PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

BY
PANKAJ KUMAR
B.TECH III (CIVIL)
U07CE065
Cement concrete
Cement concrete is a product obtained
artificially by hardening of the mixture of
cement, sand , gravel and water in
predetermined proportions.
The chemical reaction between cement
and water in mix is slow and requires
favourable temperature and time for its
completion.This time is known as setting
time.
 Setting time has 3 phases-
a)Initial set-requires 30-60mins for
completion
b)Final set-may vary from 5-6 hours after
mixing.
c)Progressive hardening and increase in
strength-takes about one month time.
CLASSIFICATION AND COMPOSITION OF
CEMENT

CLASSIFICATION
Cement may be classified into 5 groups
1)Portland cement
2)High alumina cement
3)Super sulphate cement
4)Natural cements
5)Special cements
Subdivisions
1)Portland cements:
a)Ordinary portland cement
b)Rapid hardening cement
c)Extra rapid hardening cement
d)Low heat portland cement
e)Portland blast furnace slag cement
f)Portland pozzulana cement
g)Sulphate resisting portland cement
h)White portland cement
e)Coloured portland cement
 2)High alumina cement

3)Super sulphate cement

4)Natural cements

5)Special cements
a)Masonry cement
b)Trief cement
c)Expansive cement
d)Oil well cement
COMPOSITION OF PORTLAND CEMENT

The principal raw

materials used in the
manufacture of Portland
cement are :

a)Argillaceous(silicates
of alumina).
Eg. clay and shales.

b)Calcareous(calcium
carbonate).
Eg. limetone,chalk,marl.
CONSTITUENTS OF PORTLAND CEMENT

Lime (CaO) 60-67%

Silica(SiO2) 17-25%
Alumina(Al2O3) 3-8%
Iron oxide(Fe2O3) 0.5-6%
Magnesia(MgO) 0.1-4%
Sulphur trioxide(SO3) 1-3%
Soda and /or potash 0.5-1.3%
(Na2O + K2O)

The above constituents forming the raw materials undergo

chemical reactions during burning and fusion and form
Bogue compounds
 Compound abbreviated designation
Tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2) C 3S
Dicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2) C 2S
Tricalcium aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3) C3A
Tetracalcium alumino-ferrite(4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3) C4AF

1. Tricalcium silicate hydrates quickly and contributes more to

early strength.
2. Contribution of dicalcium silicate takes place after 7 days
and may continue for 1 year.
3. Tricalcium aluminate hydrates quickly, generates much
heat and makes only a small contribution of strength within
first 24 hrs.
4. Tricalcium alumino ferrite is comparatively inactive.
 Note.
Tetracalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate
contribute most to the eventual strength.
Aluminate generate the max. heat and
dicalcium silicate generates the minimum.
Cement having less C3A will have higher
ultimate strength , less generation of heat
and less cracking.
 ORDINARY PORTLAND
CEMENT (IS: 269)
Manufactured in larger
quantities than other
types of cements.
Suited for use in
general concrete
construction where
there is no exposure
to sulphates in soil or
ground water.
 RAPID HARDENING PORTLAND
CEMENT(high early strength cement)
(IS:269)
It possesses more C3S and less C2S than
the ordinary Portland cement which
contribute to a high early strength.
Shuttering maybe removed earlier
saving time and expanses.

USES
In concrete industry moulds can be
removed quicker.
Provides minimum delay in road work.
 EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMENT
It is obtained by intergrinding calcium
chloride with rapid hardening Portland
cement.
CaCl2 imparts quick setting properties.
This cement should be compacted within
20 minutes of mixing.
 LOW HEAT PORTLAND CEMENT
(IS :269)

In this type of cement the heat

generated is low because it has a
low percentage of C3A and
relatively more C2S and less C3S
than ordinary Portland cement.

Used in massive constructions like

abutments, retaining walls, dams
etc. (where the rate at which heat
can be lost at the surface is lower
than at which heat can be
generated).
PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE
SLAG CEMENT(IS:455)
This cement is made by
intergrinding Portland cement
clinker and blast furnace slag.
25%>slag>65% by weight.
It has a less heat of hydration than
ordinary Portland cement.
It can be used for all purposes for
which ordinary cement is used as
well as massive concrete
structures like dams, retaining
walls, foundations & bridge
abutments.
PORTLAND POZZOLANA
CEMENT(IS :1489)
It is manufactured either
by intergrinding Portland
cement clinker and
pozzolana or by
intimately and uniformly
blending Portland cement
and fine pozzolana.
It has a higher resistance
to chemical agencies and
to attack by sea water
because of absence of
free lime.
 SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT
In this the quantity of tricalcium aluminate
is strictly limited.
Does not allow sulphates to form
sulphoaluminates which have expansive
properties and hence cause disintegration.
WHITE AND COLOURED PORTLAND
CEMENTS

Grey colour of cement is

due to iron oxide.
To achieve white colour
raw materials like chalk
and limestone (having
low percentage of iron)
and white clay is used.
Coloured cements are
obtained by adding
strong pigments, upto
10% to the ordinary or
white cement during the
grinding of clinker.
Wall made of coloured cement blocks
 HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT(ALUMINOUS CEMENT FOUNDU)
(IS :6452)
Raw materials used are chalk and bauxite.
Has dark colour , high early strength, high heat of hydration and
resistance to chemical attack.
Produces far greater strength in considerably less time than even rapid
hardening cement.

SUPER SULPHATED CEMENT

(IS:6909)
It is made from well granulated blast furnace slag (80-85%), calcium
sulphate (10-15%) and Portland cement(1-2%)
Its low heat of hydration makes it suitable for construction of dams and
mass concreting work.
Has comparatively high resistance to chemical attack.
 NATURAL CEMENTS
Manufactured from naturally occurring
cement rocks.
Compositions similar to Portland cement.
SPECIAL CEMENTS
MASONRY CEMENT
Masonry cements are composed of Portland
cement clinker, limestone, gypsum and air-
entraining agent.
The plasticity and workability of masonry
cements are imparted by limestone and air
entraining agents.
The ease of working masonry cements and their
water retentive properties help to increase their
adhesion to bricks or other buildings.
Their shrinkage is fairly low.
 TRIEF CEMENT
It is the same as blast furnace cement except that slag is ground wet and

separately from cement to make it fine.

It has smaller shrinkage and a smaller heat of evolution while setting than

ordinary Portland cement.

EXPANSIVE CEMENT
It expands while hardening.

Uses
To avoid shrinkage of concrete by mixing normal cements with expansive

cement.
In repair work where opened up joints can be filled to with this cement to

obtain a tight joint after expansion.

They have been used in France for underpinning and for repair of bomb

damaged arch bridges.

 OIL WELL CEMENT
In drilling oil wells, cement is
used to fill up the space
between steel lining tube and
the walls of the well, to grout
up the porous strata and to
prevent water or gas from
gaining access to oil bearing
strata.
The cement may be exposed
to very high temperature and
pressure.
Cement must be capable of
being pumped for about 3hrs
and must also harden quickly
after setting.
 These properties can be achieved by
a)adjusting the composition of Portland cement-
proportion of Fe2O3 is adjusted so that it is above
that required to combine with all the Al2O3 to
form tetracalcium alumino ferrite. The proportion
of tricalcium aluminate is very small and setting
time is accordingly increased.
b)by adding retarders.
 AGGREGATES
Aggregate is a general term applied to those
inert or chemically inactive materials which
when bonded together by cement to form
concrete.

CLASSIFICATION
They may be divided into two groups
a)coarse aggregates-aggregates more than

4.75mm.
b)fine aggregates- aggregates less than

4.75mm.

GRADING OF AGGREGATES
Gradation of aggregates is almost as important

as its quality is . The grading of aggregates has a

marked effect on its workability , uniformity, and
finishing qualities of concrete.

WATER
Water acts as lubricant for fine and course
aggregates and acts chemically with the cement
to form the binding paste for the aggregate and
reinforcement.

Water is also used for curing.

Water used for curing must be free from injurious

amount of deleterious materials(acid , alkali ,
salt).
Portable waters are considered the best for curing . The following
concentrations represent the maximum permissible values:
To neutralize 200ml sample, it should not require more than2ml of 0.1

Normal NaOH.
To neutralize 200ml sample it should not require more than 10ml of 0.1

Normal HCl.

Percentage of solids should not exceed the following:

Percent
Organic 0.02

Inorganic 0.30

Sulphates 0.35

Alkali chlorides 0.10

 Carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium and potassium

Sodium carbonate may cause very rapid setting while

carbonates may either accelerate or retard the setting. They

may also reduce the strength of concrete if present in large
concentrations.

Chlorides and sulphates

Water is harmless if sulphates do not exceed 3000 ppm or

chlorides do not exceed 10,000 ppm.

Calcium chloride
They accelerate both setting and hardening . The tolerable

limit is 2% by weight in non prestressed concrete.

 Other inorganic salts
Salts of manganese , tin , zinc , copper and lead(nitrate)

influence the reduction in strength of concrete.

Action of lead nitrate is completely destructive.

Sodium sulphide has detrimental effect and conc. Of even

100ppm is undesirable.
Salts of sodium ie. Sodium iodate , sodium phosphate,

sodium arsenate and sodium borate reduce the strength to

a very large extent.

Turbidity
the turbidity in water, due to presence of silt is limited to

2,000ppm.
 Sea water
Sea water containing upto 3.5% salts maybe used for un-reinforced

concrete.
Sea water should never be used for reinforced and prestressed

concrete.

Acidic and alkaline waters

Tolerable limits of hydrochloric, sulphuric, and other common

inorganic acids is 10,000ppm.

NaOH is tolerable upto 0.5% by weight.

Algae
Algae in water may cause a marked reduction in strength of concrete.

Algae on the surface of aggregates weakens the bond between them

and cement paste.
MEASUREMENT OF MATERIALS

Cement
It is preferable to measure
cement in terms of weight,
and not in terms of
volume. The volume of
cement changes with
conditions of
measurement.
In our country cement is
supplied in bags of
50kg.its volume is
considered to be 34.5
litres under normal
conditions.
 Fine aggregates
They may be measured by weight for accurate works and by volume
for ordinary works.
When dry sand absorbs water(from atmosphere or by mixing), its
volume increases. This increase in volume is known as the bulking
of sand . Water particles lubricate the sand particles, causing
surface tension, due to this the particles are pulled apart. Hence
volume increases.
The increase in volume depends on the gradation of sand, but maybe
taken to be maximum at a moisture content of about 4% by weight
of dry sand. Further increase in moisture results in decrease in
percent increase of volume.
The bulking increases with fineness and may be about 25% by
volume. Therefore if sand is measured by volume , then bulking
should be taken into account.
 Coarse aggregates
There is no problem of bulking in coarse aggregates so they can
be measured either by weight or by volume.
The weight of a given volume of aggregates can be influenced
by the size of measuring box. Hence for accurate and large
scale works, measurement should be done by weight.
Container specifications according to the Indian Standards are:

a)Maximum size of aggregate 5mm to 40mm: 15 litre capacity

cylinder of 25cm diameter.

b)Maximum size of aggregate over 40mm: 40litre capacity

cylinder of 35cm diameter.
 Water
It is generally measured by volume and specified
in litres per bag of cement. The amount of water
present in the aggregate, due to hygroscopic
action etc. should be subtracted from the total
required quantity of water. However if aggregate
is dry, and found to absorb water, extra water
should be added to account for this. The
percentage absorption should be determined
first.
WATER CEMENT RATIO
Water cement ratio is the ratio of volume of water mixed in concrete to
the volume of cement used.
For a given proportion of materials there is an amount of water which
gives the maximum strength.

Amount of water less than the optimum water decreases the strength
10% less water may be insufficient to ensure complete setting of
cement.

Amount of water more than the optimum water increases the

workability but decreases the strength.
An increase in 10% above optimum may decrease the strength by
about 15%
An increase in 50% may decrease the strength to about one half.
 Cement requires about 1/5 to of its weight of water to become
completely hydrated.

Some rules of thumb for concrete

Weight of water = 28% of weight of the cement + 4% of the

weight of total aggregate.

Weight of water = 30% of the weight of cement + 5% of the

weight of total aggregate.

Some practical values of water cement ratio for structural

reinforced concrete are
0.45 for 1:1:2 concrete.

0.50 for 1:11/ :3 concrete

2
0.55-0.60 for 1:2:4 concrete