Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
R. H. Wagoner1,2, Z. Chen2
1R. Wagoner, LLC
2The Ohio State University
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Sponsorship
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Outline
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS
CONCLUSIONS
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INTRODUCTION
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The Modulus Effect Literature
R.M. Cleveland and A.K. Ghosh (2002) F. Morestin and M. Boivin (1996)
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Loading/Unloading Behavior
1200
DP980 -1.43
1000
See
True Stress (MPa)
800 close-up
600
400
200
0
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
True Strain
L. Sun, R. H. Wagoner: Complex Unloading Behavior: Nature of the Deformation and Its Consistent
Representation, Int. J. Plasticity, 2011, Vol. 27, pp. 1126-1144.
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Loading/Unloading: Close-up
1200
DP980 - 1.43mm
DP9
DP9
True stress (MPa)
F
900 H
Experiment J
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QPE Model vs. Experiment (Multi-Cycle)
1200
DP980-1.45
Tension test
1000
Measured
True Stress (MPa)
800
600
400
QPE model
200
0
0 0.025 0.05 0.075 0.1
True Strain
L. Sun, R. H. Wagoner: Complex Unloading Behavior: Nature of the Deformation and Its Consistent
Representation, Int. J. Plasticity, 2011, Vol. 27, pp. 1126-1144.
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QPE vs. Experiment (Close-Up)
1200
600
400
Measured
Chord
200
QPE
0
0.069 0.072 0.075 0.078
True Strain
L. Sun, R. H. Wagoner: Complex Unloading Behavior: Nature of the Deformation and Its Consistent
Representation, Int. J. Plasticity, 2011, Vol. 27, pp. 1126-1144.
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QPE: Performance in Springback Prediction
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Crash Simulation Application: U. Gandhi, Toyota
U. Gandhi: Investigation of non-linearity and anisotropy in elastic modulus of steel, TRINA, TTC,
March 19, 2013
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Crash Simulation: Toyota Flat Pillar
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Materials (4 Grades, 3 Sources Each, RD)
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Definition of Hysteresis Measure, d
1200
Typical example:
DP980-1, RD
Chord Fit
Prestrain=0.08
1000
True stress (MPa)
600
400
Maximum unload width =
dU (example at 47% of u)
200
d = dU + dL
0
0.07 0.072 0.074 0.076 0.078
True strain
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Is d a Fundamental Material Property?
1.00E-03
Loading-unloading-reloading (LUL) test
DP980
8.00E-04
DP600
HSLA
Loop width,
6.00E-04 USS IF
4.00E-04
2.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Unloading stress (MPa)
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Summary, Hysteresis Measure, d
d is ~independent of supplier
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ULTRASONIC MODULUS
ANALYSIS
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Ultrasonic Procedures (96 tests)
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Summary, Real (Ultrasonic) Modulus Analysis
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LINEAR MODULUS
ANALYSIS
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Mechanical Testing Procedures (192 tests)
Tensile Test Types: - Standard
- L/U/L Single-cycle at epre=eu/2
- L/U/L Single-cycle at epre=eu
- L/U/L Multi-cycle at epre= 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10
Class A extensometer:
Epsilon 3542-0200-030-ST, 2 gage, +30%/-10% range
1000
4
800 1
True Stress (Mpa)
600
3 2
400
Reloading Unloading
200
Parallel tensile specimen: dimensions in inches.
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025
True Strain
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Four Kinds of Mechanical Tests (192 Total)
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Linear Modulus Analysis
800
u
E4
1/4 u
600 1/3 u
True Stress (Mpa)
E1
400
E3
200
1/3 u
1/4 u
E2
0
0.072 0.074 0.076 0.078
True Strain
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Youngs Modulus vs. Prestrain(RD): DP980-1
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Youngs Modulus vs. Prestrain(RD): DP600-1
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Youngs Modulus vs. Prestrain(RD): HSLA-1
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Youngs Modulus vs. Prestrain(RD): IF-1
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Brief Statistics, Linear Modulus Analysis
All Materials
Initial Loading Modulus (8): 193 6 GPa (test-test: 8)
Reloading (Prestrain=8%) (2): 195 5 GPa (test-test 2)
Non-IF
Initial Loading Modulus (8): 197 3 GPa (test-test 5)
Reloading (Prestrain=8%) (2): 191 5 GPa (test-test 2)
Therefore:
Prestrain has little effect on E.
Use reloading instead of initial loading, better precision and
reproducibility (SD 4 GPa vs. 16 GPa).
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Summary, Linear Modulus Analysis
Simplifications:
Initial Es ~ independent of grade, supplier
Final Es depend primarily on
Single-cycle = multi-cycle,
Small effect of prestrain on E (Contrary to Morestin)
Conclusions:
Use unloading or reloading leg for measurement
Initial Es lower than (Contrary to QPE)
Very nonlinear (2, 4 40~90 1 , 3 )
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NONLINEAR MODULUS
ANALYSIS
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Nonlinear Analysis: Data
800
600
True Stress (Mpa)
400
200
0
0.072 0.074 0.076 0.078
True Strain
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Data: Loading vs. Unloading
1
DP980-1, RD
Prestrain=8%
Unload vs. Reload
0.8
Delta stress fraction
Data, Reload
0.6
0.4
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Delta strain fraction
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QPE Model: E Form, 3-4 Parameter Versions
Sun and Wagoners* Eq. 11 (*), where d=0 is the linear-nonlinear transition:
E A1 A2 1 exp( A3 d )
A1 for D A4
E ( d )
{ A1 A2 1 exp A3 D A4 for D A4
}
and a fully nonlinear representation (sy=0, A4=0), Eq. 2:
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QPE Model: Stress Form
The general integration form of Eq. 11 is:
A1 A2 d exp[ A3 d ] C
A2
Ds
A3
and the explicit form, Eq. 3, in terms of D, is as follows:
A1 D D A4
{
Ds A1 A2 D 1 exp A3 D A4 A2 A4
A2
A3
D A4 }
and fully nonlinear representation (no yield stress), Eq. 4, is as follows:
Ds A1 A2 D 1 exp A3 D
A2
A3
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Nonlinear Fits and Data Example: DP980-1
1
DP980-1, RD Reload, 4 Param.
Prestrain=8% <S.D.>=6 MPa
All fits and data
0.8 Reload, 3 Param.
<S.D.>=9 MPa
Delta stress fraction
Data, Reload
<S.D.>=9 MPa
0.6
0.6
Unload, 3, 4 Parameters
(Indistinguishable)
0.4
Unload Data
0.2 Fit 1: (A1~A3)
Fit 2: (A1~A4)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Delta strain fraction
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Nonlinear Fit Example: Reloading
1
DP980-1, RD
Prestrain=8%
Reloading Reload, 4 Parameters
0.8
Delta stress fraction
Reload Data
0.6
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Delta strain fraction
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E vs. : DP980-1 (Unload)
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E vs. : DP980-1(Reload)
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Summary, Nonlinear Modulus Analysis
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CONCLUSIONS
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Comparison of Modulus Measures
Non-IF Steels
Ultrasonic: 215 +/2 GPa
Mechanical/Linear (=0): 197 +/- 6 GPa (92% +/- 2%)
(191 GPa at =0.08)
Mechanical/Nonlin. (=0.08): 215 +/- 15 GPa (100% +/- 7%)
IF Steels
Ultrasonic: 201 +/- 3 GPa
Mechanical/Linear (=0): 180 +/- 19 GPa (90% +/- 10%)
Mechanical/Nonl. (=0.08): 221 +/- 15 GPa (110% +/- 7%)
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Crash Simulation: Toyota Flat Pillar
60
Force (kN)
40
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Displacement (mm)
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EXTRA SLIDES
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Comparison of Initial Modulus Measures
Three Overall Modulus Measures
Mechanical,
Ultrasonic (Elastic) Mechanical, Linear Fit Comparisons
Nonlinear Fit, Eq.4
Eus <S.D.> E3* (e=0) <S.D.> ENL(e=0.08) E3/Eus ENL/Eus
Material
GPa GPa GPa GPa GPa
DP980-1 214 0.8 192 9 203 90% 95%
DP980-2 220 0.6 205 7 213 93% 97%
DP980-3 217 1.3 205 6 205 94% 94%
DP600-1 215 0.5 191 4 226 89% 105%
DP600-2 212 0.6 196 14 225 92% 106%
DP600-3 214 0.1 199 12 206 93% 96%
HSLA-1 216 1.8 196 15 206 91% 95%
HSLA-2 214 0.6 201 14 245 94% 114%
HSLA-3 214 0.2 187 8 203 87% 95%
IF-1 204 1.4 160 27 226 78% 111%
IF-2 200 2.4 198 48 204 99% 102%
IF-3 199 0 182 27 232 91% 117%
Average 212 1 193 16 216 91% 102%
S.D. 7 1 12 12 14 5% 8%
DP980 Avg. 217 1 201 7 207 92% 95%
DP980 S.D. 3 0 8 2 5 2% 1%
DP600 Avg. 214 0 195 10 219 91% 102%
DP600 S.D. 2 0 4 5 12 2% 6%
HSLA Avg. 215 1 195 13 218 91% 102%
HSLA S.D. 1 1 7 4 23 3% 11%
IF Avg. 201 1 180 34 221 90% 110%
IF S.D. 3 1 19 12 15 10% 7%
*Average of E3 at 0 prestrain, all types of load/unload test (8)
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