A5 The diagram shows the stages in water purification.

aluminium sulphate calcium hydroxide

air blown added added
in

impure mixing sedimentation mixer and mixing

water tank tank filter tank

chlorine
added
Purified water
(i) What is the approximate percentage of oxygen in the air?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Describe a test for iron(III) ions.

test ............................................................................................................................

. result ......................................................................................................................

[2]

(b) Aluminium sulphate is added to clump tiny particles of clay together to form larger
particles of solid.

(i) Suggest how the solids are separated from the water.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Aluminium sulphate contains Al 3+ ions and SO42 ions.

Deduce the formula of aluminium sulphate.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Why are the following added during the water purification process?

(i) carbon

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) chlorine

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Calcium hydroxide is added to neutralise the acidic solution formed after chlorine has been
added. This solution contains hydrochloric acid.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction of calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................[1]
 (c) Why are the following added during the water purification process?

(i) carbon

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) chlorine

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Calcium hydroxide is added to neutralise the acidic solution formed after chlorine has been added.
This solution contains hydrochloric acid.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction of calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Write the ionic equation for this reaction.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

2 Two of the stages in water purification are filtration and chlorination.

The diagram below shows a filter tank.

impure water in

stones

sand

water out

(a) Explain how this filter helps purify the water.

[2]

(b) (i) Why is chlorine added during water purification?

(
i
(ii) After chlorination, the i
water is acidic. A small i
amount of slaked lime is )
added to the acidic water.
Explain why slaked lime is W
added. h
a
t
 is the chemical name for slaked

lime?

(iv) State one other use of slaked lime.

[4]

(c) (i) State the boiling point of pure water.

(ii) Describe a chemical test for water.

test [1]

result [1]

(iii) State one use of water in the home.

[1]

(d) The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in the three different states of water.

A B C

Which of these diagrams, A, B or C, shows water in a solid state?

[1]

(e) Steam reacts with ethene in the presence of a catalyst. Complete the word equation
for this reaction.

ethene + steam [1]

(f) Potassium reacts violently with water. Complete the word equation for this

reaction. potassium + water +

[2]
1 The diagrams show four methods of purifying substances.

ethanol
vapour

filter paper

ethanol
heat

A B

C D

(a) Which of these methods, A,B,C or D, is best used for

(i) separating the different colours in a sample of ink?

(ii) separating two liquids with different boiling points?

(iii) separating mud from water?

(iv) making crystals of copper sulphate from copper sulphate solution?

[4]
(b) State the name given to the method of separation shown in

(i) diagram A, .................................................................................................................

(ii) diagram B. .................................................................................................................

[2]

(c) Method A can be modified to separate petroleum into useful fractions.

The diagram below shows the different fractions obtained from a fractionating column.

fractions
fuel gas

petrol

paraffin

light gas oil

diesel

lubricating fraction

crude oil

bitumen

(i) Which of these fractions has the lowest boiling point?

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) State one use for each of the following fractions.

paraffin ......................................................................................................................

bitumen .....................................................................................................................
[3]

(d) Petroleum is a mixture of organic compounds.

Which one of the following best describes the compounds found in petroleum?
Put a ring around the correct answer.

acids alcohols carbohydrates hydrocarbons

[1]
(e) Before petroleum is fractionated, it is often heated to remove dissolved natural gas.
Most of this natural gas is methane, CH4.
Draw a diagram to show how the electrons are arranged in methane.

show hydrogen electrons as

show carbon electrons as
 [2]

(f) Methane, ethane and propane belong to a particular homologous series of

compounds.
State the name of the homologous series to which these three
compounds belong.
.......................................................................................................................................... [1]

1 Look at the diagrams of common laboratory apparatus.

C
 D

(a) Complete the empty boxes to identify the pieces of apparatus labelled. [4]

(b) What name is given to the separation method in C?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Which apparatus would be most suitable to obtain crystals from an aqueous solution of
copper(II) sulphate?

......................................................................................................................................[1]

4 A mixture of two solid compounds D and E was analysed. Solid D was a zinc salt which is soluble
in water. Solid E was an insoluble metal carbonate. The tests on the mixture and some of the
observations are in the following table.
Complete the observations in the table.

tests observations

(a) About half of the mixture of D and E

was placed in a test-tube. The
mixture was heated green to black
condensation formed

(b) The rest of the mixture of D and E

was added to distilled water in a
boiling tube. The contents of the
tube were filtered. The filtrate and
the residue were kept for the
following tests.

test on residue

(c) The residue was transferred from the

filter paper in to a test-tube. About
3 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid was
added. The gas was tested with
limewater. ........................................................................

........................................................................

....................................................................[2]
The solution obtained in (c) was divided
into two equal portions.

(d) (i) To the first portion was added

excess aqueous sodium
hydroxide, a little at a time. pale blue precipitate

(ii) To the second portion was

added excess aqueous
ammonia, a little at a time. ........................................................................

........................................................................

....................................................................[4]

tests observations

test on filtrate

(e) The filtrate from (b) was divided

into three approximately equal
portions.

(i) To the first portion were added

drops of aqueous sodium
hydroxide, a little at a time with
shaking. ........................................................................

....................................................................[2]

Excess aqueous sodium

hydroxide was added. ....................................................................[1]

(ii) To the second portion was

added excess aqueous ........................................................................
ammonia a little at a time.
........................................................................

....................................................................[3]

(iii) To the third portion were added

drops of dilute hydrochloric acid
and aqueous barium chloride. white precipitate

(f) What conclusions can you draw about the identity of solid D?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

(g) What conclusions can you draw about the identity of the cation in solid E?

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]
1 An experiment was carried out to find the pH of samples of soil from a farmers field.

water
soil

sample

universal
B
indicator

filtrate

(a) Identify the pieces of apparatus labelled

A,

B,

C. [3]

(b) Why was the soil crushed?

[2]

(c) Why should soil samples be taken from different parts of the field?
 (d) Suggest why it is important to know the pH of soil. [1]

[1]

2 A sample of orange fruit jam was investigated to check the three colourings present.

Step 1 The jam was boiled with water.

Step 2 The mixture was filtered.

Step 3 The filtrate was concentrated.

Step 4 The concentrate was analysed by chromatography.

(a) What was the purpose of Step 1?

[1]

(b) Why was the mixture filtered?

[1]

(c) How was Step 3 carried out?

[1]

(d) Draw a diagram to show the possible paper chromatogram obtained in Step 4.

[2]

5 A mixture of two compounds, B and C, was tested.

Compound B was a water-soluble zinc salt and compound C was insoluble.
The tests and some of the observations are in the following table.
Complete the observations in the table.

tests observations
(a) One measure of the mixture was condensation at the top of the tube
heated gently then strongly.

The gas released was tested paper turned pink

with cobalt chloride paper.

The rest of the mixture was added to

3
about 25 cm of distilled water in a
boiling tube. The contents of the
tube were shaken and filtered.
The following tests were carried out.

Tests on the filtrate

3
The solution was divided into 2 cm portions in four test-tubes.

(b) (i) Drops of aqueous sodium

hydroxide were added to
the first portion of the
solution.

Excess aqueous sodium

hydroxide was added.

[3]
(ii) Using the second portion
test (b)(i) was repeated
using aqueous ammonia
instead of aqueous sodium
hydroxide.

[3]
(iii) To the third portion of
tests
solution was added observations
(iv) To the fourth acid
hydrochloric andof
portion
barium nitrate solution.
solution was added nitric
acid and silver nitrate
solution. no visible reaction
Tests on the residue

(c) Some of the residue was placed

into a test-tube. Dilute
hydrochloric acid was added
and the gas given off was tested
with limewater. rapid effervescence

limewater turned milky

(d) What does test (a) indicate?

[1]

(e) What conclusions can you draw about compound B?

.. [2]
(f) What does test (c) indicate?

. [2]
1 A mixture of ethanol and water can be separated by fractional distillation. The apparatus below can be
used to carry out such a separation in the laboratory.

heat

(a) Name each piece of apparatus.

C [3]

(b) What is the purpose of D?

[1]

(c) How could the purity of the ethanol collected be checked?

[1]

[Total: 5]

3 Chromatography can be used to identify amino acids from a sample of protein.

The diagram shows the chromatogram obtained when four samples of amino acids were
analysed. The paper was sprayed with ninhydrin.
 solvent front

chromatography
paper

origin

1 2 3 4 level of solvent

original positions of
samples of amino acids

(a) Why is the origin line drawn in pencil?

[1]

(b) Which amino acids could possibly be the same?

[1]

(c) Which amino acid sample contains more than one amino acid? Explain your answer.

sample

explanation

[2]

(d) Suggest why it is necessary to spray the chromatogram with ninhydrin.

[1]

[Total: 5]

5 A sample of solid C was analysed. C is a mixture of two salts, D and E. Solid D is insoluble lead
carbonate and solid E is water-soluble.
The tests on C, and some of the observations are in the following table.
Complete the observations in the table.

tests observations
 (a) Describe the appearance of C. pale green solid

(b) Using a spatula, place a little of C

in a hard glass test-tube. Inside
the top of the tube suspend a
piece of damp indicator paper.
Heat C gently until gas comes
out of the tube. paper turns blue

pH 8 to 11

(c) Using a spatula, place a little of C

in a test-tube. Add about
3
2 cm of dilute nitric acid and test
the gas.

[3]

Solid C was added to a boiling tube containing distilled water. The tube was
shaken to mix the contents. The contents of the boiling tube were filtered.

tests on the residue in the filter paper observations

(d) Place the funnel in a test-tube.

Pour dilute nitric acid onto the
residue contained in the funnel.
3
Add 2 cm of potassium iodide to
the solution collected in the tube.
[2]
 tests on the filtrate observations

(e) Divide the filtrate into three test-

tubes.

(i) To the first portion add

dilute hydrochloric acid
3
and about 1 cm of
aqueous barium
nitrate. white precipitate

(ii) To the second portion of

solution add excess aqueous
ammonia. green precipitate

(iii) To the third portion of

solution, add an equal
volume of aqueous
sodium hydroxide. green precipitate
Warm the mixture paper turned blue
gently. Test the gas
with indicator paper. pH 8 to 11

(f) Name the gas given off in (c).

[1]

(g) Name the gas given off in (e)(iii).

[1]
(h) What conclusions can you draw about salt E?

[4]

[ Total 11]
1 A solution of copper sulphate was made by reacting excess copper oxide with dilute sulphuric
acid. The diagram shows the method used.

50 cm3 of dilute copper oxide was

sulphuric acid was added until all the
measured into sulphuric acid had
a beaker reacted

the mixture
DILUTE
SULPHURIC was filtered
ACID
warm

(a) Complete the empty boxes to name the pieces of apparatus. [3]

(b) What does the term excess mean?

[1]

(c) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the mixture was filtered.

[2]

[Total: 6]

3 Sulphur dioxide gas is denser than air and soluble in water. A sample of sulphur dioxide can be prepared
by adding dilute hydrochloric acid to sodium sulphite and warming the mixture. Study the diagram of the
apparatus used.

water

(a) Fill in the boxes to show the chemicals used. [2]

(b) Show by using an arrow, on the diagram, where heat is applied. [1]

(c) Identify and explain two mistakes in the diagram.

Mistake 1

Mistake 2

[2]

[Total: 5]
1 The diagrams show three sets of apparatus, F, G and H, used to separate three different mixtures.
 F G

(a) Complete the boxes to name the apparatus used. [3]

(b) (i) Which apparatus is used to obtain crystals of a salt from a solution of the salt?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Which apparatus is used to separate a mixture of coloured dyes?

..............................................................................................................................

[1]

[Total:

5]
1 The apparatus below was used to separate ethanol from water.
(a) Complete the empty boxes to name the pieces of apparatus. [3]

(b) Indicate by an arrow where heat is applied. [1]

(c) Name this separation process.

......................................................................................................................................[2]
4 The Carlsbad caverns in New Mexico are very large underground caves. Although the walls of these
caves are coated with gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate), the caves have been formed in limestone.

(a) It is believed that the caves were formed by sulphuric acid reacting with the limestone.

(i) Complete the word equation.

calcium + sulphuric calcium + +

carbonate acid sulphate
[1]

(ii) Describe how you could test the water entering the cave to show that it
contained sulphate ions.

test

result [2]

(iii) How could you show that the water entering the cave has a high
concentration of hydrogen ions?

[1]

(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas which was escaping from nearby petroleum deposits was
being oxidised to sulphuric acid.

(i) Complete the equation for this reaction forming sulphuric acid.

H2S + O2 [2]

(ii) Explain why all the hydrogen sulphide should be removed from the
petroleum before it is used as a fuel.

[1]

(iii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the
covalent compound hydrogen sulphide.
Use o to represent an electron from a sulphur atom. Use x to
represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.

2SO
2SO

[2]

(c) Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process. Sulphur dioxide is oxidised to
sulphur trioxide by oxygen.
 (i) Name the catalyst used in this reaction.

[1]

(ii) What temperature is used for this reaction?

[1]

(iii) Describe how sulphur trioxide is changed into sulphuric acid.

[2]

(d) Gypsum is hydrated calcium sulphate, CaSO4.xH2O. It contains 20.9% water by mass.
Calculate x.

Mr: CaSO4, 136; H2O, 18.

79.1 g of CaSO4 = moles

20.9 g of H2O = moles

x= [3]

3 There are three methods of preparing salts.

reag
Method A use a burette and an indicator.
nt
Method B mix two solutions and obtain the salt by precipitation.
equ
Method C add an excess of base or a metal to a dilute acid and remove the excess by ion
filtration. +

For each of the following salt preparations, choose one of the methods A, B or C, name any KCl
additional reagent needed and then write or complete the equation. H2O
[3]
(i) the soluble salt, zinc sulphate, from the insoluble base, zinc oxide
(
i
method i
i
reagent )

word equation [3] t

h
(ii) the soluble salt, potassium chloride, from the soluble base, potassium hydroxide e

i
method n
s
 oluble salt, lead(II) iodide, from the soluble salt, lead(II) nitrate

method

reagent
2+
equation Pb + [4]

[Total: 10]

1 A list of techniques used to separate mixtures is given below.

fractional simple crystallization filtration diffusion
distillation distillation

From the list choose the most suitable technique to separate the following.

water from aqueous copper(II) sulphate

helium from a mixture of helium and argon

copper(II) sulphate from aqueous copper(II)

sulphate ethanol from aqueous ethanol

barium sulphate from a mixture of water and barium sulphate [5]

[Total: 5]

IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Separation & analysis, Calculations)

3 Water is an important raw material in industry.

(a) State one use of water in industry.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Describe a chemical test for water.

test ....................................................................................................................................

result ........................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) A small piece of potassium was placed in a beaker of water.

The equation for the reaction is

2K(s) + 2H 2O(l) 2KOH(aq) + H 2(g)

(i) Describe a test for the gas given off in this reaction.

test .............................................................................................................................

result .................................................................................................................... [2]

 (ii) What is the most likely pH of the solution in the beaker when the reaction is
complete?
Put a ring around the correct answer.

pH2 pH6 pH7 pH8 pH12

[1]

(d) Water is formed when propane burns.

(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.

C3H8 + 5O2 ...............CO 2 + ............... H 2O

[2]

(ii) Which of the following best describes this reaction?

Put a ring around the correct answer.

carbonisation combustion dehydration hydrogenation

[1]

(iii) When 4.4 g of propane are burnt in excess oxygen, 7.2 g of water are formed.
Calculate the mass of water formed when 22 g of propane are burnt.

[1]

[Total: 10]
6. Complete the table to identify the missing reactant needed to make each gas in the laboratory.
Give a test that is commonly used to identify the gas.
 Gas Reactant A Reactant B Test

ammonium
ammonia
chloride

sulphur dilute
dioxide hydrochloric acid

concentrated
chlorine
hydrochloric acid

Total 6 marks
Q6

5 A precipitate may be formed when two aqueous solutions are mixed. The colour of
these precipitates may be used to identify particular aqueous ions.

(a) Complete the following table.

solution to be added to
ion under test test for the ion colour of precipitate

iron(II)

iodide

chloride

sulphate

[8]

(b) When a solution of iron(III) chloride is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide, a

precipitate of iron(III) hydroxide is formed and sodium chloride remains in solution.

14. Rock salt is a very important raw material.

It is purified and dissolved in water to make sodium chloride solution (brine).

(a) Sodium chloride solution can be made into three useful substances.
 These are chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.

What is the name of the process used to change sodium chloride solution into these

useful substances.

Choose a process from the list.

distillation electrolysis filtration precipitation

. ........................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide have many uses.

Draw a straight line from each substance to the correct use. [2]

substance use

chlorine to make soap

hydrogen to make margarine

sodium hydroxide to make household bleach

[Total: 3]

15. Sam investigates the hardness of different water samples.

He uses distilled water and two other samples labelled A and B.

3
He adds soap solution to 100 cm of each sample until a lasting lather is formed.
 3
Sam boils fresh 100 cm samples of distilled water, sample A and sample B.

He repeats the test with soap solution on the boiled samples.

Look at the table. It shows his results.

volume of soap solution needed to give a lather using

sample
3 3
unboiled water in cm using boiled water in cm
distilled
1.0 1.0
water
A 9.5 1.0

B 13.0 7.0

(a) Sample A contains only temporary hardness.

How can you tell from the results?

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ........................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) Sample B contains equal amounts of temporary and permanent hardness.

How can you tell from the information in the table of results?

. ............................................................................................................................................

. ........................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 2]
 sodium chloride solution

iron(III) hydroxide

Explain how you would obtain a pure dry sample of sodium chloride from this mixture. You
may use diagrams to help with your explanation.

[3]

(c) Sodium chloride and iron(III) hydroxide are both compounds.

Explain the meaning of the term compound.

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Molten sodium chloride can be electrolysed using graphite electrodes.

Predict the products of this electrolysis

(i) at the anode ..............................................................................................................

(ii) at the cathode .......................................................................................................... [2]

1. Here is a list of eight common separating techniques.
A dissolving, filtering, evaporating
B simple distillation
C fractional distillation
D chromatography
E crystallization
F sublimation
G using a separating funnel
H centrifuging

From A to H, select a suitable separating technique which could be used to separate

the following mixtures of chemicals. Use each technique only once.
i. Mixture of amino acids

ii. Olive oil and vinegar

iii. Sugar from sugar solution

iv. Salt from sand

v. Pure water from ink

vi. Iodine and sodium iodide

vii. Red blood cells from blood plasma

.
viii. Petrol and kerosene

14.A few drops of the indicator screened methyl orange was placed at the centre of
a piece of filter paper. Drops of water were added to the centre of the filter paper.
Drops of water centre of the were added to the centre of the filter paper. The two
constituent dyes of the
Indicators were separated as shown in the diagram.

a) What is this separation technique called?

b) What was the original colour of the screened methyl orange?
c) The diagram below shows two other methods of the separating the
constituent dyes in screened methyl orange.

i. On each of these diagrams, put marks to show where you would expect the
separated blue and yellow dyes to appear.
ii. In which of these two methods would the water travel fastest? Give a reason
for your answer.
iii. At the beginning of the experiment, why must the spot of indicator be above
(ascending method) or below (descending method) the water level?

15.The table below gives some information about the properties of three chemicals.
Chemical Effect of heat Cold water Hot water
Potassium nitrate No effect Soluble Very soluble
Barium sulphate No effect Insoluble Insoluble
naphthalene No effect insoluble Insoluble
Using this information, how you obtain pure, dry samples of each chemical, if you
started with a mixture of all three?
16. The table below gives some information about what happens to some items in
household refuse after they are crushed up.
Refuse Addition of water
Copper objects Sink quickly
Glass object Sink slowly
Plastics Sink slowly
Iron objects Float on water
Paper and cardboard Sink quickly
Sink if thoroughly wetted
a) How could glass be distinguished from the metal refuse?
b) How would you separate iron metal form refuse?
c) How would you separate plastic material from the refuse?
d) Which types of refuse can be recycled?