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13. Probability
Find:
SOLUTION:
P(A|B)= /P(B)
=P(A) + P(B) -
is the complement of
So: .
SOLUTION:
=P(A) + P(B)
P(B) = 0.7 0.2 = 0.5
(a) (b) If and are independent: .
Substitute into: .
...............
..............
(c)
So we have: .
Substitute into: .
...............
..............
QUESTION3 :
The addition law for mutually exclusive events can then be used.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
QUESTION 4:
Two balls are removed from a bag containing three green and two red balls. The first
ball is not replaced before the second is removed. If the second ball is red, what is the
probability that the first ball was green?
SOLUTION:
A = {first ball green} and B = {second ball red}
If the employee chosen is full time, what is the probability that the employee is a
female?
SOLUTION:
As event A has occurred, the sample space is restricted to the 10 outcomes of the
event {employee is full time}. Of these outcomes, there are 3 in the event
{employee is female and full time}.
(f)
QUESTION 6: Two cards are drawn from a deck of 52 cards without replacement.
(a) What is the probability of drawing a face card on the first draw and an ace on
the second draw? (b) What is the probability of getting a face card and and ace
from the two draws?
SOLUTION:
B) same because you want both a face and an ace. No matter what order you draw
in, you get the same prob once you multiply the two probs.
EX:
(g)
(h)
(i)
QUESTION 9: Two dice are rolled once. Find the probability that
(i) the numbers on two dice are different
(ii) the total of numbers on the two dice is at least 4.
SOLUTION: Total number of cases = 6 x 6 = 36
(i) When the numbers on the two dice are different,The number of favorable cases
= 6 x 5 = 30.
(There is only one favourable case for X = 2, namely (1, 1) and two
favourable cases for X = 3, namely (1, 2) and (2, 1))
QUESTION 10: A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards.
Find the probability that it is neither an ace nor a king.
SOLUTION:
QUESTION 11: An urn contains 7 red and 4 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at
random with replacement. Finds the probability of getting (a) 2 red balls (b)
2 blue balls (c) one red and one blue ball.
SOLUTION:
Red balls = 7
Blue balls = 4
Total balls = 7+ 4 =11
(a) P (2 red balls) = P (RR)
(j)
SOLUTION:
so P(E1/)=1- =1/2
And E2 be the event that B solves the problem, then P(E2)= 1/3=1-1/3=2/3
P(E2/)= 1-1/3=2/3
= 1 - x 2/3
QUESTION 13: A die is tossed thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd
number at least once.
SOLUTION:
(l) When a die is tossed thrice, the sample space is {1,2,3,4,5,6} each time
S = {( x, y, z ) : x, y, z {1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6}}
S contains 6 6 6 = 216 cases
Let E : 'an odd number appears atleast once'
E ' : 'an odd number appears none of the times'
(m) i.e E ' : 'an even number appears all three times'
E ' = {( x, y, z ) : x, y, z {2, 4, 6}}
E ' contains 3 3 3 = 27 cases
Now, P(E) = 1 - P(E ' )
27 1 7
= 1 = 1 =
216 8 8
SOLUTION:
are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events and hence, they represent a partition
of the sample space.
Given that,
Again P(E|B1 ) = Probability that the bulb drawn is defective given that it is manu-
factured by machine A = 1% = 1/ 100
Similarly, P(E| B2) = 1.5%=15/ 100 = 3/ 200 P(E| B3) 2%== 2/100
P( B1 )( PE B1 )
P ( B1 E ) =
P( B1 )( PE B1 ) + P( B2 )( PE B2 ) + P ( B3 )( PE B3 )
1 1
= 6 100
1 1 1 3 1 2
+ +
6 100 3 200 2 100
1
= 6
1 1
+ +1
6 2
1 1
= =
1 + 3 + 6 10
QUESTION 15: . What is the probability of picking a spade from a normal pack of
cards and rolling an odd number on a die?
SOLUTION: