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General trends:
Exception: The atomic radius of Ga is less than that of Al. This is because of poor shielding of
d-electrons in Ga.
4. Electronegativity: Decreases from B to Al and then increases on moving down the group
Physical properties
(a) Boron is a non-metal and is an extremely hard and has high melting point due to a very strong
crystalline lattice.
(b) Ga has low melting point (303 K). Therefore, it can exist in liquid state during summer.
Chemical properties
(iii) Reactivity towards acids and alkalies: Boron does not react with acids and alkalis and
aluminium shows amphoteric character.
(i) Tri-chlorides, bromides, and iodides of group 13 elements being covalent in nature are
hydrolysed in water.
(ii) The maximum covalence of B is 4. This is due to the absence of d-orbitals. On the other hand,
for aluminium and other elements, the maximum covalence can be expected beyond 4.
Mixture of sodium metaborate and boric anhydride is called Borax bead and it is used in flame test
(ii) Orthoboric acid (H3BO 3): It is a white crystalline solid with soapy touch. An aqueous solution
of orthoboric acid is used as mild antiseptic.
It contains two bridging hydrogen atoms between two boron atoms. The bridging bonds are
three-centre, two-electron bonds.
Covalent radius: Increases from C to Si, but small increase from Si to Pb (due to presence of
completely filled d- and f-orbitals)
Physical properties:
(ii) Melting and boiling points of these elements are higher than those of group 13 elements.
Chemical properties
(i) Reactivity towards oxygen: Two types of oxides monoxide (MO) and dioxide (MO 2 )
(ii) Reactivity towards water: C, Si, Ge, Pb do not react with water.
Catenation: The tendency to link with one another through covalent bonds to form chains and
rings; this property is called catenation. The order of catenation is C >> Si > Ge Sn. Pb does not
undergo catenation
Allotropes of carbon:
Diamond:
1. sp3 hybridisation
3. Used for sharpening tools, ornaments, making dyes, manufacturing tungsten filament, etc.
Graphite:
1. sp2 hybridisation
3. layered structure
4. conductor of electricity so it is used for making the electrodes present in batteries and in
industrial electrolysis.
Fullerenes:
1. Cage-like molecules
3. 20 six-membered rings
4. 12 five-membered rings
5. sp2 hybridisation
Other Forms of Carbon
Coke is used as
1. fuel.
(i) Carbon monoxide (CO): It is a colourless, odourless, and almost water insoluble gas. CO is a
powerful reducing agent.
(iii) Colourless and odourless gas and has low solubility in water. With water, it forms carbonic
acid (H2 CO 3 ).
(v) sp hybridisation
Silicones
Zeolites
(ii) Widely used as a catalyst in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and
isomerisation.