Implementation Of Farmer Friendly Agricultural Tractor With Ploughing,

Automatic Seed Sowing And Pesticides Sprinkler Arrangement Using Dtmf

 ABSTRACT

Many advances in technology have made the agriculture business a much less labor intensive
industry to be a part of. If we think back even only 50 years, farmers were just beginning to
incorporate technologies into their farming techniques. It has been said that individuals that are
involved in the farming industry are some of the least susceptible to change. They are very set in
the ways of those came before them. When we take a look at the farming industry now, we can
see that this is rapidly changing. Farmers are looking for new ways to implement technology to
cut costs and reduce labor hours.

One of the ways that farmers are beginning to explore new technologies in farming come from
the autonomous tractor. The DTMF based tractor is something that is very new to the agriculture
industry, but is quickly gaining popularity from agriculture research companies around the
United States. These tractors are described by Farm Industry News as a tractor that drives its
solve with a computer in control. Although still in the research phase of development,
autonomous tractors are rapidly becoming more of a reality than an idea.

When the tractor is moving on a surface, it is controlled by a DTMF remote. This can be moved
forward and reverse direction using geared motors of 60RPM. Also this robot can take sharp
turnings towards left and right directions. This project uses AT89S52 MCU as its controller.

This project uses 12V battery. This project is much useful for mines detection and surveillance
applications.
 INTRODUCTION

The autonomous farming robot is something that is very new to the agriculture industry, but is
quickly gaining popularity from agriculture research. These autonomous tractors are rapidly
becoming more of a reality than an idea. When the tractor is moving on a surface, it is controlled
by a Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) decoder. This can be moved forward and reverse
direction using geared motors of 60RPM. The robot can move towards left and right directions
using these geared motors. This project uses AT89S52 Microcontroller and comprises of
performing ploughing and seeding via DTMF decoder commands.

DTMF is used which converts the desired frequency in to analog signals which is received by
DTMF Decoder and given to AT89S52microcontroller.The microcontroller is used for
controlling the robot according to the frequency received by the DTMF receiver. To control the
devices from remote place we are using a DTMF technique. Connect a mobile at the receiver end
(Controller side which is fabricated on robot). If we give a command from another mobile
automatically it gets received by the DTMF decoder unit placed on receiver end.

DTMF process that information which is received by the receiver. The movement of the robot
depends on the instruction (commands) received by the receiver unit. The H-bridge is an
electronic circuit that enables a voltage to be applied across a load. It is used in robotics to run
the motor forward & backward for robotic operations. Micro-controller is a small computer on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory and programmable input output
peripherals.AT89S52 which is typically 8051 microcontroller having 4 different ports ,each one
having 8 input/output lines providing a total of 32 input/output lines.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

1. SEED SOWING ROBOT

Author:- Abdul rahman, Mangesh Koli, Umesh Kori, Ahmadakbar

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. About half of the total population of our country
has chosen agriculture as their chief occupation. The states like Maharashtra, Punjab, and Kerala,
Assam are highly involved in agriculture. It all started due to the impact of, Green Revolution
by means of which farmers came to know about the various techniques involved in farming and
the advantages in it. As centuries passed, certain modern techniques were invented in agriculture
due to the progress in science. These modern techniques included the use of tractors for
ploughing the field, production of pesticides, invention of tube-wells etc. Since water is the main
necessity in this scenario, techniques were discovered which would help in watering the field
easily, consume less water and reduce human efforts. These discoveries improved the standard of
living of farmers. Agro-Technology is the process of applying the technology innovation
occurring in daily life and applying that to the agriculture sector which improves the efficiency
of the crop produced and also to develop a better Mechanical machine to help the agriculture
field which reduces the amount and time of work spent on one crop. Hence in this work of
project we decided to design a better mechanical machine which is available to the farmers at a
cheaper rate and also which can sow and seed the crop at the same time. This project consists of
the better design of the machine which can be used specifically for sowing of soybean, maize,
pigeon pea, Bengal gram, groundnut etc. For various agricultural implements and non-
availability of sufficient farm labor, various models of seed sowing implements becoming
popular in dry land regions of India. The success of crop production depends on timely seeding
of these crops with reduced dull work of farm labor. The ultimate objective of seed planting
using improve sowing equipment is to achieve precise seed distribution within the row.
2. Automatic Seed Plantation Robot

Author:- Prashant G. Salunkhe, Sahil Y. Shaikh , Mayur S. Dhable , Danis I. Sayyad, Azeem S.
Tamboli

This paper presents an Automatic Seed Plantation Robot which is based on electronic and
mechanical platform that performs advance agriculture process. We have developed an
electromechanical vehicle which is steered by DC motors to drive wheels. The farm is cultivated
by the automated system, depending on the crop considering particular rows & specific columns.
The spacing between two seeds in a column has to be entered manually. Proximity sensor is used
to measure the rotation of wheels. To detect the obstacle in the path of the vehicle IR LED with
TSOP receiver is used and turning position is also depend on this sensor. To check whether seed
container is empty or not LDR sensor is used. All the operations are monitored and control by
PIC microcontroller using sensors. The programming of this microcontroller is done in assembly
language. LCD display is used to show seed count.

3. A Survey On Autonomous Farming Robot

Author:- Chandan Kumar, Md. Saifulla , Niranjen Bhosle, Dr. M.C Navindgi

Many advances in technology have made the agriculture business a much less labor intensive
industry. Farmers are looking for new ways to implement technology to cut costs and reduce
labor hours. One of the ways that farmers are beginning to explore new technologies in farming
come from the autonomous tractor. The Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) based robot is
something that is very new to the agriculture industry, but is quickly gaining popularity from
agriculture research companies around the world. When the DTMF based robot is moving on a
surface, it is controlled by a DTMF remote. This can be moved forward and reverse direction
using DC geared motor. Also this robot can take sharp turnings towards left and right directions.
This project uses AT89S52 Micro-controller unit .A temperature sensor is also interfaced to
detect the abnormal temperature and also to give a buzzer alert. A moisture sensor is connected
to identify the soil condition so that the water can be sprinkled accordingly.
 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Geare
d
Motor
-I
H-
Bridg
e

HEADS Geare
ET d
Motor
- II
AT

89S52
MCU Automati
c plotting

DTMF
DTMF
Geare
DECODE
DECODE d Gearing
R
R Motor Mechanis
-I m

H-
Bridg
e
DC Geare
d Automatic
sprinkler
Relay Motor seeder
- II

Lead Bridge Filter

Acid Regulat
Rectifier Circuit
Batt or Power supply to all
ery sections
 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

1. Power up the entire system by using 12V lead acid battery.

2. The projects require two mobile phones one as the transmitter and another at the receiver
end.
3. First make a call by using a mobile from transmitter side to the mobile connected on the
robot.
4. After making a call press corresponding digits such as 1,2,3,4 to move the robot.
5. These signals will be processed by using DTMF decoder on the receiver (robot).
6. These values are processed by MCU AT89S52.
7. Here we are interfacing H-Bridge to the controller for the DC geared motor to rotate.
8. If we press 1 the robot will moved forward ,2 it will be rotated in backward direction,
press 3 to move it in left direction,press4 to move it in right direction.
9. Here we are interfacing H-Bridge to the controller for the DC geared motor for automatic
plotting and seeding.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

1. LCD DISPLAY
 2. 8051 MICROCONTROLLER

3. RELAY

4. MOTOR DRIVER IC

5. DTMF REMOTE

6. GEARED MOTOR

7. BATTERY

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

1. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Embedded C

2. COMPILERS:
Keil 4.0uv

3. DUMPING SOFTWARE:
Using Micro controller flash magic/ proload Software we are dumping our HEX
Code into Micro Controller

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
Embedded Systems Overview:

Introduction of Embedded System:

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and

perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. A good
example is the microwave oven. Almost every household has one, and tens of millions of them
are used everyday, but very few people realize that a processor and software are involved in the
preparation of their lunch or dinner.

This is in direct contrast to the personal computer in the family room. It too is comprised
of computer hardware and software and mechanical components (disk drives, for example).
However, a personal computer is not designed to perform a specific function rather; it is able to
do many different things. Many people use the term general-purpose computer to make this
distinction clear. As shipped, a general-purpose computer is a blank slate; the manufacturer does
not know what the customer will do wish it. One customer may use it for a network file server
another may use it exclusively for playing games, and a third may use it to write the next great
American novel.

Frequently, an embedded system is a component within some larger system. For

example, modern cars and trucks contain many embedded systems. One embedded system
controls the anti-lock brakes, other monitors and controls the vehicle's emissions, and a third
displays information on the dashboard. In some cases, these embedded systems are connected by
some sort of a communication network, but that is certainly not a requirement.

At the possible risk of confusing you, it is important to point out that a general-purpose
computer is itself made up of numerous embedded systems. For example, my computer consists
of a keyboard, mouse, video card, modem, hard drive, floppy drive, and sound card-each of
which is an embedded system. Each of these devices contains a processor and software and is
designed to perform a specific function. For example, the modem is designed to send and receive
digital data over analog telephone line. That's it and all of the other devices can be summarized
in a single sentence as well.
 If an embedded system is designed well, the existence of the processor and software
could be completely unnoticed by the user of the device. Such is the case for a microwave oven,
VCR, or alarm clock. In some cases, it would even be possible to build an equivalent device that
does not contain the processor and software. This could be done by replacing the combination
with a custom integrated circuit that performs the same functions in hardware. However, a lot of
flexibility is lost when a design is hard-cooled in this way. It is mush easier, and cheaper, to
change a few lines of software than to redesign a piece of custom hardware.

History and Future:

Given the definition of embedded systems earlier is this chapter; the first such systems
could not possibly have appeared before 1971. That was the year Intel introduced the world's
first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators
produced by the Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of
custom integrated circuits-one for each of their new calculator models. The 4004 was Intel's
response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator, Intel proposed a general-
purpose circuit that could be used throughout the entire line of calculators. Intel's idea was that
the software would give each calculator its unique set of features.

The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the
next decade. Early embedded applications included unmanned space probes, computerized traffic
lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the 1980s, embedded systems quietly rode the
waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every part of our kitchens
(bread machines, food processors, and microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and
remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit
card readers).

It seems inevitable hat the number of embedded systems will continue to increase rapidly.
Already there are promising new embedded devices that have enormous market potential; light
switches and thermostats that can be central computer, intelligent air-bag systems that don't
inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized electronic organizers and personal
digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems. Clearly, individuals
who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems will be in
demand for quite some time.

Real Time Systems:

One subclass of embedded is worthy of an introduction at this point. As commonly

defined, a real-time system is a computer system that has timing constraints. In other words, a
real-time system is partly specified in terms of its ability to make certain calculations or
decisions in a timely manner. These important calculations are said to have deadlines for
completion. And, for all practical purposes, a missed deadline is just as bad as a wrong answer.

The issue of what if a deadline is missed is a crucial one. For example, if the real-time
system is part of an airplane's flight control system, it is possible for the lives of the passengers
and crew to be endangered by a single missed deadline. However, if instead the system is
involved in satellite communication, the damage could be limited to a single corrupt data packet.
The more severe the consequences, the more likely it will be said that the deadline is "hard" and
thus, the system is a hard real-time system. Real-time systems at the other end of this discussion
are said to have "soft" deadlines.

All of the topics and examples presented in this book are applicable to the designers of
real-time system who is more delight in his work. He must guarantee reliable operation of the
software and hardware under all the possible conditions and to the degree that human lives
depend upon three system's proper execution, engineering calculations and descriptive
paperwork.

Application Areas

Nearly 99 per cent of the processors manufactured end up in embedded systems. The
embedded system market is one of the highest growth areas as these systems are used in very
market segment- consumer electronics, office automation, industrial automation, biomedical
engineering, wireless communication, data communication, telecommunications, transportation,
military and so on.
Consumer appliances:

At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital
diary, DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner,
VCO player, video game consoles, video recorders etc. Todays high-tech car has about 20
embedded systems for transmission control, engine spark control, air-conditioning, navigation
etc. Even wristwatches are now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful
embedded systems using which we can carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing
games and word processing.

Office automation:

The office automation products using em embedded systems are copying machine, fax
machine, key telephone, modem, printer, scanner etc.

Industrial automation:

Today a lot of industries use embedded systems for process control. These include
pharmaceutical, cement, sugar, oil exploration, nuclear energy, electricity generation and
transmission. The embedded systems for industrial use are designed to carry out specific tasks
such as monitoring the temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc., and then take
appropriate action based on the monitored levels to control other devices or to send information
to a centralized monitoring station. In hazardous industrial environment, where human presence
has to be avoided, robots are used, which are programmed to do specific jobs. The robots are
now becoming very powerful and carry out many interesting and complicated tasks such as
hardware assembly.

Medical electronics:

Almost every medical equipment in the hospital is an embedded system. These

equipments include diagnostic aids such as ECG, EEG, blood pressure measuring devices, X-ray
scanners; equipment used in blood analysis, radiation, colonoscopy, endoscopy etc.
Developments in medical electronics have paved way for more accurate diagnosis of diseases.
Computer networking:

Computer networking products such as bridges, routers, Integrated Services Digital

Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are
embedded systems which implement the necessary data communication protocols. For example,
a router interconnects two networks. The two networks may be running different protocol stacks.
The routers function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and
send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking
equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are
embedded systems

Telecommunications:

In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized as

subscriber terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones,
ISDN phones, terminal adapters, web cameras are embedded systems. The network equipment
includes multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet Assemblers Dissemblers (PADs),
sate11ite modems etc. IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc. are the latest embedded systems
that provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.
Wireless technologies:

Advances in mobile communications are paving way for many interesting applications
using embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20th
century. It is a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are
on the move. The Personal Digital Assistants and the palmtops can now be used to access
multimedia services over the Internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station
controllers, mobile switching centers are also powerful embedded systems.

Insemination:

Testing and measurement are the fundamental requirements in all scientific and
engineering activities. The measuring equipment we use in laboratories to measure parameters
such as weight, temperature, pressure, humidity, voltage, current etc. are all embedded systems.
Test equipment such as oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, protocol analyzer, radio
communication test set etc. are embedded systems built around powerful processors. Thank to
miniaturization, the test and measuring equipment are now becoming portable facilitating easy
testing and measurement in the field by field-personnel.

Security:

Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect
our homes and offices; and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded
systems for security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses nowadays. Security
devices at homes, offices, airports etc. for authentication and verification are embedded systems.
Encryption devices are nearly 99 per cent of the processors that are manufactured end up in~
embedded systems. Embedded systems find applications in every industrial segment- consumer
electronics, transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control and
industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security etc. Used to
encrypt the data/voice being transmitted on communication links such as telephone lines.
Biometric systems using fingerprint and face recognition are now being extensively used for user
authentication in banking applications as well as for access control in high security buildings.
Finance:

Financial dealing through cash and cheques are now slowly paving way for transactions
using smart cards and ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, also expanded as Any Time Money)
machines. Smart card, of the size of a credit card, has a small micro-controller and memory; and
it interacts with the smart card reader! ATM machine and acts as an electronic wallet. Smart card
technology has the capability of ushering in a cashless society. Well, the list goes on. It is no
exaggeration to say that eyes wherever you go, you can see, or at least feel, the work of an
embedded system!

Overview of Embedded System Architecture

Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing

Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded. The
software residing on the memory chip is also called the firmware. The embedded system
architecture can be represented as a layered architecture as shown in Fig.

The operating system runs above the hardware, and the application software runs above
the operating system. The same architecture is applicable to any computer including a desktop
computer. However, there are significant differences. It is not compulsory to have an operating
system in every embedded system. For small appliances such as remote control units, air
conditioners, toys etc., there is no need for an operating system and you can write only the
software specific to that application. For applications involving complex processing, it is
advisable to have an operating system. In such a case, you need to integrate the application
software with the operating system and then transfer the entire software on to the memory chip.
Once the software is transferred to the memory chip, the software will continue to run for a long
time you dont need to reload new software.
Now, let us see the details of the various building blocks of the hardware of an embedded
system. As shown in Fig. the building blocks are;

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Memory (Read-only Memory and Random Access Memory)

Input Devices

Output devices

Communication interfaces

Application-specific circuitry

Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following:
microcontroller, microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-
cost processor. Its main attraction is t2hat on the chip itself, there will be many other components
such as memory, serial communication interface, analog-to digital converter etc. So, for small
applications, a micro-controller is the best choice as the number of external components required
will be very less. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use
many external components with them. D5P is used mainly for applications in which signal
processing is involved such as audio and video processing.
Memory:

The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory
(ROM). The contents of the RAM will be erased if power is switched off to the chip, whereas
ROM retains the contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the
ROM. When power is switched on, the processor reads the ROM; the program is program is
executed.

Input devices:

Unlike the desktops, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited
capability. There will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded
system is no easy task. Many embedded systems will have a small keypad-you press one key to
give a specific command. A keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded
systems used in process control do not have any input device for user interaction; they take
inputs from sensors or transducers 1fnd produce electrical signals that are in turn fed to other
systems.

Output devices:

The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some
embedded systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of
the system modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
may also be used to display some important parameters.

Communication interfaces:

The embedded systems may need to, interact with other embedded systems at they may
have to transmit data to a desktop. To facilitate this, the embedded systems are provided with one
or a few communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422, RS485, Universal Serial Bus (USB),
IEEE 1394, Ethernet etc.
Application-specific circuitry:

Sensors, transducers, special processing and control circuitry may be required fat an
embedded system, depending on its application. This circuitry interacts with the processor to
carry out the necessary work. The entire hardware has to be given power supply either through
the 230 volts main supply or through a battery. The hardware has to design in such a way that the
power consumption is minimized.
 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

Power Supply:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from
the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output
obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the
output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after
rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc
voltage.

Fig: Power supply

230V
AC D.C
Output
50Hz

Step down Bridge

transformer Rectifier
Filter Regulator
Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these

voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input

available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This

is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a

required level.

Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.

The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used

because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both
half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of the
bridge.
 For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas
diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas,
D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half
cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.
Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

Voltage regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project,
power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers
05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series of three-terminal positive
regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and DPAK packages and several
fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can
provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single
point regulation. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1 A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.
 DTMF Decoder

DTMF:
Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) is used for telecommunication signaling over
analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other
communications devices and the switching center. The version of DTMF that is used in push-
button telephones for tone dialing is known as Touch-Tone. It was first used by AT&T in
commerce as a registered trademark, and is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is
also known in the UK as MF4.

Other multi-frequency systems are used for internal signaling within the telephone network.

The Touch-Tone system, using the telephone keypad, gradually replaced the use of rotary
dial starting in 1963, and since then DTMF or Touch-Tone became the industry standard for
both cell phones and landline service.

The DTMF keypad is laid out in a 44 matrix, with each row representing a low frequency, and
each column representing a high frequency. Pressing a single key (such as '1' ) will send
a sinusoidal tone for each of the two frequencies (697 and 1209 hertz (Hz)). The original keypads
had levers inside, so each button activated two contacts. The multiple tones are the reason for
calling the system multifrequency. These tones are then decoded by the switching center to
determine which key was pressed.

DTMF keypad frequencies (with

 sound clips)

1209 1336 1477 1633

Hz Hz Hz Hz

697
1 2 3 A
Hz

770
4 5 6 B
Hz

852
7 8 9 C
Hz

941
* 0 # D
Hz

The DTMF is a popular signaling method between telephones and switching centers
DTMF is also used for signaling between the Telephone network and computer networks

The DTMF signals are Transmitted over a telephone line

Uses speech frequency signals

DTMF signals are the superposition of 2 sine waves with different frequencies
DESCRIPTION:

The MT8870D/MT8870D-1 is a complete DTMF receiver integrating both the band split filter
and digital decoder functions. The filter section uses switched capacitor techniques for high and
low group filters; the decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF
tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by on chip provision of a
differential input amplifier, clock oscillator and latched three-state bus interface.
 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER

MICROCONTROLLERS:

Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems

products. Microcontroller is a programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to
a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer embedded all on a single chip. The fixed
amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal
for many applications in which cost and space are critical.

The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (C) which was
developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s and early
1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8052-
compatible processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers
including Atmel, Infineon Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products.

8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a
time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. 8052
is available in different memory types such as UV-EPROM, Flash and NV-RAM.

The present project is implemented on Keil uVision. In order to program the device,
proload tool has been used to burn the program onto the microcontroller.

The features, pin description of the microcontroller and the software tools used are
discussed in the following sections.
FEATURES:

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory

Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles

4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

Three-level Program Memory Lock

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

Eight Interrupt Sources

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

Watchdog Timer

Dual Data Pointer

Power-off Flag
DESCRIPTION

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K

bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels
high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard
80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a
versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of
RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector
two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes.

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and
interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
PIN DIAGRAM
PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink
eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance
inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also
receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program
verification. External pullups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be
configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2
trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the
low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 2 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups. Port 2 emits the high-order address
byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory
that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX
@ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the
high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some
control signals for Flash programming and verification.
RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives High for 96 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The
DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state
of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during
Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one
ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can
be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a
MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable
bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.

EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the
12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that
can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure. Either a quartz crystal or
ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2
should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in the below figure. There are no
requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal
clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high
and low time specifications must be observed.
 Fig: Oscillator Connections

C1, C2 = 30 pF 10 pF for Crystals

= 40 pF 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators

Fig: External Clock Drive Configuration

Description:

The AT89S52 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

bytes of Flash programmable memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51
instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel
AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.

In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling
all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Machine cycle for the 8052

The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to execute an instruction. In the 8052
family, these clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles. The length of the machine cycle
depends on the frequency of the crystal oscillator. The crystal oscillator, along with on-chip
circuitry, provides the clock source for the 8052 CPU.

The frequency can vary from 4 MHz to 30 MHz, depending upon the chip rating and
manufacturer. But the exact frequency of 11.0592 MHz crystal oscillator is used to make the
8052 based system compatible with the serial port of the IBM PC.

In the original version of 8052, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods. Therefore, to
calculate the machine cycle for the 8052, the calculation is made as 1/12 of the crystal frequency
and its inverse is taken.
 DC GEARED MOTORS

DC motor
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current (DC) electricity.
DC Motor Connections
Figure shows schematically the different methods of connecting the field and armature circuits in
a DC Motor. The circular symbol represents the armature circuit, and the squares at the side
of the circle represent the brush commutator system. The direction of the arrows indicates the
direction of the magnetic fields.

THEORY OF DC MOTOR
 The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if we reduce the
supply voltage from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the speed. How can this be achieved
when the battery is fixed at 12 Volts? The speed controller works by varying the average voltage sent to
the motor. It could do this by simply adjusting the voltage sent to the motor, but this is quite inefficient to
do. A better way is to switch the motor's supply on and off very quickly. If the switching is fast enough,
the motor doesn't notice it, it only notices the average effect.

When you watch a film in the cinema, or the television, what you are actually seeing is a series of
fixed pictures, which change rapidly enough that your eyes just see the average effect - movement. Your
brain fills in the gaps to give an average effect.

Now imagine a light bulb with a switch. When you close the switch, the bulb goes on and is at full
brightness, say 100 Watts. When you open the switch it goes off (0 Watts). Now if you close the switch
for a fraction of a second, then open it for the same amount of time, the filament won't have time to cool
down and heat up, and you will just get an average glow of 50 Watts. This is how lamp dimmers work,
and the same principle is used by speed controllers to drive a motor. When the switch is closed, the motor
sees 12 Volts, and when it is open it sees 0 Volts. If the switch is open for the same amount of time as it is
closed, the motor will see an average of 6 Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly. The graph below
shows the speed of a motor that is being turned on and off.

Principles of operation
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South)
repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet or
winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a "South"
polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external
magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part
of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole
pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with respect to the
stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically
connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout -- with the rotor
inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when power
is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and
the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches
alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding.
Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the
rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common
number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with
our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly aligned
with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a
moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both
commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and
damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it
would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic
with the position of the rotor).

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the workings of one
via an interactive animation.

You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two
others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to the
next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this
occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the
meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:
The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a number
of advantages. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings -- a
particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also conducts heat away
from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than might otherwise be the
case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other construction
types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively high
inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high winding
inductances which limit brush and commutator life.

In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armature winding.
This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the armature is
hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless DC motors
have much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size, extending brush
and commutator life.

DC motor behavior
High-speed output
This is the simplest trait to understand and treat -- most DC motors run at very high output
speeds (generally thousands or tens of thousands of RPM). While this is fine for some BEAM
bots (say, photo poppers or solar rollers), many BEAM bots (walkers, heads) require lower
speeds -- you must put gears on your DC motor's output for these applications.

H-BRIDGE:
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run forwards or backwards.
These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built
from discrete components.

The two basic states of a H-bridge. The term "H-bridge" is derived from the typical graphical
representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When
the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive
voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches,
this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.

Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time, as
this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches S3 and S4.
This condition is known as shoot-through.

Operation

The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also be used to
'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motors terminals are shorted, or to let
the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected from the circuit. The following table
summarizes operation.
 S1 S2 S3 S4 Result

1 0 0 1 Motor moves right

0 1 1 0 Motor moves left

0 0 0 0 Motor free runs

0 1 0 1 Motor brakes

H-Bridge Driver:

The switching property of this H-Bridge can be replace by a Transistor or a Relay or a Mosfet or even by
an IC. Here we are replacing this with an IC named L293D as the driver whose description is as given
below.

Features:

600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY

PER CHANNEL
1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive)
PER CHANNEL
 ENABLE FACILITY
OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
(HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES

DESCRIPTION

The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept
standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoides, DC and stepping
motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped
with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower
voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at
frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic packaage which has 4 center pins
connected together and used for heatsinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which
has 8 center pins connected together and used for heatsinking.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

PIN CONNECTIONS
 BATTERY

Battery (electricity), an array of electrochemical cells for electricity storage, either individually
linked or individually linked and housed in a single unit. An electrical battery is a combination of
one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power
applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches;
larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

Fig: Various batteries (top-left to bottom-right): two AA, one D, one handheld ham radio battery,
two 9-volt PP3, two AAA, one C, one camcorder battery, one cordless phone battery.
How batteries work
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a
number of voltaic cells; each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a
conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes electrolyte and the
electrode to which anions (negatively-charged ions) migrate, i.e. the anode or negative electrode;
the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively-charged
ions) migrate, i.e. the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that powers the battery,
reduction (addition of electrons) occurs to cations at the cathode, while oxidation (removal of
electrons) occurs to anions at the anode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are
electrically connected by the electrolyte. Many cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes.
In that case each half-cell is enclosed in a container, and a separator that is porous to ions but not
the bulk of the electrolytes prevents mixing.

Each half cell has an electromotive force (or emf), determined by its ability to drive electric
current from the interior to the exterior of the cell. The net emf of the cell is the difference
between the emfs of its half-cells, as first recognized by Volta. Therefore, if the electrodes have
emfs E1 and E2 and , then the net emf is E2 - E1 ; in other words, the net emf is the difference
between the reduction potentials of the half-reactions.
The electrical driving force or across the terminals of a cell is known as the terminal
voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal voltage of a cell that is neither
charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and equals the emf of the cell.
Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is discharging is smaller in
magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of a cell that is charging
exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal resistance, so it would
maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping to zero. If such a cell
maintained 1.5 volts and stored a charge of one Coulomb then on complete discharge it would
perform 1.5 Joule of work. In actual cells, the internal resistance increases under discharge, and
the open circuit voltage also decreases under discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted
against time, the resulting graphs typically are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to
the chemistry and internal arrangement employed.

As stated above, the voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of
the chemical reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and carbon-zinc cells have
different chemistries but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH
cells have different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. On the other hand
the high electrochemical potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium
cells emfs of 3 volts or more.

SWITCH INTERFACING:

CPU accesses the switches through ports. Therefore these switches are connected to a
microcontroller. This switch is connected between the supply and ground terminals. A single
microcontroller (consisting of a microprocessor, RAM and EEPROM and several ports all on a
single chip) takes care of hardware and software interfacing of the switch.

These switches are connected to an input port. When no switch is pressed, reading the
input port will yield 1s since they are all connected to high (Vcc). But if any switch is pressed,
one of the input port pins will have 0 since the switch pressed provides the path to ground. It is
the function of the microcontroller to scan the switches continuously to detect and identify the
switch pressed.
 The switches that we are using in our project are 4 leg micro switches of momentary
type.

Vcc

P2.0

Gnd

Fig: Interfacing switch with the microcontroller

Thus now the two conditions are to be remembered:

1. When the switch is open, the total supply i.e., Vcc appears at the port pin P2.0
P2.0 = 1

2. When the switch is closed i.e., when it is pressed, the total supply path is provided to
ground. Thus the voltage value at the port pin P2.0 will be zero.
P2.0 = 0

By reading the pin status, the microcontroller identifies whether the switch is pressed or
not. When the switch is pressed, the corresponding related to this switch press written in the
program will be executed.
SOFTWARE TOOLS
 1. KEIL IDE

ABOUT KEIL:-

1. Click on the Keil u Vision4 Icon on Desktop

2. .The following fig will appear

3.Click on the Project menu from the title bar

4. Then Click on New Project

5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder
sited in either C:\ or D:\
6. Then Click on Save button above.
7. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel
8. Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel
9. Select AT89S52 as shown below
10. Then Click on OK
11. The Following fig will appear

12. Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO

13. Now your project is ready to USE
14. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as
shown in next page.
15. Click on the file option from menu bar and select new
16. The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double
clicking on its blue boarder.

17. Now start writing program in either in C or ASM

18. For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for
C based program save it with extension .C
19. Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group
Source
20. Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will
appear.
20. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file

21. Click only one time on option ADD

22. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so
happen.

23. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.

24. The new window is as follows

25. Then Click OK

26. Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required
port as shown in fig below
27. Drag the port a side and click in the program file.
28. Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe.
29. You are running your program successfully
 2. FLASH MAGIC

Introduction Of Flash Magic

NXP Semiconductors produce a range of Microcontrollers that feature both on-chip Flash
memory and the ability to be reprogrammed using In-System Programming technology.

Flash Magic is Windows software from the Embedded Systems Academy that allows easy access
to all the ISP features provided by the devices. These features include

Erasing the Flash memory (individual blocks or the whole device)

Programming the Flash memory

Modifying the Boot Vector and Status Byte

Reading Flash memory

Performing a blank check on a section of Flash memory

Reading the signature bytes

Reading and writing the security bits

Direct load of a new baud rate (high speed communications)

Sending commands to place device in Boot loader mode

Flash Magic provides a clear and simple user interface to these features. Under Windows, only
one application may have access the COM Port at any one time, preventing other applications
from using the COM Port.Magic only obtains access to the selected COM Port when ISP
operations are being performed. This means that other applications that need to use the COM
Port, such as debugging tools, may be used while Flash Magic is loaded.

Screenshot of Flash Magic Window

The window is divided up into five sections. Work your way from section 1 to section 5 to
program a device using the most common functions.

At the very bottom left of the window is an area where progress messages will be displayed and
at the very bottom right is where the progress bar is displayed. In between the messages and the
progress bar is a count of the number of times the currently selected hex file has been
programmed since it was last modified or selected.

Just above the progress information Embedded Hints are displayed. These are rotating Internet
links that you can click on to go to a web page using your default browser.

Menus

There are five menus, File, ISP, Options, Tools and Help.
The File menu provides access to loading and saving Hex Files, loading and saving settings files
and exiting the application.

The Options menu allows access to the advanced options and includes an item to reset all
options.
The ISP menu provides access to the less commonly used ISP features.
The Tools menu provides features that support the operation and use of Flash Magic.
The Help menu contains items that link directly to useful web pages and also open the Help
About window showing the version number.

Tooltips

Throughout the Flash Magic user interface extensive use has been made of tooltips. These are
small text boxes that appear when you place the pointer over something and keep it still for a
second or two.

Note that tooltips do not appear for items that are disabled (grayed out).

Saving Options
The options in the main window and the Advanced Options window are automatically saved to
the registry whenever Flash Magic is closed. This removes the need for an explicit save
operation. When Flash Magic is restarted the main window and the Advanced Options window
will appear as you left it, so you do not have to repeatedly make the same selections every time
you start the application. If you wish to reset the options to the original defaults then choose
Reset from the Options menu.

FIVE STEP PROGRAMMING

For each step there is a corresponding section in the main window as described in the User
Interface Tour.

Step 1 Connection Settings

Before the device can be used the settings required to make a connection must be specified.
 COM Port Settings

Select the desired COM port from the drop down list or type the desired COM port directly into
the box. If you enter the COM port yourself then you must enter it in one of the following
formats

COM n
n

Any other format will generate an error. So if you want to use COM 5 (which is not present on
the drop down list) you can directly type in either COM 5 or 5.

Baud Rate Settings

Select the baud rate to connect at. Try a low speed first. The maximum speed that can be used
depends on the crystal frequency on your hardware. You can try connecting at higher and higher
speeds until connections fail. Then you have found the highest baud rate to connect at.
Alternatively, some devices support high speed communications.

Device Selection
Select the device being used from the drop down list. Ensure you select the correct one as
different devices have different feature sets and different methods of setting up the serial
communications.

Interface Selection
Select the interface being used, if any. An interface is a device that connects between your PC
and the target hardware. If you simply have a serial cable or USB to serial cable connecting your
COM port to the target hardware, then you can choose "None (ISP)". Choosing the correct
interface will automatically configure Flash Magic for that interface, along with enabling and
disabling the relevant features.

Oscillator Frequency
Enter the oscillator frequency used on the hardware. Do not round the frequency, instead enter it
as precisely as possible. Some devices do not require the oscillator frequency to be entered, so
this field will not be displayed.
Once the options are set ensure the device is running the on-chip Boot loader if you are using a
manual ISP entry method.
Note that the connection settings affect all ISP features provided by Flash Magic.

Step 2 Erasing
 This step is optional, however if you attempt to program the device without first erasing at least
one Flash block, then Flash Magic will warn you and ask you if you are sure you want to
program the device.

Select each Flash block that you wish to erase by clicking on its name.
If you wish to erase all the Flash then check that option.
If you want to check to erase a Flash block and all the Flash then the Flash block will not
be individually erased.
If you wish to erase only the Flash blocks used by the hex file you are going to select,
then check that option.

For most devices erasing all the Flash also results in the Boot Vector and Status Byte being set to
default values, which ensure that the Boot loader will be executed on reset, regardless of the state
of the PSEN pin or other hardware requirements.
Only when programming a Hex File has been completed will the Status Byte be set to 00H to
allow the code to execute.
This is a safeguard against accidentally attempting to execute when the Flash is erased.
On some devices erasing all the Flash will also erase the security bits. This will be indicated by
the text next to the Erase all Flash option.
On some devices erasing all the Flash will also erase the speed setting of the device (the number
of clocks per cycle) setting it back to the default.This will be indicated by the text next to the
Erase all Flash option.

Step 3 Selecting the Hex File

This step is optional. If you do not wish to program a Hex File then do not select one.

You can either enter a path name in the text box or click on the Browse button to select a Hex
File by browsing to it.
Also you can choose Open from the File menu.
Note that the Hex file is not loaded or cached in any way. This means that if the Hex File is
modified, you do not have to reselect it in Flash Magic. Every time the Hex File is programmed
it is first re-read from the location specified in the main window.
The date the Hex file was last modified is shown in this section. This information is updated
whenever the hex file is modified. The hex file does not need to be reselected.
Clicking on more info or choosing Information from the File menu will display additional
information about the Hex file.
The information includes the range of Flash memory used by the Hex file, the number of bytes of
Flash memory used and the percentage of the currently selected device that will be filled by
programming the Hex file.
If the device supports programming and execution from RAM, for example the ARM devices,
then the hex file may contain records for the RAM.
First the flash will be programmed followed by the RAM. Programs loaded into RAM via a hex
file may be executed using such features as the Go option.

Step 4 Options
Flash Magic provides various options that may be used after the Hex File has been programmed.
This section is optional; however verify After Programming, Fill Unused Flash and Gen Block
Checksums may only be used if a Hex File is selected (and therefore being programmed), as they
all need to know either the Hex File contents or memory locations used by the Hex File.

Verify After Programming

Checking the Verify after Programming option will result in the data contained in the Hex File
being read back from Flash and compared with the Hex File after programming. This helps to
ensure that the Hex File was correctly programmed. If the device does not support verifying then
this item will be disabled.

Fill Unused Flash

Checking the Fill Unused Flash option will result in every memory location not used by the Hex
File being programmed with the value that sets all the bits to a programmed state.
Once a location has been programmed with this feature it cannot be reprogrammed with any
other value, preventing someone from programming the device with a small program to read out
the contents of Flash or altering the applications operation.

General Block Checksums

Checking the Gen Block Checksums option will instruct Flash Magic to program the highest
location in every Flash block used by the Hex File with a special checksum adjuster value.
This value ensures that when a checksum is calculated for the whole Flash Block it will equal
55H, providing the contents of the Flash block have not be altered or corrupted. Please refer to
the Block Checksums section for more information.

Execute option
Checking the Execute option will cause the downloaded firmware to be executed automatically
after the programming is complete. Note that this will not work if using the Hardware Reset
option or a device that does not support this feature.

Step 5 Performing the Operations

Step 5 contains a Start button.
 Clicking the Start button will result in all the selected operations in the main window taking
place. They are:
Erasing Flash
Programming the Hex File
Verifying the Hex File
Filling Unused Flash
Generating Checksums
Programming the clocks bit
Programming the Security Bits
Executing the firmware

Once started the progress information and a progress bar will be displayed at the bottom of the
main window.
In addition the Start button will change to a cancel button. Click on the cancel button to cancel
the operation.
Note that if you cancel during erasing all the Flash, it may take a few seconds before the
operation is cancelled.
Once the operations have finished the progress information will briefly show the message
Finished.
The Programmed Count shown next to the progress bar will increment. This shows the total
number of times the hex file has been programmed.
Modifying the hex file or selecting another hex file will reset the count.
Alternatively, right-clicking over the count provides a menu with the option to immediately reset
the count.
-

3. PROTEUS

What Is Proteus ??

Basically PROTEUS is also a simulating software but it helps you attach many
components with the 8051. Like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, LCDs, keypads, ICs etc. and
these are just few that I have named in general. It has a complete library and you will find
everything that you will ever need. You can design your complete circuit and then
simulate it to view the final output. This means that after perfecting your project on the
programming side in KEIL, you'll need to simulate it on PROTEUS to determine the
output of the hardware components and change it if need be. This will completely ensure
your project's success.

USING PROTEUS

PROTEUS is designed to be user-friendly and you will get the hold of it instantly. There is no
need to worry about some complex configuration / settings prior to simulation. Here are the basic
steps.

Place your components from the library

Connect them accordingly

Load HEX file (if 8051 is involved)

Simulate the circuit

UNDERSTAND EACH STEP IN DETAIL

1. PLACING COMPONENTS

Click the "Pick from library (P)" button as shown in the figure

Select any category

Select item from the list

Click OK

After selecting component, click anywhere in the design area to select it and then click
again to place it
 2. CONNECTING COMPONENTS

Place all the required components

Connect the desired nodes by clicking at starting and ending points

3. LOAD HEX FILE

Double click the 8051 component to open its properties

Browse for the HEX file as shown and select it

And don't worry, in PROTEUS, there is no need to provide the RESET circuit or crystal
oscillator to the microcontroller. It will work just fine even without it. The frequency can be
adjusted in the properties window as well.

4. SIMULATING THE CIRCUIT

The controls at the left-bottom corner will help you simulate the circuit in real time

The above picture is the complete circuitry for testing an LED on P2.0 like toggling (ON / OFF)
through programming but we will get to that part later on. At this point, you will just see the
LED glow if you have programmed it to be always ON.
Like this developer done design on Proteus before starts working on Hardware.
 PCB DESIGN

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components capacitors, resistors or active
devices are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components
embedded in the substrate.

PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-
layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are connected with vias. Multi-layer
PCBs allow for much higher component density.

FR-4 glass epoxy is the primary insulating substrate. A basic building block of the PCB is an FR-
4 panel with a thin layer of copper foil laminated to one or both sides. In multi-layer boards
multiple layers of material are laminated together.

Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to
lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits
with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted and
wired with one single part.A minimal PCB with a single component used for easier modeling is
called breakout board.

When the board has no embedded components it is more correctly called a printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term printed wiring board has fallen into
disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly (PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred
term for assembled boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),[2] and for assembled backplanes it
is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare and assembled boards.

ExpressPCB is a free CAD software , specially designed to help us to create printed circuit
board. ExpressPCB is the program that will be used to design printed circuits boards and
ExpressSCH is a program that can be used do design a circuit diagram ( to draw circuits) ..

Steps To Start With Express SCH

Step 1- Select the Components

Begin your schematic by placing the components. Select the parts from the Component
Manager dialog box.ExpressSCH includes a large library with hundreds of component symbols
(ICs, resistors, capacitors) that you can use to draw your electronic circuits.
Step 2- Position the Components

Drag each component to the desired location on the page. The Snap to grid feature makes it easy
to neatly align the symbols.If all of the components do not fit on a single page, add additional
sheets. All the sheets of a schematic are linked together and saved in one file.

Step 3- Add the Wires

Now draw the wires to connect the parts together. Add each wire by clicking on a components
pin, then dragging the wire to the pin it connects to.

Step 4- Edit the Schematic

Making changes to a schematic is simple using standard commands such as Copy, Cut and Paste.
Rearranging the components is easy by dragging them with the mouse. Wires always stay
connected to their pins, even when you move things around
Step 5- Link the Schematic and PCB

After you complete your schematic, it can be linked to your circuit board layout file.
This image of the ExpressPCB layout program shows how it guides you in designing your board
by highlighting in blue the pins that should be wired together.
 Steps To Start With Express PCB

Step 1- Select the Components

Begin your layout by adding the components. Select the parts from the Component Manager
dialog box. Many components (such as connectors) include Digi-key part numbers to make
ordering easy.
Step 2:- Position the Components

Drag each component to the desired location on your board. The Snap to grid feature makes it
easy to neatly align the parts.

Step 3:-Add the Traces

Now add each trace by clicking on the pin of a component and dragging the trace to another pin.
If you link your schematic file to the PCB, then the ExpressPCB program highlights the pins that
should be wired together in blue.
Step 4- Edit the Layout

Making changes is simple using standard commands such as Copy, Cut and Paste. Rearrange the
parts by dragging them with the mouse. Traces always stay connected to their pins, even when
you move things around.You can set the properties of items in your layout by double-clicking on
them. For example, double-click on a trace to change its layer or width.

Step 5:-

Completing PCB layout in Express PCB.

 BOARD LAYOUT

1. 8051 development Board

2. LCD Display
 ADVANTAGES

It works faster than human efforts which definitely save the time.

The system observes different environmental conditions and take actions

accordingly which humans cant do accurately.

Sophisticated security.
Monitors all hazards and threats.
 APPLICATIONS:

Security purpose
Remote monitoring,
Transportation and logistics
Consumer products including electronic toys, home security, gate and garage door
openers, Intercom, fire and safety systems, and irrigation controllers.

Medical products like patient call and monitoring, handicap assistance device, surgery

Communication system, remote patient data logging and ECG monitor.

 CONCLUSION
This project presents the Implementation of farmer friendly agricultural tractor with ploughing,
automatic seed sowing and pesticides sprinkler arrangement using DTMF has been designed
and implemented with Atmel 89S52 MCU in embedded system domain. Experimental work has
been carried out carefully. The result shows that higher efficiency is indeed achieved using the
embedded system according to requirement of the user.
 REFERENCES

[1]. Prof. K.V. Fale, Bhure Amit P, Mangnale Shivkumar, Pandharkar Suraj. Autonomous Farming Robot
With Plant Health Condition presented paper in International Journal of Advanced Technology in
Engineering and Science .Volume No.03, Issue No. 01, January 2015

[2]. M.Seelye, G. Sen. Gupta, J. Seelye, & S. C. Mukhopadhyay. Camera-in-hand Robotic system for
Remote Monitoring of Plant Growth in a Laboratory. Proceeding of IEEE International Instrumentation
and Measurement Technology Conference(2010).

[3]. Prof. Lokhande shrihari, Prof. Joshi S.G Dept. of E&TC VACE, Pune university, Ahmednagar,
Maharashtra have given a two days national conference on Robotic Agricultural Machine, published in
IJIRSET volume 3, special issue, April 2014

[4]. M.S.Priyadharshini Dept. of EEE, Knowledge Institute of Technology, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India has
presented her paper on Agricultural Robot, in International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering volume 5, Special Issue 1, March 2016.

[5]. Patrick Piper and Jacob Vogel published a paper on Designing an Autonomous Soil Monitoring
Robot (IEEE - 2015). [6]. www.wikipedia.org/Agricultural_robot.