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Study of Impedance Relay
164 www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2015
165 www.erpublication.org
Study of Impedance Relay
B. TYPES OF DISTANCE RELAYS time of distance relays are fixed, their co-ordination is much
(1) Impedance relay easier than that for over current relays.
(2) Reactance relay
(3) Mho relay
(4) Modified impedance relay
166 www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2015
Furthermore, protection against earth faults may require phase to phase faults, the fault resistance consists of only arc
different characteristics and/or settings to those required for resistance as there is no earth resistance in this case.
phase faults, resulting in additional units being required. A
total of 18 impedance-measuring elements or algorithms The arc resistance is given by the Warrington formula.
would be required in a full distance relay for three-zone Rarc= 29X103.l/l1.4 (Ohm)
protection for all types of fault. Where l=length of the arc in meters in still air and
With electromechanical technology, each of the measuring I=fault current in amperes. Initially, l will be equal to the
elements would have been a separate relay housed in its own conductor spacing for phase faults, and the distance from
case, so that the distance relay comprised a panel-mounted phase conductors to the tower for ground faults. The arc
assembly of the required relays with suitable inter-unit wiring. length is increased by the cross winds which usually
Figure 11 shows an example of such a relay scheme. accompany a lightning storm.
Digital/numerical distance relays (Figure 12) are likely to The arc resistance taken into account the wind velocity and
have all of the above functions implemented in software. time is given by,
Starter units may not be necessary. The complete distance Rarc=16300(1.75S+vt)/I1.4
relay is housed in a single unit, making for significant Where , S = conductor spacing in meters, V = wind velocity in
economies in space, wiring and increased dependability, km per hour,
through the increased availability that stems from the t = time in seconds and I = fault current in amperes.
provision of continuous self-supervision.
X
ZL
F R
ZF+R
0 R
Fig.10.a Electromechanical Relay Fig.10.b Arc resistance is treated as pure resistance in series with the
Digital/numerical distance relays line impedance. When the line is fed from both ends, the
current flowing in the fault is fed from both sides. In this
A. EFFECT OF ARC RESISTANCE AND POWER situation the arc contains a very small fictious reactive
SURGES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DISTANCE component which is negligible.
RELAYS
b) EFFECT OF POWER SURGES (POWER
SWINGS) ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
DISTANCE RELAYS
a) EFFECT OF ARC RESISTANCE:
X Consider a transmission line connects two
Reactance characteristic
generating stations. Current flowing through transmission line
impedance depends upon phase difference between voltages generated
characteristics Arc resistance
at two ends of line. Phase difference is equal to rotor angle.
F
MHO
R2 Phase angle between generated voltages changes during
characteristics
R1 disturbances which arise because of removal of fault or
O R sudden change in load. During disturbances, rotor angle of
generator swings around the final steady state value. When the
rotor swings, rotor angle changes and current flowing through
line also changes. Such currents are heavy and are known as
power surges so long as phase angle between generated
Fig.11. EFFECT OF ARC RESISTANCE ON THE voltage goes on changing, current seen by relay is also
PERFORMANCE OF DISTANCE RELAYS changing. Therefore impedance measured by relay also varies
during power swings. Thus a power surge seen by relay
If a flashover from phase to phase or phase to appears like a fault which is changing its position from relay
ground occurs, an arc resistance is introduced into the fault location.
path. The arc resistance is appreciable at higher voltages. The From the characteristics of different relays it can be seen that
arc resistance s added to the impedance of the line and hence, relay characteristic occupying greater area on the R-X
the resultant impedance which is seen by distance relay is diagram remains under influence of power surge for greater
increased. In case of ground faults, the resistance of the earth period and hence, it is more affected by power surges. The
is also introduced into the fault path. The earth resistance MHO relay having least area on R-X diagram is least affected.
includes the resistance of tower, tower footing resistance and Impedance relay characteristic has more area than MHO relay
earth return path. Earth resistance and arc resistance but lesser area than reactance relay. Therefore, while it is
combined together are known as fault resistance. In case of more affected than MHO relay, its effected less than the
167 www.erpublication.org
Study of Impedance Relay
NO
Delay
Is
Z < Z3?
Delay
B Jump
Fig.14.b FLOWCHART
B Read voltage (V) and current (I) CASE 4: FAULT IN ZONE 4 (AT DISTANCE 400KM)
Impedance measured by RLC meter:183.9+j1.80
Impedance per KM : 0.4597+j.0045 /km
Impedance observed on LCD: 0.22
Convert into digital
Calculate Impedance Z
Fig.15NORMAL CONDITION
A
Fig.16 FAULT CONDITION
Fig.14.a FLOWCHART
168 www.erpublication.org
International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-3, Issue-4, April 2015
IX. CONCLUSION
In this project work we observed that when the fault is
created, microcontroller calculates the impedance, if
impedance is less than set value, relay operates and gives
signal to the contactor to de-energize. Thus transmission line
gets disconnected from the supply.
The microcontroller based relays are invading the power
system network since they are flexible and reliable. The same
board can be used for over current and directional over
current protection and hence cost of the relay will be less
compared to conventional type.
REFERENCES
[1] www.arduino.cc
[2] A Comprehensive Method of Determining the Performance of
Distance Relays by J. H. Neher, AIEE Trans
[3] Power System Protection And Switchgear By Badri Ram and D N
Vishwakarma
[4] Handbook for protection engineers By M.V.S.Birinchi,
[5] A Course in power systems By J.B.Gupta
[6] Switchgear, Protection and Power systems By S.S Rao
[7] Say M.G., Electrical Engineers Reference Book, Newness
Butterworths London.
[8] Stevenson W.D., Elements of Power System Analysis, McGraw-Hill,
Now York.
[9] Ravindranath B & M.M power System Protection and Switchgear,
Chander Wilsey Eastern Ltd.,
[10] Rao madhav T.S., Power System Protection
[11] Rao S.S., Switchgear and protection, Khanna Publisher
[12] Varrington F. Van, Protective Relaying, Vol. I & II
[13] www.analog.com
[14] www.st.com www.howstuffworks.com
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