately
also
for
decades
of
intercultural
conflicts.
Only
the
American
state
of
Washington
and
the
Russian
Moscow
have
more
accredited
journalists
on-site
than
Israel
(Balke
2009).
The
precarious
political
situation
is
the
reason
why
Israel
constantly
finds
itself
in
the
eyes
of
the
media
but
in
this
respect
it
is
oftentimes
also
to
the
countrys
mischief.
Nevertheless,
the
state
is
a
melting
pot
for
different
cultures
and
has
much
to
offer
for
its
visitors.
According
to
the
Israeli
Central
Bureau
of
Statistics
(2011)
the
state
population
consisting
of
approximately
7684000
inhabitants
is
subdivided
into
75,4%
of
Jewish
decent
and
20,4%
of
Arab
decent.
The
remaining
4,3%
are
represented
by
so-called
Others
who
are
either
not
registered
Jews,
non-Arab
Christian,
non-Arab
Muslims
or
inhabitants
that
are
not
religiously
classified.
As
stated
on
the
website
of
the
Jewish
Federation
of
the
North
Shore,
Israel
is
the
largest
immigrant-absorbing
nation
in
the
world
whereby
immigrants
come
in
search
of
democracy,
religious
freedom
and
economic
opportunity
(JFNS
2011).
The
official
Israel
Tourism
Website
(2005)
states
that
Jewish
residents
are
divided
into
religious
and
secular
inhabitants
whereas
the
Arab
community
consists
of
Moslems,
Christians
and
Druze.
The
website
furthermore
describes
Israel
as
a
rapidly
growing
state,
especially
due
to
a
high
immigration
rate
of
Jews
from
all
over
the
world.
The
median
age
is
28,3
years,
which
means
that
Israeli
population
is
very
young,
but
the
life
expectancy
with
78,7
years
is
doubtlessly
quite
high.
10
2.2 Tourism
in
Israel
Tourism
is
a
profitable
industry
for
the
economy
of
Israel
and
serves
as
an
important
income
generator.
In
2010
alone
an
estimated
3.45
million
tourists
visited
the
small
state
which
is
26%
higher
than
the
arrival
numbers
in
2009
(Herald
Sun
2010).
Within
the
newspaper
article
it
is
also
stated
that
those
sites
of
religious
importance
were
the
ones
most
appealing
to
visitors.
In
the
year
of
2010,
77%
of
all
guests
visited
the
Western
Wall
which
is
located
in
the
Old
City
of
Jerusalem
(Herald
Sun
2010).
Vibrant
and
modern
cities
like
Tel
Aviv
or
ancient
places
with
biblical
history
like
Nazareth
attract
many
tourists
each
year.
Health
tourism
booms
especially
in
regions
like
the
Dead
Sea
region
which
is
a
globally
known
therapeutic
resort
(Israel
Tourism
Website
2005).
Visitors
coming
to
Israel
can
discover
archeological
artefacts,
national
parks
and
can
choose
from
a
broad
variety
of
museums,
as
Israel
has
the
highest
number
of
museums
per
capita
in
the
world
(JFNS
2011).
By
example
of
these
various
tourist
attractions
it
is
of
no
surprise
that
people
from
all
cultural
backgrounds
want
to
explore
Israel
and
spend
their
pastime
in
this
prosperous
country.
However,
it
is
a
specific
kind
of
tourism
that
draws
most
people
to
Israel,
namely
the
religious
one.
Religious
tourism
or
Pilgrimage
exists
in
all
the
main
religions
in
the
world,
be
it
Buddhism,
Hinduism,
Islam,
Judaism
or
Christianity.
It
is
defined
as
A
journey
resulting
form
religious
causes,
externally
to
a
holy
site,
and
internally
for
spiritual
purposes
and
internal
understanding(Barber,
1993:1
cited
Collins-Kreiner
et
al.
2006).
But
a
pilgrim
is
much
more
than
just
a
religious
traveler
as
a
traveler
of
such
a
purpose
usually
is
more
open
to
encounter
strangers,
experience
and
hear
new
things
and
especially
question
his
or
her
own
views.
Pilgrims
go
to
foreign
destinations
not
only
to
be
close
to
a
site
of
a
miraculous
religious
event
but
they
intend
to
fulfill
a
commandment
of
the
religion
(Collins-Kreiner
et
al.
2006).
According
to
Smith
(1989
cited
Collins-Kreiner
et
al.
2006)
tourism
is
based
on
the
three
main
elements:
discretionary
income,
leisure
time
and
social
sanctions
permissive
of
travel.
By
reason
that
Pilgrimage
requires
these
basics
too,
Turner
and
Turner
suggest
that
a
tourist
is
half
a
pilgrim
if
a
pilgrim
is
half
a
tourist
(1978
cited
Collins-Kreiner
et
al.
2006).
11
The
term
pilgrimage
implies
a
religious
journey
and
its
Latin
origin
allows
broader
interpretations
including
foreigner,
wanderer,
exile
and
traveler.
A
pilgrimage
is
therefore
a
physical
journey
combined
with
a
spiritual
search.
Collins-Kreiner
et
al.
(2006)
define
three
types
of
pilgrims
namely
the
Existential
Pilgrims
(Orthodox
Catholics)
who
will
experience
the
pilgrimage
only
once
and
their
visits
will
rarely
include
recreational
activities,
the
Experiential
Existential
Pilgrims
(Religious
Protestants)
who
long
for
authentic
experiences
and
are
more
keen
to
experience
the
unknown,
and
the
Tourist
Pilgrims
who
are
interested
in
getting
to
know
the
Holy
Land
but
still
want
to
participate
in
secular
tourism
activities.
The
sites
of
a
pilgrimage
are
tied
to
Jesus
life
cycle
and
each
station
is
not
only
a
place
of
theoretical
information
for
pilgrims
but
also
includes
praying
and
meditating.
Usually
the
group
is
led
by
a
spiritual
leader
who
is
responsible
for
prayers
and
religious
rituals
and
a
tour
leader
who
is
the
authority
when
it
comes
to
logistics
and
welfare
of
each
group
member.
Israel
offers
many
sites
sacred
to
the
three
monotheistic
religions,
however
there
is
a
fairly
large
amount
of
holy
sites
situated
on
a
relatively
small
area
of
land.
From
1995
2000
there
were
annually
around
2
million
tourists
coming
to
Israel
(Israel,
Ministry
of
Tourism,
2001)
and
estimated
25
percent
of
these
tourists
were
Christian
pilgrims.
(Fleischer
2000,
cited
Collins-Kreiner
et
al.).
According
to
Collins-Kreiner
et
al.
(2006)
another
40
percent
were
Christians
with
other
motivations
who
still
paid
visits
to
the
Christian
holy
sites.
As
the
Holy
Land
is
a
rather
small
area
it
imposes
problems
for
pilgrims
and
pilgrimage
organizers
have
to
face
logistical
issues.
Leading
a
group
of
pilgrims
through
different
zones
of
possible
danger
but
ensuring
their
safety
while
visiting
sacred
sites
certainly
involves
menaces.
For
many
pilgrims
the
trip
is
a
once
in
a
lifetime
experience
because
they
have
saved
money
years
beforehand.
If
they
are
not
able
to
visit
all
promised
sites
the
pilgrimage
will
leave
them
disappointed.
Yet
there
is
an
advantage
to
make
a
pilgrimage
during
insecure
times
since
most
sites
are
not
visited
by
too
many
people
and
as
Gertel
(1.09.2003
cited
Collins-Kreiner
et
al.)
reports,
many
pilgrims
interviewed
liked
the
fact
that
they
had
a
whole
site
for
themselves
when
traveling
during
uncertain
times.
12
Addionally
numerous
pilgrims
stated
that
they
were
curious
about
safety
regulations
and
even
tragic
occurrences,
such
as
bombings.
They
wanted
to
tell
these
stories
of
dramatic
reality
to
their
friends
and
family
back
at
home
to
be
viewed
as
heroes
themselves.
But
not
only
the
unstable
political
situation
is
a
threat
for
pilgrims,
their
own
expectations
are
sources
of
distortion.
Many
pilgrims
might
see
the
Holy
Land
as
a
sacred
terrain
that
bears
images
of
desire
and
utopian
nostalgia.
Israel
and
Palestine
are
countries
torn
by
war
and
dissension
and
are
therefore
also
oversaturated
with
secular
tourism
and
commercial
entertainment.
Religious
tourism
will
always
represent
a
significant
part
of
Israels
tourism
industry
even
if
its
cities
become
more
and
more
modern.
Israel
is
already
a
highly
developed
state
and
the
birthplace
to
many
innovators.
But
in
the
same
regard
Israeli
people
preserve
and
cherish
their
rich
history,
retaining
ancient
sites
and
monuments
of
biblical
significance.
The
domestic
market
accounts
for
a
big
part
of
Israeli
tourism
because
many
incoming
guests
are
visiting
friends
and
family.
Pilgrimage
related
tourism
represented
7%
of
international
visitors
in
2002
but
increased
by
100%
in
2004
because
the
safety
within
the
country
improved
(Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
2005).
The
Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
(2005)
explains
that
the
Israel
airline
industry
is
dominated
by
national
carrier
El
Al,
which
was
privatized
in
2003
and
is
also
controlled
by
Arkia
Holdings,
which
owns
a
controlling
stake
of
40%.
This
flagship
carrier
has
its
headquarters
at
Ben
Gurion
International
Airport,
which
is
the
most
important
airport
in
the
country.
By
fact
that
Israel
attracts
various
tourist
groups
and
offers
a
wide
range
of
not
only
important
historical
and
religious
sights
but
also
vibrant
metropolises,
it
is
of
interest
to
the
researcher
which
target
groups
the
state
of
Israel
intends
to
attract.
If
one
visits
the
official
Israel
Tourism
Website
(http://www.tourism.gov.il),
the
potential
tourist
is
asked
to
choose
between
one
of
the
three
main
interest
divisions,
being
Christian
interest,
Jewish
interest
and
General
interest.
Based
on
this
decision
the
website
then
shows
specific
attractions
that
the
visitor
might
be
curious
about.
Naturally
tourists
that
incline
13
to
focus
on
the
religious
aspects
of
Israel,
be
it
Jewish
or
Christian,
are
presented
with
pictures
of
important
religious
sites,
whereas
tourists
that
visit
the
state
for
recreational
reasons
will
see
impressions
of
historical
sites
or
wellness
facilities.
The
latter
are
also
targeted
to
experience
Health
Tourism
in
Israel
by
reason
that
many
therapeutic
resorts
are
located
close
to
the
Dead
Sea,
which
is
famous
for
health
treatments.
The
Israel
Tourism
Website
furthermore
describes
the
state
as
one
where
visitors
can
experience
four
bio-geographical
zones,
namely
Mediterranean,
Steppe,
Desert
and
African.
It
additionally
gives
an
alphabetical
overview
of
sites
that
are
attractive
to
Jewish
and
Christian
travellers.
But
this
Middle
Eastern
state
does
not
only
entice
foreigners
to
come
and
experience
the
land,
it
also
represents
an
important
destination
for
relatives
of
local
inhabitants.
Many
of
the
Israeli
visitors
are
merely
intending
to
meet
their
families
and
in
fact
stay
at
their
relatives
homes.
The
cities
Jerusalem,
Tel
Aviv
and
Eilat
are
the
destinations
of
biggest
interest
to
tourists
and
as
the
Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
additionally
notes,
it
is
the
Dead
Sea
that
attracts
most
health
tourists.
As
already
stated,
the
Israel
Hotel
Association
had
to
decrease
prices
and
of
the
15
million
bed
nights
ascertained
in
2003,
78%
were
domestic
tourists.
The
largest
travel
agency
in
Israel
is
ISSTA
which
contains
48
branches
and
there
are
730
travel
agencies
in
total
operating
in
Israel.
The
man
who
brought
Zionism
into
being
and
formed
the
first
thoughts
of
an
independent
jewish
state
was
Theodor
Herzl,
a
Viennese
journalist
and
writer.
Herzl
was
the
one
who
wanted
jews
to
debate
over
a
collective
political
future
and
therefore
invited
many
aqquaintances
to
join
him
in
the
1897
congress
in
the
swiss
Basel.
He
and
his
combatants
founded
the
Jewish
National
Fund
(Keren
Kajemet
LeIsrael)
and
the
Palestine
Land
Development
Company
whose
function
was
and
as
of
today
still
is
the
collection
of
money
for
the
acquisition
of
land
(Balke
2009).
In
the
years
before
the
Alijah,
the
first
big
wave
of
immigration,
there
were
only
around
10000
to
20000
orthodox
jews
living
in
Palestine.
14
In
the
year
of
1917
the
Foreign
Secretary
of
England,
Lord
Arthur
James
Balfour,
declared
his
courtesy
towards
the
foundation
of
an
independent
jewish
state
to
Lord
Lionel
Walter
Rothschild
who
was
a
leading
proponent
of
the
Zionist
movement
(Steininger
2009).
This
formal
statement,
namely
the
Balfour
Declaration,
revealed:
"His
Majesty's
Government
view
with
favour
the
establishment
in
Palestine
of
a
national
home
for
the
Jewish
people,
and
will
use
their
best
endeavours
to
facilitate
the
achievement
of
this
object,
it
being
clearly
understood
that
nothing
shall
be
done
which
may
prejudice
the
civil
and
religious
rights
of
existing
non-Jewish
communities
in
Palestine,
or
the
rights
and
political
status
enjoyed
by
Jews
in
any
other
country"
(Steininger,
2009:
73).
This
declaration
represents
a
milestone
in
the
history
of
the
zionistic
movement
and
the
jewish
independent
statehood.
According
to
Steininger
(2009)
Great
Britain
and
France
agreed
that
they
would
seperate
their
different
interests
in
the
Middle
East
after
the
First
World
War.
In
the
year
of
1922
Transjordan
was
seperated
from
Palestine
by
the
British
government.
At
the
same
time
they
demanded
the
establishment
of
a
so-called
Jewish
Agency
that
served
as
the
pre-state
Jewish
authority
and
was
supposed
to
co-operate
with
the
British
administration.
Balke
(2009)
notes
that
Palestine
became
more
and
more
attractive
for
Jewish
people
as
37000
immigrated
during
the
third
Alijah
between
the
years
of
1919
and
1923.
Furthermore
the
British
mandate
administration
invested
large
amounts
of
money
into
the
infrastructure
of
Palestine
and
as
a
result
of
the
national
socialist
movements
in
Europe
there
were
even
more
immigrants
coming
to
the
Arab
state
beginning
with
the
year
of
1933.
Balke
(2009)
specifies
that
a
separation
of
Palestine
was
planned
by
the
British
government
that
ensured
land
for
Jewish
immigrants
but
many
Palestinians
revolted
against
the
British
army
and
defended
their
own
land.
Balke
(2009)
also
states
that
as
a
consequence
of
the
Arab
uprisings
the
British
Colonial
Secretary
Malcom
MacDonald
published
white
papers
in
the
year
of
1939
that
implied
a
newly
interpreted
Balfour
Declaration
and
terminated
the
construction
of
a
national
Jewish
homeland.
The
two
Zionist
leaders
David
Ben
Gurion,
who
became
the
first
Prime
Minister
of
Israel
in
1948,
and
Chaim
Weizmann,
who
was
elected
the
first
President
of
the
State
of
Israel
in
the
same
year,
decided
15
to
invoke
their
Jewish
followers
to
ignore
the
white
papers
and
act
as
if
they
already
were
a
state
in
Palestine
until
they
actually
were
a
state
in
Israel
(Steininger,
2009:25).
After
years
of
illegal
immigration
and
unauthorized
constructions
of
housing
settlements
there
came
a
big
turning
point
for
the
Jewish
settlers
when
Great
Britain
declared
their
retraction
and
ended
their
mandate
adminstration.
As
a
result
the
United
Nations
summoned
a
UN
General
Assembly
whereby
all
member
states
were
invited
to
vote
for
a
possible
separation
of
Palestine
and
the
formation
of
Israel
(Steininger
2009).
Steininger
(2009)
furthermore
asserts
that
on
May
14,
1948,
David
Ben
Gurion
announced
independence
and
as
the
speaker
of
the
Jewish
Agency
named
the
state
Israel.
16
According
to
Balke
(2009)
the
Palestine
Liberation
Organisation
(PLO)
with
its
leader
Yassir
Arafat
was
recognized
as
the
administrative
authority
by
the
Palestinian
people
in
1974.
Israel
got
involved
with
Lebanon
in
the
year
of
1984
with
the
objective
of
suppressing
the
PLO
and
the
creation
of
Israel-friendly
government.
Balke
(2009)
also
mentions
that
Yassir
Arafat
finally
agreed
to
evacuate
his
army
forces
to
Tunis
after
Beirut
was
constantly
under
attack
for
two
months.
The
lebanese
militant
group
Hezbollah
then
committed
deadly
massacres
in
the
Palestinian
refugee
camps
of
Sabra
and
Shatila
whereby
over
3000
people
got
killed.
The
Palestine
Liberation
Organisation
office
at
the
UNO
in
Washington
was
closed
and
confronted
with
all
of
this
despair,
the
Palestinian
people
started
to
revolt
(Steininger
2009).
In
1987
Palestinians
initiated
what
came
to
be
known
as
the
First
Intifada,
an
uprising
against
the
Israeli
enmeshment.
Their
actions
consisted
of
violent
acts,
nonviolent
civil
disobedience
and
resistance
movements.
The
Intifada
became
the
biggest
political
challenge
Israel
had
yet
to
face.
Steininger
(2009)
describes
that
during
this
revolt
the
radical
Islamic
Resistance
Movement
Hamas
was
founded
to
release
Palestine
from
Israeli
involvement
and
build
an
Islamic
state.
Balke
(2009)
indicates
that
an
agreement
between
the
Israel
government
and
the
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization
came
to
be
in
the
year
of
1994
with
the
so-called
Oslo
Accords.
Yasser
Arafat
then
officially
recognized
Israel
as
its
own
state
and
in
return
the
Prime
Minister
of
Israel
Yitzhak
Rabin
recognized
the
PLO.
After
mutual
recognition
both
Arafat
and
Rabin
were
invited
to
Washington
for
a
celebratory
ceremony
of
the
Oslo
Accords
and
at
the
ceremony
both
shook
hands
which
at
that
point
seemed
to
symbolize
the
end
of
the
Israeli-Palestinian
conflict.
In
the
summer
of
2000
Israeli
Prime
Minister
Ehud
Barak
and
Palestinian
Authority
Chairman
Yasser
Arafat
were
cordially
invited
to
Camp
David
by
US
President
Bill
Clinton
to
finalize
the
Middle
East
peace
treaties
(Flug
and
Schuble
2009).
However,
both
authorities
did
not
come
to
a
mutual
consent
as
the
Israeli
still
thought
they
could
bargain
for
territories
of
the
West
Bank
and
Gaza
Strip
even
though
Palestinians
were
of
the
opinion
that
the
recognition
of
the
state
Israel
and
its
17
borders
in
1967
had
already
been
their
final
compromise.
Flug
and
Schuble
(2009)
furthermore
report
that
while
both
countries
could
not
come
to
an
agreement
it
was
the
visit
of
Israeli
opposition
leader
Ariel
Sharon
at
the
Temple
Mount
in
the
same
year
that
activated
the
Second
Intifada,
also
known
as
the
Al-Aqsa
Intifada.
The
mosque
Al-Aqsa
at
the
Temple
Mount
in
the
Old
City
of
Jerusalem
represents
a
holy
site
in
both
Judaism
and
Islam,
therefore
Israeli
authorities
as
well
as
Palestinian
ones
claim
sovereignty
over
this
spiritual
monument.
This
visit
had
the
aim
of
demonstrating
Israeli
control
over
the
Temple
Mount
but
was
perceived
as
deliberate
provocation
to
the
Palestinian
opponent
and
its
leader
Yasser
Arafat
(Balke
2009).
As
a
consequence
violent
street
battles
broke
loose
and
moreover
numerous
suicide
attacks
were
commited.
Armed
Israeli
forces
were
attacked
by
Palestinians
and
vice
versa,
the
Palestinian
media
invoked
people
to
fight
a
so-called
Holy
War
and
people
of
both
religious
backgrounds
were
killed,
Flug
and
Schuble
(2009)
note.
Other
Arab
countries
like
Egypt,
Syria
and
Jordan
called
for
Israel
to
be
convicted
in
an
UN
War
Crimes
Tribunal
and
supported
the
Palestinians.
The
Second
Intifada
consisted
not
only
of
violent
revolts
but
also
of
mass
protests
and
general
strikes
likewise
to
the
First
Intifada.
Since
Israeli
and
Palestinian
people
blame
each
other
for
the
failure
of
the
Oslo
Accords
neither
one
wants
to
retreat
in
the
conflict.
Flug
and
Schuble
(2009)
observe
that
there
is
no
official
ending
to
the
Second
Intifada
but
with
the
death
of
PLO
leader
Yasser
Arafat
in
2004
and
internal
conflicts
between
the
two
Palestinian
fractions
Hamas
and
Fatah,
the
ending
of
the
armed
conflict
was
near.
Palestinian
President
Mahmoud
Abbas
and
Israeli
President
Ariel
Sharon
declared
the
ending
of
violence
in
the
Sharm
El-Sheikh
Summit
in
the
year
of
2005.
The
brutal
conflict
of
the
Second
Intifada
claimed
the
lives
of
1000
Israeli
and
3300
Palestinians
(Jaeger
and
Paserman,
2006).
Even
though
political
leaders
oftentimes
come
to
a
mutual
agreement
of
terminating
violence,
the
hatred
between
those
two
cultures
cannot
be
ended
with
a
written
statement
of
a
political
spokesperson.
Palestinians
and
Israeli
fight
for
their
right
of
homeland
and
do
so
by
attacking
and
dislodging
the
opponent.
By
reason
that
they
do
not
share
the
same
religion,
many
terrorist
groups
want
to
fight
a
Holy
War.
They
view
deadly
attacks
as
righteous
acts
for
what
they
18
believe
in.
Suicide
bombers
do
not
see
their
deaths
as
suicides
but
rather
as
a
sacrifice
for
God
and
as
Balke
(2009)
observes,
human
bombs
are
not
a
punishment
for
political
or
social
injustice
but
rather
an
effect
of
mostly
Islamic
imprinting
and
its
wrongful
illustration
of
the
afterlife.
The
Palestinian
Islamist
political
party
Hamas
was
initiated
during
the
First
Intifada
and
according
to
Balke
(2009)
soon
became
considerably
more
dangerous
than
the
PLO
as
they
openly
stated
the
extermination
of
Israel
as
their
main
goal.
Their
guidelines
additionally
invoke
followers
to
murder
Jewish
people
as
every
Jew
represents
a
settler
that
has
to
be
eliminated.
Furthermore
the
Hamas
pamphlet
implies
that
Jews
had
been
the
initiators
of
both
World
Wars
and
their
aspirations
to
acquire
world
supremacy
have
to
be
detained
(Baumgarten
2006).
The
organization
of
Hamas
contains
three
subgroups,
namely
the
social,
the
political
and
the
military
wing.
In
the
year
of
2006
Hamas
won
elections
in
the
Palestinian
autonomy
areas
but
the
coalition
government
system
that
was
then
formed
with
PLO
chairman
and
Fatah
president
Mahmoud
Abbas,
did
not
last
long.
Members
of
Fatah
were
hunted
and
executed
and
to
this
end
Hamas
and
Fatah
terminated
their
coalition
in
2007.
The
Fatah
represents
the
largest
fraction
of
the
Palestine
Liberation
Organization
and
even
though
terrorist
groups
have
also
claimed
to
be
members
of
Fatah
in
the
past,
this
political
party
is
not
considered
to
be
a
terrorist
movement
anymore
in
contrary
to
Hamas
(Flug
and
Schuble
2009).
Another
radical
Islamist
party
is
represented
by
the
Hezbollah
which
was
founded
by
Iranian
revolutionary
guards
after
Israeli
troups
were
invading
Lebanon
in
1982.
Flug
and
Schuble
(2009)
note
that
this
organization
gained
momentum
when
they
sent
out
suicide
bombers
to
kill
American,
French
and
Israeli
army
forces
during
the
civil
war
in
Lebanon.
Hezbollah
became
a
political
party
in
1985
and
similar
to
the
Hamas
it
is
their
target
to
exterminate
the
state
of
Israel
and
free
Jerusalem.
They
own
seats
in
the
Lebanese
government
and
train
their
own
military
forces.
Both
Hezbollah
and
Hamas
have
been
at
war
with
Israel
and
the
actual
victims
of
these
conflicts
have
always
been
civilians.
The
fundamentalist
organizations
do
not
take
the
security
of
their
members
or
the
security
of
civilians
into
consideration
during
violent
19
attacks.
By
reason
that
members
of
these
radical
unions
oftentimes
hide
in
public
places
and
institutions
the
military
forces
also
attack
civilian
venues
like
schools.
Israeli
civilians
had
to
suffer
not
only
during
the
Second
Intifada
but
also
afterwards,
being
confronted
with
numerous
terror
attacks
and
violent
turmoils.
To
protect
Israeli
civilians
from
ongoing
terror
attacks
and
with
the
aim
of
physically
separating
Palestinian
territory
from
Israeli
territory,
the
Israeli
government
started
to
build
a
long
barrier
in
the
year
of
2002
(Balke
2009).
While
some
parts
of
the
Israeli
West
Bank
Barrier
consist
of
solid
concrete
walls,
most
of
it
consists
of
a
barbed
wired
fence
of
670
kilometres
length
along
the
West
Bank
area
(BBC
2005).
According
to
Balke
(2009)
another
separation
of
Israel
and
Palestinian
areas
was
initiated
in
the
summer
of
2005
as
Israeli
Prime
Minister
Ariel
Scharon
instructed
the
demolition
of
all
Israeli
housing
settlements
within
the
Gaza
Strip.
Furthermore
the
author
notes
that
despite
this
concession
of
Israeli
government
many
missiles
were
fired
from
the
Gaza
Strip
to
close-to-border
Israeli
towns.
As
mentioned
in
the
previous
chapter
the
organization
of
Hamas
won
elections
in
the
year
of
2006
against
PLO
fraction
Fatah
consequently
caused
violent
riots
between
the
two
opponents
in
the
area
of
the
Gaza
Strip.
After
radical
Palestinians
attacked
a
military
sentinel
on
Israeli
territory,
Israel
got
involved
in
the
Gaza
Strip
turmoils
and
tried
to
disempower
terroristic
infrastructure
(Balke
2009).
According
to
the
BBC
database
(2007)
in
that
same
year
Lebanese
Hezbollah
caused
an
assault
whereby
Israeli
soldiers
were
kidnapped
and
killed.
The
situation
escalated
after
Israel
tried
to
cut
traffic
routes
in
Lebanon
to
prevent
Hezbollah
from
further
abduction
of
the
soldiers
to
either
Syria
or
Iran.
This
incident
deployed
what
came
to
be
known
as
the
Lebanon
War,
which
lasted
for
34
days
and
claimed
many
victims
on
both
sides
(BBC
2007).
The
military
conflict
between
Lebanon
and
Israel
then
ended
but
the
conflict
between
Hamas
and
Israel
did
not
entirely
dissolve
during
that
time.
Interruptions
only
transpired
because
of
strategic
tactics
and
the
Hamas
did
not
stop
to
fire
missiles.
Israel
responded
with
military
operations
and
because
members
of
the
Hamas
intended
to
hide
at
public
places
like
schools
and
universities,
parts
of
the
infrastructure
in
the
Gaza
Strip
were
damaged
during
this
collision
(Balke
2009).
20
Up
until
today
the
situation
remains
unresolved
and
in
March
2011
ceasefires
once
more
broke
out
whereby
Israeli
and
Palestinian
civilians
got
wounded
and
killed
(APA
2011).
In
conclusion
the
sad
truth
is
that
because
of
decades
of
intercultural
conflicts,
Israel
will
always
be
confronted
with
terror
to
some
extent
and
within
the
next
chapters
the
researcher
will
focus
on
the
consequences
of
political
violence
within
the
country.
Terrorism
remains
a
threat
to
many
countries
and
people
all
over
the
world
might
find
themselves
targets
as
terror
attacks
are
mostly
of
a
random
kind.
There
are
lots
of
different
reasons
why
terrorists
want
to
attack,
it
might
not
be
deep
religious,
ethnic
and
ideological
conflicts
but
they
might
want
to
agitate
against
political
or
economic
systems
(Capper
2010).
With
regard
to
Israel
it
can
be
said
that
terrorist
organizations
that
attack
the
country
definitely
base
their
hatred
on
ideological
conflicts,
as
for
instance
the
organization
of
Hamas
has
never
recognized
the
right
of
Israel
to
be
its
own
state.
With
their
terroristic
acts
they
want
to
disturb
the
functioning
political
and
economic
situation
in
Israel
and
send
out
alarming
messages.
Terrorist
attacks
are
forms
of
outcries
against
social
or
political
circumstances
and
they
work
as
a
communication
channel.
A
terrorist
wants
to
send
a
message
to
an
audience
and
in
these
times
the
media
plays
an
important
role
in
delivering
this
message.
The
21
audience
is
people
who
watch
the
daily
news
on
television,
listen
to
the
radio
or
use
the
internet
for
information
purposes.
Consequently
the
feedback
of
the
recipient
is
the
final
step
in
this
communication
process
(Karbour
1971
cited
Capper
2010).
Therefore
the
media
is
responsible
of
delivering
information
but
at
the
same
time
creates
a
picture
of
a
certain
event
in
the
recipients
mind.
The
media
is
able
to
exaggerate
terrorist
attacks
and
according
to
Pizam
(2000
cited
Capper
2010,
p.16)
also
exaggerate
the
actual
possibilities
of
travellers
being
targeted
by
terrorist
attacks.
Hence,
many
destinations
that
have
been
places
affected
by
terrorist
attacks
now
complain
about
exorbitant
and
exaggerated
media
coverage.
They
are
stigmatized
with
a
particular
picture
of
possible
threat
that
has
a
negative
effect
on
the
countrys
image.
The
media
sends
out
a
distorted
picture
of
a
countrys
political
situation
and
this
bias
can
cause
economical
harm.
An
industry
that
can
especially
suffer
from
untruthful
or
exaggerated
media
coverage
is
the
tourism
industry.
In
some
cases
these
extensive
reports
of
relatively
minor
incidents
can
have
a
considerable
impact
on
the
whole
tourism
and
hospitality
industry
of
a
destination.
According
to
Buckley
and
Klemm
(1993
cited
Capper
2010)
the
problem
with
civil
unrest
is
that
frightening
images
are
carried
across
the
world
and
even
if
an
area
does
not
pose
imminent
threat
people
will
be
less
encouraged
to
visit
the
affected
place.
Tourism
is
affected
by
terrorism
not
only
by
the
creation
of
an
image
of
lack
of
safety
but
also
by
actual
damage
of
tourist
facilities.
Terrorists
can
choose
places
that
have
a
lot
of
visitors
and
a
high
visibility
to
the
international
media
because
that
gives
them
the
chance
to
publicise
their
message
globally
(Seekings
1993
cited
Capper
2010).
Richter
(1983
cited
Capper
2010)
points
out
that
tourism
stands
for
Western
culture,
be
it
political
culture
or
ideological
values,
as
tourists
oftentimes
are
from
wealthier
countries
of
Western
Europe
or
North
America.
For
this
reason
tourism
represents
the
capitalistic
way
of
life
and
a
tourist
is
the
personification
of
a
capitalist.
Terror
organizations
that
are
against
the
Western
lifestyle
and
its
puppets
seek
to
harm
tourists
of
this
heritage
and
see
attacks
against
them
as
valid.
Tourism
is
a
shifting
demand
and
depends
on
not
only
the
picture
a
tourism
destination
creates
for
itself
but
also
on
factors
that
cannot
be
controlled.
Crises
and
changes
in
culture,
economy,
politics
or
nature
have
an
essential
influence
on
potential
tourists.
Travelers
might
not
want
to
visit
certain
countries
due
to
their
22
political
instability
or
prospective
threats.
But
how
do
tourists
react
to
potential
terrorist
threats
and
what
kind
of
target
group
is
least
deterred
by
these
risks?
Do
leisure
tourists
that
plan
to
spend
their
vacation
in
Israel
consider
their
own
safety
when
booking
the
trip?
Would
travelers
who
intend
to
visit
their
family
in
Israel
cancel
their
plans
because
of
political
instability
in
the
country?
Before
answering
these
research
questions
it
is
of
interest
to
the
researcher
how
nations
cope
with
terrorism.
Pedahzur
et
al.
(2005)
claim
that
policy
makers
of
democratic
states
nowadays
understand
that
when
dealing
with
terrorism
it
is
of
utter
importance
to
set
a
high
value
on
performing
defensive
measures
rather
than
focusing
only
on
offensive
measures.
Furthermore
they
investigate
that
offensive
methods
against
terrorism
are
mostly
employed
by
national
authorities
whereas
defensive
methods
are
practiced
by
regional
or
district
authorities.
Offensive
measures
against
terror
imply
direct
impairment
of
terrorist
organizations,
defensive
measures
on
the
other
hand
incorporate
the
alliviation
of
secondary
consequences
of
terrorism
such
as
social,
psychological
or
political
effects
(Pedahzur
et
al.
2005).
According
to
Pedahzur
et
al.
(2005)
there
are
three
stages
of
coping
with
a
terror
attack,
namely
the
Prevention
and
Deterrence,
the
Event
Management
and
the
Rehabilitation.
The
first
stage
of
prevention
of
course
contains
minimizing
the
probability
that
an
actual
terror
attack
occurs,
but
if
so
limiting
the
consequences.
The
management
of
the
actual
occurrence
of
such
an
event
represents
the
second
stage
of
the
model
and
its
aim
is
to
provide
fast
and
efficient
help
for
the
victims.
Within
this
stage
it
is
crucial
to
analyze
the
scene
and
prevent
further
attacks.
Pedahzur
et
al.
(2005)
describe
the
rehabilitation
stage
as
the
last
one
whereby
treatment
is
offered
to
the
victims
and
their
families,
be
it
medical,
psychological,
functional
or
economic.
In
this
part
of
the
model
local
welfare
agencies
play
a
significant
role
as
well
as
National
Insurance
by
reason
that
they
are
able
to
support
victims
financially.
23
Even
though
this
model
offers
practical
strategies
to
cope
with
terrorism
and
terror
attacks
it
is
the
actual
event
that
has
its
very
own
consequences
on
each
responsible
helper
in
need.
The
structure
and
clearly
defined
responsibility
of
each
rescue
service
defines
the
outcome
of
a
terror
attack.
If
delayed
or
no
communication
between
the
rescue
forces
takes
place,
the
effects
of
a
violent
terrorism
act
will
increase
(Perry
2003
cited
Pedahzur
et
al.
2005).
Israel
has
had
to
deal
with
terrorism
since
the
formation
of
the
state
and
as
its
government
must
not
only
try
to
ensure
the
safety
of
the
states
own
inhabitants,
it
also
has
to
focus
on
counterterrorism
tactics
and
the
safety
of
foreigners
in
Israel.
As
listed
before
the
state
tries
to
fight
terrorism
and
terror
attacks
with
certain
strategies
and
emergency
policies
but
how
is
the
danger
of
terrorism
presented
in
the
context
of
tourism?
The
official
Israel
Tourism
Website
(2005)
states
that
Israel
is
an
extremely
safe
country
to
visit
and
to
tour.
In
2008,
three
million
tourists
came
to
Israel,
an
all-time
record,
and
all
three
million
went
back
home
safe
and
sound.
We
would
not
encourage
tourists
to
come
if
we
felt
they
would
be
in
the
slightest
danger.
It
can
be
concluded
that
the
omnipresent
threat
of
terrorism
in
Israel
is
not
represented
as
a
highly
dangerous
one
and
the
government
encourages
tourists
to
come
to
the
country.
According
to
Tucker
(2009)
General
Meir
Dagan,
head
of
the
Bureau
for
Counterterrorism
in
the
Israeli
Ministry,
believes
that
fighting
terrorism
is
like
boxing,
you
usually
win
by
points,
meaning
that
fighting
terrorism
can
only
be
done
when
new
counterterrorism
strategies
are
developed
after
every
attack
according
to
the
changing
terrorism
tactics.
Tucker
(2009)
additionally
describes
the
Israeli
domestic
and
foreign
intelligence
as
well-structured
and
connected
whereby
the
Israeli
Security
Agency
(Shin
Bet)
is
under
the
authority
of
the
Israeli
Prime
Minister
and
responsible
for
the
prevention
of
terror
attacks.
The
Shin
Bet
has
its
own
Arab
Affairs
Division
which
executes
the
surveillance
of
potential
terrorists.
This
security
agency
works
together
with
the
foreign
intelligence
agency
(Mossad)
and
the
military
intelligence
service
(Aman).
Collectively
they
prepare
an
annual
24
terrorism
threat
assessment
that
serves
the
Prime
Minister
to
evaluate
and
judge
current
strategies.
Fact
is,
Israel
spends
a
vast
amount
of
money
on
counter
terrorism
measures
and
the
first
stage
of
the
stage
model
of
Pedahzur
et
al.
(2005),
namely
Prevention
and
Deterrence
is
applied
with
strict
measures.
Counterterrorism
forces
have
not
always
been
as
effective
as
they
are
today
and
Israeli
authorities
had
to
learn
from
past
failures
in
order
to
improve
their
approaches.
As
Pedahzur
et
al.
(2005)
report
during
the
first
suicide
attacks
there
were
no
ways
of
determining
that
an
attack
was
actually
over
and
most
of
the
times
medical
care
intervened
before
the
scene
was
secured.
They
take
a
terror
attack
from
the
winter
of
2001
as
an
example
whereby
two
suicide
bombers
committed
25
attacks
in
a
shopping
mall
in
Jerusalem
and
thirty
minutes
after
the
medical
care
teams
arrived,
another
bomb
exploded
only
fifty
meters
from
the
original
place
of
violence.
Israel
had
to
improve
its
second
stage
of
coping
with
terrorism,
the
Event
Management
had
to
be
revised
and
only
after
this
crucial
event
it
was
decided
that
merely
a
minimum
amount
of
emergency
helpers
should
enter
the
scene
of
a
terror
attack.
Israel
intends
to
overcome
terrorism
and
its
violent
consequences
by
separating
the
Palestinian
areas
from
Israel
and
does
so,
as
mentioned
in
a
previous
chapter,
by
constructing
the
West
Bank
Barrier.
But
did
the
erection
of
this
fence
actually
improve
the
safety
of
Israel
people?
With
the
help
of
the
following
generated
graphs
(Global
Terrorism
Database
2010)
the
researcher
wants
to
illustrate
that
the
West
Bank
Barrier
did
actually
influence
the
security
situation.
Chart 1: Terrorist Attack Rate in West Bank & Gaza Strip 1996-2002
26
Chart 2: Terrorist Attack Rate in West Bank & Gaza Strip 2002-2008
Chart
1
and
Chart
2
show
the
amount
of
terrorism
incidents
that
took
place
in
the
region
of
West
Bank
and
Gaza
before
the
construction
of
the
West
Bank
Barrier
and
afterwards.
Comparing
the
charts
it
can
be
concluded
that
shortly
before
the
erection
of
the
border
in
2002
the
rate
of
terrorist
attacks
was
on
its
peak
and
only
lately
there
has
been
an
increase
again.
In
the
years
after
the
construction
the
rate
dropped
significantly
and
only
rose
again
after
the
Palestinian
conflicts
between
Hamas
and
Fatah
occurred
in
2006.
It
can
be
concluded
that
the
construction
of
the
fence
served
its
purpose
and
turns
out
to
be
an
effective
method
to
minimize
terrorism
incidents.
It
can
be
concluded
that
terrorism
does
have
a
big
impact
on
Israel
since
local
government
authorities
constantly
try
to
maximize
security
provisions.
Evidently
it
is
not
only
tourists
that
come
to
Israel
who
suffer
from
a
potential
threat
of
terrorism
but
also
Israels
own
inhabitants.
Even
though
the
official
Israel
Tourism
Website
assures
tourists
of
their
definite
safety
in
the
country,
it
can
never
be
guaranteed
that
violent
riots
will
not
occur.
In
the
beginning
of
this
research
paper
the
proposed
hypothesis
was
stated
and
implied
that
tourists
of
Jewish
heritage
who
were
visiting
their
families
in
Israel
would
be
less
deterred
by
terrorist
attacks
than
leisure
tourists
that
come
to
Israel
for
their
pastime.
27
Fielding
and
Shortland
(2008)
also
deploy
the
hypothesis
that
Jewish
tourists
might
be
less
deterred
by
violent
terrorist
attacks
because
of
their
family
bonds
or
their
religious
dedication.
Countries
with
a
high
Jewish
population
therefore
might
display
no
crucial
decline
in
tourism
to
Israel.
They
moreover
assume
that
inhabitants
of
countries
with
a
high
violent
crime
rate
will
not
be
discouraged
by
potential
terror
threats
as
they
are
used
to
living
with
those
risks.
Thus
it
can
be
expected
that
decrease
in
tourism
also
result
from
the
economical
and
social
traits
of
a
tourists
country
of
origin.
Travelers
from
countries
with
a
low
economical
development
will
not
be
as
affected
by
potential
terrorism
threats
as
travelers
from
economically
rich
countries.
To
test
these
hypotheses
Fielding
and
Shortland
(2008)
created
an
equation
and
concluded
that
travelers
that
come
from
countries
with
high
average
incomes
and
low
violence
rates
can
be
connected
with
a
larger
decrease
in
tourist
arrivals
when
violence
occurs.
Therefore
tourists
of
less
developed
countries
are
not
as
sensitive
to
terrorist
attacks
as
tourists
of
countries
with
a
highly
developed
economy.
They
found
out
that
the
rate
of
regression
in
tourism
over
a
period
of
time
is
approximately
40%
lower
if
the
quota
of
Jewish
in
a
population
is
one
percentage
point
higher.
Thus
it
is
possible
that
Jewish
tourists
are
less
sensitive
to
contingent
violence
than
merely
leisure
tourists
that
have
no
family
ties
in
Israel.
Fact
is,
terrorism
and
intercultural
conflicts
do
influence
tourism.
But
even
in
between
two
conflicting
cultures
there
is
a
need
of
exchanging
values
and
experiencing
the
opposite.
There
has
always
been
Jewish
tourism
in
Palestine
and
vice
versa.
Before
the
First
Intifada
broke
loose
many
Jewish
travellers
were
visiting
Palestinian
territories
to
enjoy
their
pastime
and
visit
historical
sites.
How
has
the
intercultural
conflict
then
influenced
the
intercultural
tourism
between
Arabs
and
Israeli?
As
Stein
(2008:
11)
illustrates,
Jews
flocked
to
East
Jerusalems
Old
City
for
its
culinary
offerings,
to
the
Sinai
coast
for
natural
beauty
and
Bedouin
culture,
and
to
markets
and
restaurants
of
Bethlehem
and
Ramallah
for
inexpensive
shopping
on
Friday
afternoons.
These
travels
came
to
an
abrupt
ending
with
the
beginning
of
the
first
Palestinian
uprising.
28
But
after
the
Oslo
Accords
in
1993,
Stein
(2008)
also
observes,
that
there
was
a
change
in
peoples
minds
of
both
Arab
and
Israeli
heritage
due
to
the
fact
that
they
co-existed
for
the
first
time.
Arabs
had
always
been
part
of
the
Israeli
state
but
at
that
point
they
finally
became
a
part
of
the
culture.
The
shift
of
perceptions
led
to
transformations
in
the
tourism
industry
as
many
tourist
agencies
incorporated
Palestinian
culture
and
sights
in
their
proposed
tours
and
even
Jewish
tourists
wanted
to
experience
the
cultural
differences
(Stein
2008).
The
Palestinians
were
suddenly
invited
to
participate
actively
in
the
Israeli
tourist
market
and
show
their
ethnicity.
Whenever
Jewish
Israeli
tourists
came
to
visit
Palestinian
places
or
people,
they
were
looking
for
authentic
Arab
culture
and
certain
Arab
trademarks
were
even
built
into
merchandising
(Stein
2008).
Another
important
shift
was
that
of
the
perception
of
space.
After
the
Oslo
Accords
there
were
less
formal
entry
barriers
and
people
started
to
recognize
the
proximity
of
interesting
places
behind
borders.
Stein
(2008)
reports
that
in
the
year
of
1995
even
the
Israeli
Ministry
of
Tourism
announced
that
Israel
was
welcoming
tourists
of
Arab
and
Muslim
decent,
but
these
statements
were
soon
revised
as
a
spokesperson
of
the
ministry
then
clarified
that
Muslim
tourism
to
Jerusalem
would
not
be
endorsed.
It
seems
that
even
though
both
cultures
do
want
to
share
values
and
are
interested
in
the
respective
other,
intercultural
tourism
is
not
endorsed
by
the
governments.
At
times
of
perceived
political
stability
the
curiosity
for
the
neighbors
increases,
as
Stein
(2008)
mentions.
She
states
a
painful
truth
with
the
example
that
in
times
of
peace
Jewish
tourists
can
enjoy
Arab
places
as
purely
Arab
but
during
political
conflicts
these
places
suddenly
become
Palestinian.
Elaborating
on
the
effects
of
terrorism
in
Israel
it
is
now
of
interest
to
find
out
how
political
unrest
has
influenced
tourist
arrival
numbers
in
Israel.
According
to
the
Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
(2005)
the
tourism
sector
accounted
for
3-4%
of
the
generated
GDP
before
the
outburst
of
the
Second
Intifada
in
Israel.
In
the
following
years
tourism
demand
declined
due
to
riots
and
violent
attacks
but
after
the
political
situation
calmed
down
and
the
frequency
of
terrorist
acts
decreased,
tourism
recovered
too.
29
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
International
Tourism,
2,417
1,196
862
1,063
1,506
1,927
2,219
2,429
2,620
Arrivals
International
Tourism,
3,530
3,561
3,273
3,299
3,614
3,918
4,171
4,392
4,627
Departures
International
Tourism,
2,804
2,945
2,543
2,550
2,796
2,929
3,254
3,530
3,784
Expenditure
(US$
m)
International
Tourism,
4,152
2,564
2,039
2,039
2,383
3,078
3,469
3,832
4,099
Receipts
(US$
m)
Consumer
Expenditure,
Hotels
and
2,035
1,913
2,125
2,247
2,337
2,536
2,781
3,031
3,262
Restaurants
(US$
m)
Diagram 1: Israel Tourism Statistics and Estimates, Travel and Tourism Forecast 2005
As
can
be
concluded
from
the
Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
Diagram
1
the
number
of
visitors
increased
by
27%
in
the
year
2005
compared
to
the
year
of
2004.
Furthermore
it
is
stated
that
in
the
year
of
2000
incoming
tourists
were
mostly
visiting
relatives
in
Israel
and
were
not
as
deterred
by
the
political
violence
as
leisure
tourists
who
were
more
likely
to
cancel
their
bookings
because
of
the
uprisings.
The
Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
of
2005
also
added
that
it
was
domestic
tourism
that
did
not
decrease
drastically
during
these
times
of
unrest
and
therefore
was
an
important
aspect
of
Israel
tourism.
The
hospitality
industry
had
to
offer
major
discounts
in
order
to
attract
tourists
to
come
to
Israel.
30
It
can
additionally
be
derived
from
Diagram
1
that
the
visitor
arrival
numbers
dropped
from
50,2%
in
2001
to
27,9%
in
2002
which
can
be
directly
correlated
to
the
unrests.
But
after
the
Palestinian
ceasefire
in
2003
the
numbers
of
foreign
tourists
rose
to
1,1million,
which
represented
an
increase
of
23,3%
(Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
2005).
As
time
went
by
people
who
were
initially
scared
of
potential
violence
and
riots,
started
to
think
about
visiting
the
country
again
and
then
delayed
trips
were
ultimately
booked.
Within
the
research
it
is
furthermore
stated
that
tourist
overnight
stays
increased
by
45%
in
2004
and
pilgrimage
sites
like
Nazareth
were
showing
increasing
visitor
numbers
too.
Most
international
incoming
tourists
are
of
American
descent,
as
for
instance
it
was
travelers
from
the
United
States
that
accounted
for
25,2%
of
all
international
arrivals
in
2004
(Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
2005).
According
to
the
Israel
Ministry
of
Tourism
44%
of
all
arrivals
in
2004
were
visiting
Israel
in
order
to
meet
relatives
and
friends
and
only
15%
were
coming
to
enjoy
leisure
holidays.
Another
sector
of
tourism
that
was
drastically
affected
by
the
political
instability
beginning
in
2001
was
the
international
conferences
sector,
by
fact
that
the
number
of
international
conferences
held
in
Israel
declined
to
26
in
2002
from
119
in
2000
(Travel
and
Tourism
Forecast
2005:
180).
With
the
example
of
the
previous
statistics
it
can
be
concluded
that
terrorism
definitely
has
consequences
on
tourism
and
the
negative
effects
a
terrorist
attack
entails
can
be
tremendous.
Fleischer
and
Pizam
(2002)
refer
to
the
terrorism
act
from
September
11,
2001
to
illustrate
the
drastic
domino
effects
a
violent
act
can
entail.
Tour
operators,
airlines,
hotel
companies
and
other
destination
operators
notified
drastic
losses
as
many
tourists
cancelled
their
reservations
due
to
the
fear
of
yet
another
attack.
In
the
same
year
the
World
Travel
&
Tourism
Council
(WTTC)
announced
that
annualized
over
the
next
twelve
months,
the
decrease
of
travel
and
tourism
demand
is
currently
expected
to
total
10-20%
in
the
United
States
and
less
in
the
rest
of
the
world,
including
Europe
and
Asia
and
they
furthermore
predicted
a
decrease
of
1.7%
of
total
Gross
Domestic
Product
(GDP)
for
the
world
economy
and
the
loss
of
8.8
million
jobs
(Fleischer
and
Pizam
2002:
373).
Indeed,
tourists
from
all
over
the
world
were
horrified
of
an
airplane
capturing
and
did
not
dare
to
travel
to
other
countries.
Not
only
leisure
travelers
cancelled
their
existing
31
bookings
but
also
business
travelers
rather
stayed
in
their
home
countries
because
of
the
worldwide
panic.
The
September
11
attacks
were
of
drastic
impact
and
the
fact
that
this
act
of
violence
occurred
in
the
United
States,
representing
a
global
power
and
an
allegedly
safe
destination,
showed
people
of
all
cultural
backgrounds
that
there
is
no
absolute
security.
Undoubtedly
this
terror
attack
was
of
such
an
enormous
and
devastating
extent
that
it
had
to
have
a
similar
extent
of
negative
effects.
Does
violence
in
a
country
like
Israel,
where
terrorist
attacks
happen
more
frequently
but
on
a
smaller
scale,
have
the
same
impact
on
tourism
demand?
According
to
Enders
et
al.
(1992
cited
Fleischer
and
Pizam
2002)
the
effects
of
terrorism
on
tourism
demand
can
transpire
up
to
three
months
after
the
actual
attack
and
last
for
six
to
nine
months.
Fleischer
and
Pizam
(2002:
374)
additionally
investigate
that
the
impacts
of
terrorism
also
depend
on
parameters
like
the
severity
of
an
event
and
the
frequency
of
occurrence.
This
implies
that
violent
acts
that
cause
massive
destruction
and
many
victims
stipulate
a
bigger
decline
in
tourism
demand
than
acts
that
cause
contrarily
fewer
losses
of
life.
Moreover
they
point
out
that
the
frequency
of
violent
acts
also
influences
tourists
as
they
will
be
more
deterred
by
criminal
acts
that
happen
in
frequent
intervals
than
in
infrequent
ones.
Fleischer
and
Pizam
(2002)
then
construct
the
hypothesis
that
the
frequency
of
terrorist
acts
have
a
bigger
impact
on
tourism
demand
in
Israel
than
the
severity
of
these
acts.
They
create
a
model
whereby
tourist
arrival
numbers
from
1991
to
2001
are
used
as
the
dependent
variables
and
the
two
coefficients
frequency
of
act
and
severity
of
event
are
compared.
This
period
of
time
depicts
many
acts
of
political
violence
and
therefore
serves
as
a
practical
paradigm.
The
hypothesis
emerges
to
be
true
by
reason
that
during
the
timespan
of
1991
to
2001
it
indeed
was
the
frequency
of
terrorist
acts
that
influenced
tourist
arrivals.
To
this
end
it
can
be
verified
that
tourists
who
come
to
Israel
are
deterred
by
violence
in
the
country
and
even
more
so
if
it
occurs
on
a
frequent
scale.
The
Second
Intifada
with
its
many
violent
and
political
turmoils
as
well
as
the
current
state
of
Israels
politics
does
affect
tourism
demand.
32
5 Destination
Management
and
Crisis
Management
Israel
is
a
country
that
on
the
one
hand
offers
many
ancient
sights,
historical
settings
and
vibrant
modern
cities
that
attract
people
from
various
cultures,
but
on
the
other
hand
it
is
a
state
that
has
suffered
from
political
instability
and
violence
since
its
beginnings.
There
will
always
be
people
coming
to
this
country
because
they
take
great
interest
in
the
religious
or
historical
aspects
of
Israel,
people
who
want
to
meet
their
relatives
and
learn
about
their
own
culture.
This
is
of
course
a
reason
why
Israel
will
always
be
an
attractive
travelers
destination,
as
it
represents
the
home
to
a
travelling
culture,
namely
the
Jewish
one.
As
it
has
been
concluded
that
Jewish
tourists
that
visit
their
families
in
Israel
are
not
as
frightened
by
terrorism
as
leisure
tourists
are,
this
certain
kind
of
traveler
will
come
to
the
country
even
in
times
of
violence.
Even
though
these
tourists
represent
one
of
the
target
groups
Israel
wants
to
attract,
it
still
is
the
leisure
traveler
that
plays
an
important
role
for
Israeli
Tourism.
With
the
goal
of
reaching
5
million
tourists
(Israel
Tourism
Website
2005)
the
country
also
has
to
focus
on
enticing
foreigners
without
family
bonds
to
come
to
Israel.
The
Israel
Tourism
Website
shows
various
ways
how
to
spend
a
holiday
in
Israel,
but
it
mainly
emphasizes
tours.
The
potential
tourist
has
to
choose
between
a
cluster
of
different
itineraries,
be
it
for
instance
the
Food
and
Wine
Itinerary,
the
Ethnic
Communities
in
Israel
Itinerary,
the
Family
Itinerary
and
many
more,
whereby
each
itinerary
component
is
subdivided
into
a
10
Day
Tour,
a
7
Day
Tour
and
a
4
Day
Tour.
The
visitor
then
has
to
decide
which
tour
length
would
be
of
interest
and
finally
is
presented
with
details
and
pictures
of
sights.
Cultural
differences
are
emphasized
on
the
website
even
though
it
is
the
conflict
of
cultures
that
has
always
been
the
ultimate
cause
of
war
in
the
Middle
East.
In
the
end
a
tourism
organization
has
the
responsibility
of
making
a
destination
attractive
to
potential
visitors
and
therefore
the
degree
of
actual
instability
in
a
country
would
never
be
described
elaborately
on
a
tourism
website.
33
As
every
other
place
in
the
world
the
state
of
Israel
evokes
certain
associations
in
peoples
minds
and
whether
these
associations
are
based
on
news
coverage
of
violent
riots,
little
knowledge
of
the
Israeli-Palestinian
conflict
or
merely
memories
of
the
biblical
history,
it
is
these
associations
that
shape
perceptions.
The
image
of
Israel
one
bears
in
mind
is
a
distorted
one
by
fact
that
it
is
only
a
small
percentage
of
people
that
really
know
about
the
history
of
the
country
or
have
actually
been
there.
The
question
arises,
how
does
Israel
then
attract
tourists
and
how
does
the
country
shape
its
image?
As
of
2008
Israel
wanted
to
rebrand
itself
to
target
a
modern
and
younger
group
of
people,
striving
to
create
a
cultured
and
fun
image
of
the
city
Tel
Aviv
(Economist
2008).
Within
this
newspaper
article
it
is
stated
that
people
associate
Israel
with
conflict,
desert
and
religious
extremism.
But
Israeli
destination
management
authorities
intend
to
change
that
picture
and
want
people
to
know
about
the
technical
innovations
that
are
invented
and
developed
in
Israel,
the
flourishing
sceneries
and
the
pulsating
modern
cities
such
as
Tel
Aviv.
Many
Israeli
diplomats
try
to
create
an
Israel
city
brand
that
particularly
incorporates
science,
music
and
archaeology.
The
Israeli
foreign
minister
of
2008,
Tzipi
Livni,
invested
in
a
renewed
marketing
strategy
and
hired
a
British
company
to
design
a
new
brand,
including
slogans
and
logos
(Economist
2008).
Additionally
it
is
stated
that
the
company
engaged
in
researching
the
Israelis
own
perception
of
their
home
country
with
the
outcome
that
most
inhabitants
connected
Israel
with
three
major
themes,
namely
ingenuity,
passion
and
fusion.
Israels
own
citizens
see
the
country
as
a
melting
pot
of
various
cultures
and
branding
marketers
tried
to
embrace
this
thought
in
order
to
depress
the
omnipresent
Israeli-Palestinian
conflict.
Their
strategy
was
it
to
contain
cultural
differences
and
maybe
even
minor
conflicts,
as
one
comes
with
the
other,
but
to
mainly
focus
on
the
advantages
of
a
diverse
society.
34
Merely
advertising
cultural
attractions
will
not
be
sufficient
as
the
destination
has
to
live
by
its
promises.
Tourism
can
also
be
defined
as
freedom,
meaning
economic
and
political
freedom
of
travelling
and
freedom
of
experiencing
foreign
cultures
(Bianchi
2006).
Travelling
is
a
privilege
that
not
everybody
can
afford,
be
it
because
of
financial,
societal
or
political
constraints.
But
in
our
modern
society
tourism
is
also
perceived
as
natural
and
necessary,
people
have
to
experience
other
cultures
in
order
to
be
successful
within
their
careers.
Especially
in
times
of
globalization
it
is
intercultural
connections
that
play
an
important
role
and
leaders
of
tomorrow
have
to
have
an
understanding
for
different
civilizations.
Tourism
is
also
consumerism
as
travelers
see
themselves
as
limitless
and
want
to
observe
but
not
participate.
Tourists
like
to
hear
about
conflicts
and
the
history
of
countries
but
rather
stay
at
home
when
actual
riots
occur
and
history
is
written.
As
long
as
their
own
safety
is
ensured,
they
joyfully
engage
in
other
cultures.
Also,
travelers
from
Western
civilizations
oftentimes
believe
they
can
see
everything
and
travel
everywhere
as
long
as
they
have
enough
money
to
do
so.
Bianchi
(2006:
66)
states
that
the
association
of
freedom
solely
with
the
unencumbered
right
to
consume
(peoples,
places
and
their
cultures),
and
to
use
and
dispose
of
productive
assets
(including
labour),
negates
the
need
to
comprehend
the
positive,
or
rather,
capacity
freedoms
which
are
regulated
by
the
prevailing
distribution
of
resources
and
power
in
any
given
social
context
and
cites
Levine
(1988:22),
Capacity-freedom
presupposes
liberty.
But
liberty
does
not
presuppose
capacity-freedom.
35
Where
does
capacity-freedom
end
and
why
do
travelers
believe
that
they
have
an
absolute
freedom
to
consume?
Bach
(2003
cited
by
Bianchi
2006)
marks
that
it
is
usually
in
times
of
crisis
that
a
country
closes
its
borders
to
stop
people
from
moving
inwards
or
outwards.
Therefore
the
common
believe
of
a
right
to
travel
is
also
constituted
by
governments
because
in
times
of
well-being
each
person
owns
this
right,
whereas
in
times
of
crisis
this
right
can
also
be
withdrawn
from
governmental
authorities.
The
right
of
freedom
therefore
implies
the
right
of
mobility,
mobility
then
becomes
a
human
right.
What
can
definitely
be
concluded
is
that
tourists
do
not
intend
to
attract
terrorism,
just
as
inhabitants
of
tourist
destinations
do
not
want
tourists
to
be
harmed
during
their
stays.
The
Second
Intifada
in
the
Middle
East
did
not
only
have
negative
effects
on
tourism
in
Israel
but
also
in
Palestinian
areas
and
both
cultures
were
equally
affected.
Hotels
closed
down
and
not
only
the
tourism
industry
was
damaged,
but
also
the
local
archaeological
and
cultural
heritage
(Chamberlain
2005
cited
Bianchi
2006).
Even
though
both
cultures
were
at
war
with
each
other
the
inhabitants
did
not
intend
to
harm
foreigners,
let
alone
their
own
heritages.
People
who
live
in
countries
where
political
violence
is
a
continuous
threat
do
not
encourage
harmful
violent
attacks
on
visitors
especially
because
they
are
the
ones
who
are
exposed
to
it
constantly.
36
6 Conclusion
Israel
is
a
country
that
had
to
face
many
intercultural
conflicts
and
since
its
earliest
days
the
state
was
a
focal
point
for
wars
and
violent
outbursts.
Not
only
Palestinians
and
Israeli
fought
with
each
other
in
cold
blood
but
all
of
Middle
East
represents
an
area
that
has
a
rich
history
of
intercultural
conflicts.
Not
only
is
Israel
a
melting
pot
of
religions,
representing
the
Holy
Land
for
the
three
monotheistic
religions
Judaism,
Christianity
and
Islam,
but
it
is
also
constantly
in
the
eyes
of
the
media.
Newspapers
and
television
news
coverage
oftentimes
portray
the
country
as
a
divided
nation
that
is
permanently
in
a
state
of
emergency.
Outsiders
associate
Israel
with
religious
extremism,
political
instability
and
fatal
uprisings.
Israel
indeed
is
a
country
where
cultures
clash
and
based
on
a
long
violent
history
with
their
Palestinian
neighbours,
this
conflict
will
not
be
resolved
within
the
next
few
years.
However,
the
independent
state
of
Israel
is
also
a
place
where
many
technological
innovations
are
developed,
rich
biblical
history
can
be
explored,
vibrant
young
cities
can
be
experienced
and
beautiful
scenery
can
be
viewed.
Israel
is
also
a
country
of
a
travelling
culture
and
of
many
immigrants.
Because
every
Jew
in
the
world
has
the
right
to
obtain
Israeli
citizenship,
Israel
will
grow
further
and
further.
This
Middle
Eastern
state
tries
to
create
a
new
picture
of
itself
in
the
minds
of
foreigners,
namely
one
that
leaves
bloody
conflicts
and
terrorism
behind.
But
as
a
matter
of
fact,
there
still
is
terrorism
in
Israel
and
cultural
conflicts
exist
up
to
this
day.
Fundamentalist
terrorists
do
not
see
innocent
citizens
as
victims
of
terror
attacks,
but
rather
believe
that
they
die
a
martyrs
death.
And
as
long
as
people
37
follow
religions
that
endorse
innocent
deaths,
terrorism
will
be
a
part
of
intercultural
wars.
The
Israeli
government
is
keen
on
ensuring
the
safety
of
Israeli
inhabitants
as
well
as
the
safety
of
visitors
from
foreign
countries.
Tight
security
systems
have
been
implemented
and
the
authorities
place
a
great
emphasis
on
profiling
techniques,
whereby
thorough
observation
is
performed.
The
country
has
always
had
strict
counterterrorism
measures
and
over
the
years
authorities
also
improved
these
security
provisions.
The
Israel
tourism
sector
has
suffered
immensely
from
the
Second
Intifada
beginning
in
the
year
of
2000.
Even
though
the
years
following
have
showed
increased
numbers
in
tourist
arrivals,
the
overall
decline
is
still
tremendous.
The
environment
of
perpetual
insecurity
and
the
exaggerated
climate
of
fear
has
had
the
worst
effects
on
the
Israel
tourism
sector.
However,
Israel
is
on
its
way
of
recovery
and
busy
improving
the
negative
perceptions
foreigners
have.
Rebranding
the
country
plays
an
important
role
in
the
marketing
strategy
of
the
Israel
Ministry
of
Tourism.
The
hypothesis
that
has
been
stated
at
the
beginning
of
this
research
paper,
implying
that
tourists
of
Jewish
descent
would
be
less
deterred
by
violent
acts
in
Israel,
turns
out
to
be
true.
Mere
leisure
tourists
who
do
not
come
to
Israel
to
visit
their
family
and
friends
will
rather
cancel
their
travel
plans
when
terrorist
attacks
occur.
Israeli
and
Palestinians
are
involved
in
a
century
long
conflict,
but
the
people
living
in
Israel
and
its
surrounding
areas
are
not
keen
on
fighting
or
engaging
in
wars.
Furthermore
they
do
not
want
tourists
to
be
harmed.
As
the
International
Institute
for
Peace
through
Tourism
(IIPT)
formulates:
Tourism
is
a
force
for
peace
and
intercultural
understanding
(Bianchi
2006:
68).
By
showing
tourists
the
mixture
of
cultures
in
Israel,
the
cultures
themselves
can
learn
from
each
other
and
try
to
accept
each
other.
38
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