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LINFOMAS B Y T
Biologa, Clnica
y Tratamiento
Linfomas B y T. Biologa, Clnica y Tratamiento Jos Gmez Codina
2. Edicin
2. Edicin
Linfomas B y T. Biologa, Clnica y Tratamiento
07.02-MAB-L02
Con la colaboracin de
Farma
LINFOMAS B Y T
Biologa, Clnica
y Tratamiento
2.a Edicin
ZZZIDFHERRNFRPGHVFDUJDUOLEURVPHGLFLQD
LINFOMAS B Y T
LINFOMAS B Y T
Biologa, Clnica
y Tratamiento
Roche, 2002
de los autores, 2002
Edita
nova
Sidonia
ONCOLOGIA
DE MEDICINA
PRLOGO
(2. edicin)
NDICE
DEFINICIN ...................................................................................... 1
EPIDEMIOLOGA
1. Incidencia y mortalidad generales ................................................ 19
2. Tipos histolgicos ............................................................................ 21
3. Variaciones debidas a la edad ........................................................ 22
4. Variaciones temporales .................................................................. 23
5. Influencia del sexo y la raza .......................................................... 23
6. Incidencia y mortalidad en Espaa .............................................. 24
ETIOLOGA
Factores etiolgicos .............................................................................. 27
1. La hiptesis viral ............................................................................ 27
1.1. Virus de Epstein-Barr ............................................................ 28
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NDICE XIII
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NDICE XV
XVI LINFOMAS B Y T
TRATAMIENTO LNH
1. Tratamiento .................................................................................... 339
2. Tratamiento de los linfomas indolentes ........................................ 340
2.1. Consideraciones generales .................................................... 341
2.2. Tratamiento de los Linfomas Indolentes en Estadios
Iniciales .................................................................................. 346
2.3. Tratamiento de los Linfomas Indolentes en Estadios
Avanzados .............................................................................. 347
2.4. Tratamiento de la enfermedad recurrente ............................ 356
2.5. Tratamientos intensivos con soporte de progenitores
hematopoyticos ...................................................................... 359
2.6. Anticuerpos monoclonales en el tratamiento de los
linfomas de bajo grado ............................................................ 362
2.7. Nuevas formas de tratamiento .............................................. 367
2.8. Tratamiento de los Linfomas Linfocticos de Clulas
Pequeas (LLCP) .................................................................... 367
3. Tratamiento de los linfomas de clulas del manto ...................... 369
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NDICE XVII
DEFINICIN
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BIBLIOGRAFA
APROXIMACIN A LA HISTORIA
DE LOS LNH
1. PSEUDOLEUCEMIA Y LINFOSARCOMA
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3. RETICULOSARCOMA
4. LINFOMAS FOLICULARES
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RETICULOSIS
A. FOLLICULAR RETICULOSES
i. Lymphoid (follicular lymphoblastoma).
ii. Myeloid.
iii. Lymphoid and Histiocytic (Flemmings centers reactive hyperplasia).
iv. Giant cell and fibrillary.
B. SINUS RETICULOSES (Endothelioses).
i. Histiocytic.
ii. Giant-cell histiocytic (Stengel-Wolbach sclerosis).
iii. (?) Histiosyncitial.
C. MEDULLARY RETICULOSES
i. Lymphoid (lymphoid leucosis).
ii. Myeloid (myeloid leucosis and myeloid transformations).
iii. Monocytic (monocytic leucosis).
iv. Reticullum celled.
v. Storage reticullum celled (lipiodosis).
vi. Histiocytic.
vii. Pro-Histiocytic-Fibrillary.
viii. Fibromyeloid (Hodgkins Disease).
RETICULOSARCOMA
A. UNDIFFERENTIATED SARCOMA.
1. Diffuse.
2. Trabecular.
B. DIFFERENTIATION TO HISTIOID CELLS
1. Dicytosyncytial (fibrosyncytial) reticulosarcoma.
2. Dicytocytic (fibrillary) reticulosarcoma.
C. DIFFERENTIATION TO HAEMIC CELLS
1. Lymphocitoma.
i. Lymphoblastic sarcoma.
1. Medullary.
2. Follicular.
ii. Lymphosarcoma.
2. Plasmacytoma.
3. (Monocytoma).
4. Myeloblastoma.
5. Erithroblastoma.
D. MIXED TYPE (POLIMORPHIC RETICULOSARCOMA or Malignant Hodg-
kins Disease).
E. DIFFERENTIATION OF SINUS LINING CELLS
1. Undifferentiated cell type (reticuloendotheliosarcoma).
2. Differentiated cell type (histiocytoma).
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tivos contra los linfomas, muchos autores pensaron que en aquel momen-
to no haba razones cientficas para distinguir ms de tres grandes subti-
pos de LNH y muchos patlogos, como Custer y Bernhard [33] o clnicos
como Stout [34], prefirieron una simple clasificacin de este tipo:
Histiocytic/Lymphocytic Mixed
Histiocytic
Lymphocytic
* En estas clasificaciones cada tipo citolgico puede ocurrir con formas nodulares o difusas.
Modificado de Magrath IT [42].
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7.1. Radioterapia
7.2. Quimioterapia
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BIBLIOGRAFA
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45. Lewis J, Brennan MF. The role of surgery. En: Magrath IT, editor. The Non-
Hodgkins Lymphomas. 2 Edicin. Londres: Edward Arnold, 1997: 681-698.
46. Sjgren T. Forhandlingar vid Svenska. Lakaresallskapets sammankomster
1899: 0: 208.
47. Pusey WA. Cases of sarcoma and of Hodgkins disease treated by exposure
to x-rays. A preliminary Report. JAMA 1902; 38: 166-169.
48. Miller TP, Jones SE. Is there a role for radiotherapy in localized diffusse
lymphomas? Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1980; 4: 67-70.
49. De las Heras M, Salinas J, Fernndez J. La utilidad de la radioterapia en
los linfomas no-Hodgkin. Oncologa 1996; 19: 508-524.
50. Gray JR, Glatstein E. Radiation therapy in the non-Hodgkins lymphomas.
En: Magrath IT, editor. The Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas. 2 Edicin. Lon-
dres: Edward Arnold, 1997: 663-680.
51. Krumbhaar EB, Krumbhaar HD. The blood and bone marrow in yellow
(mustard gas) poisoning: changes produced in the bone marrow of fatal
cases. J Med Res 1919; 40: 497.
52. Gilman A, Philips FS. The biological actions and therapeutic applications of
the -chloroethyl amines and sulphides. Science 1946; 103: 409.
53. Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Damesheck W, Goodman MJ, Gilman AZ,
McLennan MT. Nitrogen mustard therapy. Use of methyl-bis-(chloroethyl)
amine hidrocloride for Hodgkins disease, lymphosarcoma, leukemia and
certain allied and miscellaneous disorders. JAMA 1946; 132: 126-132.
54. Wintrobe MM, Huguley CM Jr, McLennan MR, et al. Nitrogen mustard as
a therapeutic agent for Hodgkins disease, lymphosarcoma and leukaemia.
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55. Galton DAG, Israels LG, Nabarro JDN, Till M. Clinical trials of p-(di-2-chlo-
roethylamino)-phenilbutyric acid (CB 1348) in malignant lymphoma. Br
Med J 1955; 2: 1172-1176.
56. Rosenberg SA, Diamond HD, Dargeon HW, et al. Lymphosarcoma in child-
hood. N Engl J Med 1958; 259: 505-512.
57. Burkitt D. Long term remissions following one and two dose chemotherapy
for African Lymphoma. Cancer 1967; 20: 756-759.
58. DeVita VT, Canellos GP, Chabner B, Schein P, Hubbard SP, Young RC.
Advanced diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, a potentially curable disease. Lan-
cet 1975; 1: 248-250.
59. Gottlieb JA, Gutterman JU, McCredie KB, Rodrguez V, Frei III E. Che-
motherapy of malignant lymphoma with Adriamycin. Cancer Res 1973; 33:
3024-3028.
60. McKelvey EM, Gottlieb JA, Wilson HE, Haut A, Talley RW, Stephens R, et
al. Hidroxyldaunomycin (Adriamycin) combination chemotherapy in malig-
nant lymphoma. Cancer 1976; 38: 1484-1493.
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2. TIPOS HISTOLGICOS
%
L. BAJO GRADO
L. linfoctico c. Pequeas 10,5
L. Folicular 16,6
L. GRADO INTERMEDIO
Difuso c. Pequeas hendidas 13,2
DCGB, Mixto e Inmunoblstico 38,0
L. ALTO GRADO
Linfoblstico 1
Burkitt 2,5
OTROS 3,5
LNH NO ESPECIFICADO 14,7
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nal Cancer Data Base [11]. Los subtipos ms frecuentes son, con dife-
rencia, los difusos de clula grande y los foliculares. A lo largo de los
ltimos 15 aos, adems del aumento global, se han observado cambios
en la proporcin de los diferentes linfomas. As, mientras permanece
estable la incidencia de L. Linfoctico de Clulas Pequeas, aumentan
de manera notable los L. Foliculares y los de Clula Grande. El aumen-
to llamativo del subtipo Inmublastico y del L. de Burkitt se explica por
la eclosin del SIDA, siendo estas variedades las ms comnmente aso-
ciadas a esa enfermedad. Por el contrario, ha disminuido el nmero de
casos comunicados de L. Difuso de Clulas Pequeas Hendidas, pro-
bablemente por un efecto de reclasificacin y mejor precisin en el diag-
nstico histolgico.
Un hecho llamativo y constante es el aumento de los LNH de presen-
tacin extraganglionar en todas las series [2, 10-11].
Los LNH muestran una incidencia creciente con la edad en todos los
pases, si bien los picos de mxima incidencia dependen en parte de la
estructura de las pirmides de poblacin de cada pas. As, en los pases
subdesarrollados, en los que la mayor fraccin de poblacin son los jve-
nes, tienen una mayor incidencia global de LNH entre stos. Por contra,
en los pases desarrollados ocurre lo contrario. Ello puede explicar las
variaciones en la incidencia especfica por edades entre diferentes pases
y que se matizan en parte al se expresadas en forma de tasas ajustadas
a la poblacin mundial. En los EE.UU. el mayor pico se produce entre los
60-64 aos para los hombres y entre los 70-74 para las mujeres, al igual
que en otros pases occidentales. En Rumania, Uruguay, Venezuela,
Mauritania o Kuwait el pico se observa entre los 55-64 aos y en Egipto
entre los 45-54 aos.
Existen, a su vez, amplias variaciones de los subtipos histolgicos en
funcin de la edad. As, los linfomas de alto grado de malignidad repre-
sentan el 28% de los LNH en edades inferiores a los 35 aos y, sin embar-
go, slo un 6-7% por encima de esa edad. Por contra, los linfomas de baja
malignidad son rarsimos en los nios, suponen un 16% de los LNH por
debajo de los 35 aos y aumentan porcentualmente en edades avanzadas,
un 28% por encima de los 35 aos [12].
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4. VARIACIONES TEMPORALES
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Ao Datos
BIBLIOGRAFA
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ETIOLOGA
FACTORES ETIOLGICOS
1. LA HIPTESIS VIRAL
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Los virus sobre los que existen mayores evidencias sobre su posible
papel causal en los LNH son el virus de Epstein-Barr, el Herpesvirus tipo
8 o virus del Sarcoma de Kaposi, los Oncorretrovirus HTLV-1 y HTLV-2
y el virus de la Hepatitis C [5-7]. En el caso del SIDA, enfermedad en la
que se produce un nmero elevado de LNH, no se ha demostrado un
papel oncognico directo del virus VIH.
ETIOLOGA 29
Estos efectos biolgicos del VEB puede ser causa de LNH a travs de
un proceso cuyo resumen puede ser el siguiente [15]:
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ETIOLOGA 31
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ETIOLOGA 33
3.3. Dieta
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ETIOLOGA 35
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INMUNOSUPRESION IATROGNICA.
Trasplantes de rganos.
Inmunosupresion asociada al tratamiento con anticonvulsivantes.
Otros.
SINDROME DE INMUNODEFICIENCIA ADQUIRIDA (SIDA).
ESTADOS PRIMARIOS DE INMUNODEPRESIN.
Ataxia-Telangiectasia.
S. de Wiskott-Aldrich.
Inmunodeficiencia comn variable.
Inmunodeficiencia severa combinada.
S. Chediak-Higashi.
Sndrome linfoproliferativo ligado al cromosoma X.
ENFERMEDAD DE HODGKIN TRATADA.
COLAGENOSIS Y ENFERMEDADES AUTOINMUNES RELACIONADAS.
S. Sjgren.
Artritis reumatoide.
Lupus eritematoso sistmico.
Tiroiditis de Hashimoto.
Otras.
nes que yuxtaponen oncogenes con genes de expresin celular, como los
que codifican las inmunoglobulinas (ver Captulo de Biologa de los
LNH).
Algunas familias son portadoras de un trastorno conocido como Sn-
drome Linfoproliferativo Ligado al Cromosoma X, que se caracteriza por
la aparicin de Anemia Aplsica, Mononucleosis Infecciosa fatal y LNH
[92]. El que estos pacientes mueran por la mononucleosis o sufran LNH,
posiblemente refleja el grado de alteracin de la reactividad inmune con-
tra el VEB. Aquellos pacientes con una incapacidad absoluta para regu-
lar la proliferacin de las clulas infectadas por el VEB, fallecern como
consecuencia de una infeccin primaria por dicho virus. Sin embargo,
aquellos pacientes que conservan, aunque disminuida, alguna habilidad
para controlar el crecimiento de las clulas infectadas por el VEB, ten-
drn un mayor riesgo de desarrollar una alteracin gentica que produz-
ca un linfoma clonal.
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ETIOLOGA 37
BIBLIOGRAFA
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ETIOLOGA 39
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ETIOLOGA 41
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ETIOLOGA 43
ging Hodgkins disease: the 20-year Leiden experience. Ann Hematol 1992;
65: 213-218.
84. Blomberg J, Moller T, Olsson H, Anderson H, Jonsson M. Cancer morbidity
in blood recipients-results of a cohort study. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 2101-
2105.
85. Adami J, Nyren O, Bergstrom R, Ekbom A, McLaughlin JK, Hogman C, et
al. Blood transfusion and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: lack of association. Ann
Intern Med 1997; 127: 365-371.
86. Alexander FE. Blood transfusion and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lan-
cet 1997; 350: 1414-1415.
87. Nelson RA, Levine AM, Bernstein L. Blood transfusions and the risk of
intermediate- or high-grade non-Hodgkins lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst
1998; 90: 1742-1743.
88. Aisenberg AC. Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma in states of altered immunity:
role of the Epstein-Barr virus. En: Aisenberg AC, editor. Malignant Lymp-
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1991: 357-378.
89. Magrath IT, Shad AT, Sundlund JT. Lymphoproliferative disorders in
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90. List AF, Greco FA, Vogler LB. Lymphoproliferative diseases in immuno-
suppressed hosts: the role of Epstein-Barr virus. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 1673-
1689.
91. Tosato G, Blaese RM. Epstein-Barr virus infection and immunoregulation
in man. Adv Immunol 1985; 37: 99-149.
92. Purtilo DT. Pathogenesis and phenotypes of an X-linked recessive lympho-
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93. Levine AM. Lymphoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Semin
Oncol 1990; 17: 104-112.
94. Guarner J, Del Ro C, Carr D, Hendrix LE, Eley JW, Unger ER. Non-Hodg-
kins lymphomas in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Presence of Epstein-Barr virus by in situ hybridization, clinical and follow-
up. Cancer 1991; 68: 2460-2465.
95. Filipovich AH, Heinitz KJ, Robison LL, Frizzera G. The immunodeficiency
cancer registry. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1987; 9: 183-184.
96. Frizzera G, Rosai J, Dehner LP, Spector BD, Kersey JH. Lymphoprolifera-
tive disorders in primary immunodeficiencies: New findings based on an up-
to-date histologic classification of 35 cases. Cancer 1980; 46: 692-699.
97. Penn I. Tumors in the immunocompromised patient. Ann Rev Med 1988; 39:
63-73.
98. Ho M, Jaffe R, Miller G, Atchinson RW, Breining MK, Dummer JS, et al.
Epstein-Barr virus infections and DNA hybridization studies in postrans-
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Stem cell
linfoide
L. Linfoblstico L. L.C.
Enfermedad de
L. Folicular, L.DCG, L. Burkitts Waldenstrn Mieloma
CD5
CD19
CD20
CD22
CD52 ? ? ?
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Tdt
CD1
CD7
CD5
CD2
CD3
TCR-2
CD4
+
CD8
Corteza
Paracorteza
Vnula de
endotelio alto Mdula
Folculo primario Linftico eferente
Arteria
Vena
Centro germinal del
folculo secundario
Trabculas
Linftico aferente
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2.2. Linfomas T
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dup(1)(q21q31) t(11;18)(q21;q21)
del (1)(q32) +12
t(2;5)(p23;q35) -14
t(2;8)(p12;q24) inv(14)(q11q32)
+3 del(14)(q11-14-q22-32)
del(3)(p21-25) t(14;18)(q32;q21)
+7 t(14;19)(q32;q13)
i(7q) del(16)(q22)
t(8;14)(q24;q32) -17
t(8;22)(q24;q11) +20
t(9;22)(q34;q11) +22
t(11;14)(q13;q32) -X
dup(11)(q13q23-25) +X
del(11)(q14-23) -Y
del (6)q -7
62 LINFOMAS B Y T
del L. de Burkitt aunque menos frecuentes, que afectan a 8q24, como son
[t(2;8)(p11;q24)] y [t(8;22)(q24;q11)], se asocian a la yuxtaposicin del
mismo oncogn c-myc con los loci de las cadenas ligeras kappa y lambda
respectivamente [59, 64]. Estas traslocaciones pueden tener como resul-
tado que el oncogn caiga bajo la influencia de una regin promotora en
los genes activados de las inmunoglobulinas, con lo que se produce una
desregulacin del mismo y su trascripcin (que es silente cuando c-myc
permanece en el cromosoma 8). El transcrito de este gen, la fosfoprotena
nuclear myc, acta como un potente activador transcripcional de la proli-
feracin celular [65]. Aunque sin duda son necesarias, las traslocaciones
y la subsiguiente desregulacin de c-myc deben ser slo el principio de una
cadena de mutaciones somticas que acaba confiriendo el fenotipo neo-
plsico agresivo caracterstico del L. de Burkitt [66, 67].
Las traslocaciones recprocas del cromosoma 8 con los cromosomas 14,
2 y 22 y los reagrupamientos del oncogn c-myc subsiguientes no slo se
han descrito en el L. de Burkitt, sino tambin en otras formas de LNH B
de alto grado [68].
Con estos datos, y aunque es probable que estn involucrados otros
mecanismos, podemos imaginar una hiptesis patognica de los L. de
Burkitt y, tal vez, de otros LNH [34, 59]:
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5.6. Otras
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LINFOMAS B Y T
HISTOPATOLOGA Y CLASIFICACIN
DE LOS LNH
Sir: The announcement in The Lancet of two more clas-
sifications of Non-Hodgkins lymphomas encourages me
to put forward my classification of these classifications:
1. INTRODUCCIN
90 LINFOMAS B Y T
2. CLASIFICACIN DE RAPPAPORT
92 LINFOMAS B Y T
NODULAR:
Linfoctico bien diferenciado.
Linfoctico pobremente diferenciado.
Mixto, linfoctico e histioctico.
Histioctico.
DIFUSO:
Linfoctico bien diferenciado (sin caractersticas plasmocitoides).
Linfoctico bien diferenciado (con caractersticas plasmocitoides).
Linfoctico pobremente diferenciado (sin caractersticas plasmocitoides).
Linfoctico pobremente diferenciado (con caractersticas plasmocitoides).
Linfoblstico convoluto.
Linfoblstico no convoluto.
Mixto, linfoctico e histioctico.
Histioctico sin esclerosis.
Histioctico con esclerosis.
Tumor de Burkitt.
Indiferenciado.
LINFOMA COMPUESTO.
3. CLASIFICACIN DE KIEL
LINFOMA COMPUESTO.
94 LINFOMAS B Y T
4. OTRAS CLASIFICACIONES
96 LINFOMAS B Y T
98 LINFOMAS B Y T
100 LINFOMAS B Y T
Linfomas MALT
102 LINFOMAS B Y T
6. CLASIFICACIN REAL
104 LINFOMAS B Y T
NEOPLASIAS DE CLULAS B:
Leucemia/Linfoma Linfoblstico B.
2. L. Linfoplasmocitoide/Inmunocitoma.
4. L. Centrofoliculares, foliculares.
5. L. B de la zona Marginal
7. Tricoleucemia.
8. Mieloma/Plasmocitoma.
10. L. de Burkitt.
Leucemia/Linfoma Linfoblstico T.
Subtipos Provisionales:
L. Hepato-esplnico de clulas T-gamma-delta.
L. Panicultico Subcutneo de clulas T.
L. Angioinmunoblstico de clulas T.
L. Angiocntrico.
106 LINFOMAS B Y T
ENFERMEDAD DE HODGKIN:
L. Clulas B de la zona
Marginal, extranodal (MALT)
L. Clulas B de la zona
Marginal, nodal Monocitoide
108 LINFOMAS B Y T
* * *
Alto Grado
110 LINFOMAS B Y T
LNH B 85%
LNH T 15%
22%
L. FOLICULARES 22%
7 L. T (no LBL)
6 L. Manto
5
L. L. C. Pequeas
4
L. Linfoblstico
3
L. Burkitt
2
L. Zona Marginal
1
L. Anaplsico
0 CD30+
JO Armitage.
JCO 1988; 16: 2780
Fig. 1.
LINFOMAS B Y T
Linfomas B Linfomas T
cin de una clasificacin clnica de los LNH que agrupa a los distintos
subtipos en tres grandes grupos (tabla VII) y que, curiosamente, fue
publicada antes que los trabajos en los que se bas [103]:
7. CLASIFICACIN DE LA OMS
112 LINFOMAS B Y T
NEOPLASIAS DE CLULAS B:
Leucemia/Linfoma Linfoblstico B.
2. Leucemia Prolinfoctica B.
3. L. Linfoplasmactico.
5. Tricoleucemia.
9. L. Folicular.
Subvariedades:
Centroblstico.
Inmunoblstico.
Anaplsico.
Rico en linfocitos/histiocitos.
Granulomatosis Linfomatoidea.
Plasmablstico.
Formas clnicas diferenciadas:
Primitivo Mediastnico.
Intravascular.
L. de Cavidades.
12. L. de Burkitt.
LINFOMAS B Y T
Leucemia/Linfoma Linfoblstico T.
1. Leucemia Prolinfoctica T.
ENFERMEDAD DE HODGKIN:
114 LINFOMAS B Y T
REAL OMS
LINFOMAS B
L. Linfoctico-LLC
L. Linfoctico-LLC/L. Prolinfoctica
L. Prolinfoctica
Inmunocitoma L. Linfoplasmactico
L. Burkitt-Like L. Difuso C. Grandes B
L. Difuso de Clulas Grandes B Subtipos Histolgicos *
Centroblstico
Inmunoblstico
Anaplsico
Rico en linfocitos/histiocitos
Granulomatosis Linfomatoidea
Plasmablstico
Formas Clnicas Diferenciadas *
Primitivo Mediastnico
Intravascular
L. de Cavidades
Entidades Provisionales L. Ganglionar de la zona Marginal
L. Esplnico de la zona Marginal
LINFOMAS T
116 LINFOMAS B Y T
TABLA X.
118 LINFOMAS B Y T
Subtipo histolgico SIg CIg CD5 CD10 CD23 CD43 Alt. Genticas
L. linfoplasmocitoide + + - - - -/+
120 LINFOMAS B Y T
122 LINFOMAS B Y T
Inmunofenotipo. SIg+ (IgM +/- IgD > IgG > IgA), Antgenos B-Asocia-
dos positivos (CD19, CD20, CD22, CD79a), CD10+, CD5 -, CD23 -, CD43 -,
CD11c -. La expresin de la protena bcl-2 es til para distinguir los fol-
culos neoplsicos de los reactivos (en los que est ausente), pero no es til
para diferenciar los L. Foliculares de otros linfomas de bajo grado, en los
que tambin puede expresarse bcl-2. La ausencia de CD5 y CD43 dis-
tingue los L. Foliculares de los L. de clulas del manto; por otro lado, la
expresin de CD10 los distingue de los L. de la zona marginal. La tincin
para clulas dendrticas demuestra una malla densa de estas clulas
dando soporte a las clulas neoplsicas.
124 LINFOMAS B Y T
126 LINFOMAS B Y T
8.11. Tricoleucemia
Equivalencias.
No existen equivalencias aplicables.
128 LINFOMAS B Y T
Inmunofenotipo. SIg +/-; CIg -/+; Ag. B + (19, 20, 22, 79a); CD45 +/-; CD5 -/+;
CD10 -/+. Los casos con morfologa anaplsica expresan tpicamente el Ag.
CD30, tal y como ocurre con los casos de linfomas anaplsicos de fenoti-
po T o Nulo.
130 LINFOMAS B Y T
Inmunofenotipo. SIgM+; Ag. B+ (19, 20, 22, 79a); CD10+; CD5-; CD23-;
bcl-6+; bcl-2-; Tdt-.
132 LINFOMAS B Y T
134 LINFOMAS B Y T
Clnica. Representan menos del 15% de los LNH en los pases occi-
dentales, pero son ms frecuentes en otras partes del mundo. Los pacien-
tes son generalmente adultos, con enfermedad generalizada, ocasional-
mente con eosinofilia, prurito o sndrome hemofagoctico. Puede afectar
a ganglios linfticos, piel, tejido celular subcutneo, hgado, bazo y otros
rganos. El curso es bastante agresivo, pero son potencialmente curables.
Las recadas son ms frecuentes que en los linfomas B de tipo celular
equivalente.
136 LINFOMAS B Y T
138 LINFOMAS B Y T
140 LINFOMAS B Y T
142 LINFOMAS B Y T
BIBLIOGRAFA
144 LINFOMAS B Y T
146 LINFOMAS B Y T
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LINFOMAS B Y T
154 LINFOMAS B Y T
156 LINFOMAS B Y T
Entre las caractersticas del paciente, existen algunas que son inde-
pendientes del tumor (edad, enfermedades previas o comorbilidad) y
otras que son el resultado de la interrelacin del paciente y el tumor (Sn-
tomas B, Estado general o funcional y, con ello, la capacidad de toleran-
cia a quimioterapias agresivas).
Por ltimo, en una enfermedad potencialmente curable, al menos en
trminos generales, el propio tratamiento y sus caractersticas tendrn
una influencia decisiva en el pronstico. Las variables ms importantes
sern: El Tipo y Combinacin de Frmacos usados; las Dosis adminis-
tradas y la Intensidad de Dosis alcanzada; la relacin Eficacia/Seguri-
dad del Tratamiento y la experiencia del centro donde sea tratado el
paciente.
LINFOMAS B Y T
158 LINFOMAS B Y T
160 LINFOMAS B Y T
3.2. Inmunofenotipo
3.2.1. Linaje T o B
casos que no expresan HLA-DR son de peor pronstico que aquellos que
exhiben este antgeno [54-56].
Por ltimo, la presencia de numerosos linfocitos T infiltrantes de
tumor (TILs) indica, por el contrario, un buen pronstico [57-59].
162 LINFOMAS B Y T
164 LINFOMAS B Y T
166 LINFOMAS B Y T
Lugar Criterio
168 LINFOMAS B Y T
0 1 >1
N. DE REAS EXTRANODALES
0 -1 INTERM.
BAJA
2
ALTA
>2
3.7.1. LDH
3.7.2. Beta-2-Microglobulina
3.7.3. Cupremia
170 LINFOMAS B Y T
4.1. Edad
172 LINFOMAS B Y T
4.3. Sntomas B
4.5. Albuminemia
4.6. Raza
174 LINFOMAS B Y T
176 LINFOMAS B Y T
178 LINFOMAS B Y T
180 LINFOMAS B Y T
TABLA III. The International NHL Prognostic Factors Project. IPI General.
Asignando una puntuacin 0-1 a cada variable de las descritas, se definen 4 gru-
pos de riesgo:
182 LINFOMAS B Y T
Asignando una puntuacin 0-1 a cada variable de las descritas, se definen 4 gru-
pos de riesgo:
tes. Para ello, los factores pronstico que podramos considerar esenciales
[3] para emitir un adecuado juicio pronstico estn recogidos en la tabla V.
Los datos que nos aporta el IPI (Edad, Estado General, Estadio, N de loca-
lizaciones extraganglionares y LDH) son, sin duda, los ms importantes,
aunque el valor de la Beta-2-Microglobulina [279] y, probablemente, del
inmunofenotipo [39] aportan informacin pronstica adicional.
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1. INTRODUCCIN Y DEFINICIONES
206 LINFOMAS B Y T
criterio de lugar de origen del LNH resulta muy difcil de aplicar a los
casos concretos y puede ser causa de sesgos de definicin.
En este sentido, la definicin ms extendida, y la ms eclctica, es la que
propusieron los investigadores del NCI. Para ellos se define el sitio prima-
rio de presentacin (ganglionar o extraganglionar) como el lugar en el que
el tumor fue advertido por primera vez y que es el lugar predominante de
la enfermedad clnicamente detectable en el momento del diagnstico [3].
En lo sucesivo, al hablar de linfomas ganglionares y extragangliona-
res, nos referiremos siempre a esta definicin de los mismos.
Si bien cualquier rgano puede ser afectado en el curso de un LNH,
existen casos en los que la primera manifestacin del mismo ocurre en
una regin extraganglionar. Como hemos comentado, es difcil identificar
a los verdaderos linfomas de origen extraganglionar primario, por lo que
muchas series incluyen aquellos casos en los que la primera manifesta-
cin clnica fue en estas localizaciones, independientemente que, tras su
adecuado estudio de extensin, correspondan a una enfermedad disemi-
nada. En otros casos, se consideran extraganglionares los casos aparen-
temente originados en territorios no ganglionares y que se presentan en
estadios iniciales (I-E y II-E de la Clasificacin de Ann Arbor) [3, 4].
Cervicales 31-37%
Axilares 20-21%
Inguinales 17-18%
Ilacas 11-17%
Mediastino 5-6%
Paraarticas 6-7%
Bazo 2%
Ganglios
Perifricos Frecuente Frecuente Frecuente
Ganglios
Abdominales Frecuente Menos frecuente Menos frecuente
Otras localizaciones
Extraganglionares Rara Frecuente Frecuente
LINFOMAS B Y T
208 LINFOMAS B Y T
3.2. L. Folicular
210 LINFOMAS B Y T
212 LINFOMAS B Y T
libres de enfermedad [60]. Al igual que otros LNH de bajo grado, puede
transformarse hacia formas ms agresivas.
214 LINFOMAS B Y T
Aunque representa menos del 1% del total de los LNH [32], el linfoma
de Burkitt es, probablemente, una de las neoplasias malignas humanas
mejor conocida. Sus marcadores de superficie indican un origen B en
todos los casos y se asocia tpicamente con la presencia de alteraciones
citogenticas especficas, como la traslocacin 8;14.
De su agresividad clnica dan idea los estudios de cintica celular
realizados sobre este tumor, en los que se demuestra un tiempo de
duplicacin celular de tan solo 24 horas, lo que lo convierte en el tumor
humano de crecimiento ms rpido que se conoce [106]. Junto a su
enorme potencial de crecimiento, el L. de Burkitt tiene una tasa de pr-
didas celulares espontneas que llega al 70% de las clulas renovadas,
con la consiguiente sobreproduccin de cido rico por catabolismo del
ADN, lo que explica el alto riesgo de nefropata rica previa al trata-
miento [107].
El L. de Burkitt es altamente sensible al tratamiento QT y forma
parte de las neoplasias curables con frmacos. Aunque su supervivencia
mediana en la serie de la WF fue de slo 0,7 aos, una buena proporcin
de casos aproximadamente la mitad consigue la curacin tras el
empleo de combinaciones agresivas de quimioterapia, especialmente
entre los pacientes de menor edad [33, 108, 109].
Se distinguen dos formas clnicas, el L. de Burkitt endmico y el espo-
rdico.
216 LINFOMAS B Y T
218 LINFOMAS B Y T
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LINFOMAS B Y T
1. GENERALIDADES
232 LINFOMAS B Y T
2. SISTEMAS DE ESTADIFICACIN
Estadio I: Afectacin de una nica regin ganglionar (I) o de una nica loca-
lizacin extralinftica (I-E).
Estadio III: Afectacin de regiones linfticas a ambos lados del diafragma (III),
que pueden estar acompaadas por afectacin extralinftica loca-
lizada (III-E) o esplnica (III-s) o de ambas (III-Es).
Sntomas: A: Asintomtico.
B: Fiebre, sudoracin nocturna, prdida de peso superior al 10%
del peso corporal en los 6 meses previos.
234 LINFOMAS B Y T
Estadio III: Afectacin de regiones linfticas a ambos lados del diafragma (III),
que pueden estar acompaadas por afectacin extralinftica
localizada (III-E). Se distingue:
Estadio III-1: Afectacin esplnica o de ganglios hiliares hep-
ticos o esplnicos, celacos o portales.
Estadio III-2: Afectacin de ganglios paraarticos, ilacos o
mesentricos.
Estadio IV: Afectacin diseminada de uno o ms rganos extralinfticos, aso-
ciada o no a enfermedad en los ganglios linfticos.
Debe indicarse en subndice las iniciales del los rganos afectos (M: Mdu-
la Osea; H: Hgado; L: Pulmn; O: Hueso; P: Pleura; D: Piel)
Estadio I:
Tumor limitado al tracto GI:
Lugar primario nico.
Lugar primario mltiple, lesiones no contiguas.
Estadio II:
Tumor extendido a los ganglios del abdomen desde la lesin GI pri-
maria:
II1 Ganglios Locales (paragstricos o paraintestinales).
II2 Ganglios Distantes (mesentricos, paraarticos, paracava, pl-
vicos e inguinales).
Estadio IIE:
Penetracin de la serosa e infiltracin de rganos o tejidos adya-
centes.
Enumerar los lugares de afectacin.
Por ej.: IIE(Pncreas); IIE(I. Grueso); IIE(Pared Abdominal)
Si existe afectacin simultnea ganglionar y de rganos vecinos, se
anotar II 1E o II 2E, enumerando los lugares afectados.
Estadio IV:
Afectacin extraganglionar diseminada o afectacin ganglionar
supradiafragmtica.
236 LINFOMAS B Y T
TABLA IV. Estadios St. Judes childrens research hospital para linfo-
mas peditricos. (Esquema de Murphy.)
Estadio I:
Un slo tumor extraganglionar.
Una nica rea ganglionar (excluyendo mediastino y abdomen).
Estadio II:
Un tumor extraganglionar con afectacin de linfticos regionales.
Dos tumores extraganglionares con o sin afectacin ganglionar
regional (en el mismo lado del diafragma).
Dos o ms reas ganglionares (en el mismo lado del diafragma).
Un tumor primario del tracto gastrointestinal, generalmente del
rea ileocecal, con o sin afectacin ganglionar regional (reseca-
ble).
Estadio III:
Dos tumores extraganglionares (a ambos lados del diafragma).
Dos o ms reas ganglionares (a ambos lados del diafragma).
Todos los primarios intratorcicos (mediastino, pleura, timo).
Todos los primarios paraespinales o epidurales.
Todos los primarios abdominales extensos (irresecables).
Estadio IV:
Cualquiera de los anteriores, con afectacin inicial del SNC o de la
Mdula sea.
3. PROCEDIMIENTOS DE ESTADIFICACIN
238 LINFOMAS B Y T
240 LINFOMAS B Y T
242 LINFOMAS B Y T
244 LINFOMAS B Y T
1. HISTOLOGA:
a. L. Linfoblstico.
b. L. de Burkitt.
c. Otros L. Difusos.
2. AFECTACIN EXTRAGANGLIONAR:
a. Mdula sea.
b. Senos Paranasales.
c. Sistema Nervioso Central.
d. Espacio epidural.
e. L. Testicular.
f. Ms de una localizacin extraganglionar.
246 LINFOMAS B Y T
4. RECOMENDACIONES DE ESTADIFICACIN
4. Estudios de Imagen:
Rx Trax p.a. y l.
TC Trax, Abdomen y Pelvis, con cortes a intervalos de 1 cm.
Gammagrafa Corporal con Galio (especialmente en casos con
afectacin mediastnica y siempre que la tcnica est disponi-
ble).
Ecografa (para evaluar ganglios perifricos de difcil medicin
por otras tcnicas).
5. Estudios Patolgicos:
Biopsia de Mdula sea (preferentemente bilateral).
Biopsia Heptica percutnea o por Laparoscopia (si sospecha de
afectacin heptica).
LINFOMAS B Y T
248 LINFOMAS B Y T
11. Linfoma seo: Estudio completo del esqueleto con gammagrafa sea y
Rx de confirmacin (1/3 de los casos tienen afectacin en otros huesos).
BIBLIOGRAFA
250 LINFOMAS B Y T
252 LINFOMAS B Y T
36. Bos GMJ, Van Putten WLJ, Van der Holt B, Van den Bent M, Verdonck LF,
Hagenbeek A. For which patients with aggressive non-Hodgkins lymphoma
is prophylaxis for central nervous system disease mandatory? Ann Oncol
1998; 9: 191-194.
37. Haioun C, Besson C, Lepage E, Thieblemont C, Simon D, Rose C, et al. Inci-
dence and risk factors of central nervous system relapse in histologically
aggressive non-Hodgkins lymphoma uniformly treated and receiving
intrathecal central nervous system prophylaxis: a GELA study on 974
patients. Ann Oncol 2000; 11: 685-690.
38. Castellani R, Bonadonna G, Spinelli P, Bajetta E, Galante E, Rilke F.
Sequential pathologic staging of untreated non-Hodgkins lymphomas by
laparoscopy and laparotomy combined witw marrow biopsy. Cancer 1977;
40: 2322-2328.
39. Bitran JD, Golumb HM, Ultmann JE, Sweet DL, Lester EP, Stein RS, et al.
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, poorly differentiated lymphocytic and mixed
types: results of sequential procedures, response to therapy, and survival in
100 patients. Cancer 1978; 42: 88-95.
40. Chabner BA, Jonhson RE, DeVita VT, Canellos GP, Hubbard SP, Jonhson
SK, Young RC. Sequential staging in Non-Hodgkins lymphoma. Cancer
Treat Rep 1977; 61: 993-997.
41. Rosenberg SA, Dorfman RF, Kaplan HS. The value of sequential bone
marow biopsy and laparotomy and splenectomy in a serie of 127 consecuti-
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42. Gladstein E, Guernsey J, Rosenberg S, Kaplan H. The value of laparotomy
and splenectomy in the staging of Hodgkins disease. Cancer 1969; 24: 709-
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44. Anderson KC, Leonard RCF, Canellos GP, Skarin AT, Kaplan WD. High-
dose gallium imaging in lymphoma. Am J Med 1983; 75: 327-331.
45. Ben-Haim S, Bar-Shalom R, Israel O, Haim N, Epelbaum R, Ben-Shachar
M, et al. Utility of gallum-67 scintigraphy in low-grade non-Hodgkins lymp-
homa. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 1936-1942.
46. Canellos GP. Residual mass in lymphoma may not be residual disease. J
Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 931-933.
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6: 1832-1837.
LINFOMAS B Y T
254 LINFOMAS B Y T
1. DEFINICIN E INCIDENCIA
256 LINFOMAS B Y T
Sabemos que los casos con similar estadio en el momento del diag-
nstico tienen un pronstico virtualmente idntico, independientemente
de la forma de presentacin. Por tanto, la denominacin ganglionar/
extraganglionar no contribuye de modo relevante al pronstico. Lo que
ocurre es que, lgicamente, los LNH extraganglionares son con mayor
frecuencia localizados que los ganglionares y suele percibirse un mejor
pronstico global en aquellos; pero ajustados por estadio, el pronstico
es similar.
LINFOMAS B Y T
258 LINFOMAS B Y T
260 LINFOMAS B Y T
262 LINFOMAS B Y T
264 LINFOMAS B Y T
266 LINFOMAS B Y T
268 LINFOMAS B Y T
270 LINFOMAS B Y T
272 LINFOMAS B Y T
274 LINFOMAS B Y T
276 LINFOMAS B Y T
Fueron descritos en 1928 por Oberling [192] y en 1929 por Parker y Jack-
son [193] como una entidad propia caracterizada por su buen pronstico
LINFOMAS B Y T
278 LINFOMAS B Y T
280 LINFOMAS B Y T
criterios REAL/OMS a los linfomas de la piel [214]. As las cosas, sigue sin
existir un acuerdo global sobre la terminologa y clasificacin de estos
LNH [215, 216]. Puede encontrarse una excelente revisin sobre los linfo-
mas cutneos en el texto de Isaacson y Norton [217] (tabla II).
Linfomas de celulas T:
Baja Malignidad:
De Clulas Pequeas Cerebriformes.
- Epidermotropismo Ligero/Moderado.
Micosis Fungoide/S. Szary.
Micosis Atpicas.
Fase Precoz de la L/L de Cels. T del Adulto.
- Epidermotropismo Acusado
(Reticulosis Pagetoide).
Multilesional (Tipo Ketron-Goodman).
Unilesional (Tipo Woringer-Kolopp).
De clulas Pequeas Pleomrficas.
Agresivos:
L. de clulas grandes (Pleomrfico; Inmunoblstico).
L. Angiocntrico/Angiodestructivo
(Granulomatosis Linfomatoide).
L. Anaplsico de Clulas Grandes y entidades relacionadas
(Papulomatosis Linfomatoidea;
Histiocitosis Atpica Recurrente).
L. Linfoblstico T.
Linfomas de clulas B:
Baja Malignidad:
L. Zona Marginal-L. Linfoplasmocitoide.
L. Foliculares (C. Peq. Hendidas o Mixtos).
Plasmocitoma Cutneo.
Agresivos:
L. Clulas Grandes.
L. Linfoblstico B.
L. B rico en Clulas T.
Linfomas inclasificables y formas raras:
Sarcoma de clulas de Langerhans.
L. Histioctico verdadero.
LINFOMAS B Y T
282 LINFOMAS B Y T
Estadificacin y pronstico
TNM
T (Piel)
T0 Lesiones sospechosas, no diagnsticas.
T1 Manchas o Placas < 10% SC.
T2 Manchas o Placas > 10% SC.
T3 Tumores.
T4 Eritrodermia Generalizada
N (Ganglios)
N0 No Afectacin ganglionar
N1 Ganglios clnicamente anormales pero con biopsia
negativa.
N1o G. No biopsiados.
N1n Biopsia Normal.
N1r Cambios reactivos.
N1d Linfadenitis Dermatoptica.
N2 G. de tamao normal pero con biopsia + para LNH.
N3 G. anormales con Biopsia +.
M (Vsceras)
M0 No afectacin visceral.
M1 Afectacin Visceral.
B (Sangre Perifrica)
B0 < 5% clulas atpicas en SP.
B1 > 5% clulas atpicas en SP.
ESTADIOS
Estadio I: T1-T2 N0 M0.
Estadio II:
Estadio IIA: T1-T2 N1 M0.
Estadio IIB: T3 N0-N1 M0.
Estadio III: T4 No-N1 M0.
Estadio IV:
Estadio IVA: T1-T4 N2-N3 M0.
Estadio IVB: T1-T4 N0-N3 M1.
La afectacin de Sangre Perifrica (B0/B1) no cambia el Estadio.
LINFOMAS B Y T
284 LINFOMAS B Y T
Tratamiento
286 LINFOMAS B Y T
288 LINFOMAS B Y T
290 LINFOMAS B Y T
292 LINFOMAS B Y T
294 LINFOMAS B Y T
5.12.7. Diagnstico
Estudios de imagen
Los estudios de imagen pueden ser sugestivos de LCP, pero nunca son
concluyentes para establecer un diagnstico definitivo. La TC y la RM
siguen siendo los mtodos de estudio ms utilizados y de mayor utilidad
[304, 315, 328-330].
Tpicamente se trata de lesiones iso o hiperdensas en la TC sin con-
traste, localizadas en la mayora de los casos en regiones supratentoria-
les profundas y paraventriculares, mltiples en un 25-30% de los casos
(y hasta el 80% en casos asociados a SIDA) y que presentan menos edema
perilesional que otros tumores. Tras la administracin de contraste se
realzan de modo homogneo, sin centro hipodenso. Cuando el paciente ha
recibido tratamiento con corticoesteroides, las lesiones pueden realzarse
menos con el contraste o incluso desaparecer (fenmeno conocido como
tumor fantasma o ghost tumor).
En la RM se muestran como lesiones hipointensas en la secuencia T1
e hiperintensas en T2.
En el caso del SIDA, las lesiones pueden ser indistinguibles de las pro-
ducidas por la toxoplasmosis y mostrar captacin del contraste en anillo
hasta en un 50% de los casos.
296 LINFOMAS B Y T
Biopsia cerebral
Aunque en muchos casos la sospecha de LCP puede ser muy alta, hay
que tener en cuenta que los LCP son indistinguibles de otros tumores del
SNC o incluso de enfermedades no neoplsicas (toxoplasmosis, esclerosis
mltiple) o neurodegenerativas, con las que habr que establecer el
diagnstico diferencial [315].
LINFOMAS B Y T
Frente a otros tumores, los gliomas de alto grado afectan a grupos de edad
similares; los corticoides mejoran los sntomas en ambos (por disminucin
del edema en los gliomas y por disminucin del tumor en s en los LCP), pero
no modifican la imagen por TC/RM. El fenmeno del tumor fantasma
puede ser muy sugestivo de LCP, aunque no es exclusivo de los mismos.
En los pacientes con SIDA conocido, el diagnstico diferencial ms
importante debe establecerse con la Toxoplasmosis cerebral. Para ello y
ante la duda, en ocasiones se administra una semana de tratamiento
antitoxoplasma y la ausencia de respuesta orientar hacia LCP. Aunque
no hay que olvidar que este ltimo procedimiento puede ser peligroso, ya
que motiva un retraso diagnstico durante el cual algunos pacientes se
pueden deteriorar considerablemente.
5.12.10. Estadiacin
298 LINFOMAS B Y T
RT aislada:
Campo: Holocraneal slo u Holocraneal + sobreimpresin:
Dosis: 45 (holocraneal slo) 25-30-40 + 15-10 (holocraneal +
sobreimpresin). Nunca superar 50 Gy.
LINFOMAS B Y T
300 LINFOMAS B Y T
RT asociada a Quimioterapia
QT que no atraviesa la barrera hematoenceflica (BHE): No
modificar dosis
QT que atraviesa BHE: Reducir dosis de RT hasta 35-40 (holo-
craneal) o 20 Gy (holocraneal) + 30 Gy (sobreimpresin).
302 LINFOMAS B Y T
Neurotoxicidad asociada a la RT
Desde hace dcadas se conoce bien que la RT puede ser causa de tres
clases de neurotoxicidad: Aguda, Precoz y Tarda.
La neurotoxicidad aguda por la RT se produce durante su adminis-
tracin, es debida al edema cerebral transitorio y se controla bien con
corticoides.
La forma precoz aparece a las semanas o meses tras concluir la irra-
diacin. Se presenta clnicamente en forma de episodios prolongados de
apata/somnolencia, en ausencia de alteraciones neurolgicas focales. En
estos casos, el estudio histopatolgico de la biopsia cerebral muestra pla-
LINFOMAS B Y T
Neurotoxicidad asociada a la QT
304 LINFOMAS B Y T
5.12.13. Seguimiento
Citologia LCR o
Evitar los Corticoides Examen Oftalmoscpico o
(si es posible) Biopsia Cerebral
Otros tumores del SNC Diagnstico no concluyente de LCP Diagnstico establecido de LCP
Pacientes 60 aos + IK 40% Pacientes > 60 aos + IK 40% RT Previa QT Previa con MTX
o o
Pacientes > 60 aos + IK > 60% Pacientes > 60 aos + IK 40
308 LINFOMAS B Y T
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356. Guha-Thakurta N, Damek D, Pollack C, Hochberg FH. Intravenous met-
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357. Pels H, Deckert-Schluter M, Glasmacher A, Kleinschmidt R, Oehring R,
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358. Freilich RJ, Delattre JY, Monjour A, DeAngelis LM. Chemotherapy wit-
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older patients. Neurology 1996; 46: 435-439.
359. Sandor V, Stark-Vancs V, Pearson D, Nussenblat R, Whitcup SM, Brou-
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377. Monterroso V, Jaffe ES, Merino MJ, Medeiros LJ. Malignant lymphomas
involving the ovary. A clinicopathologic analysis of 39 cases. Am J Surg
Pathol 1993; 17: 154-170.
378. Rodrguez Jaraiz A, Bernab Caro R, Bolaos Naranjo M, Troncoso Miran-
da C, Iglesias Priz L, Noguer Mediavilla M, et al. Linfoma no hodgkinia-
no primario del ovario asociado a dermatomiositis y a anemia hemoltica
autoinmune por anticuerpos fros. Neoplasia 1998; 15: 143-145.
379. Liang R, Chiu E, Loke SL. Non-Hodgkins lymphomas involving the fema-
le genital tract. Hematol Oncol 1990; 8: 295-299.
380. Isaacson PG, Norton AG. Malignant Lymphoma of the Urogenital Tract.
En: Isaacson PG, Norton AG (Eds.) Extranodal Lymphomas. Edimburgo:
Churchill-Livingstone, 1994: 273-287.
381. Harris NL, Scully RE. Malignant lymphoma and granulocytic sarcoma of
the uterus and vagina. A clinicopathologic analysis of 27 cases. Cancer
1984; 53: 2530-2545.
382. Stroh EL, Besa PC, Cox JD, Fuller LM, Cabanillas F. Treatment of
patients with lymphomas of the uterus or cervix with combination che-
motherapy and radiation therapy. Cancer 1995; 75: 2392-2399.
383. Fernndez Fernndez MC, Gutirrez Bayard L, Delgado L, Garca Fer-
nndez JL. Linfoma no hodgkiniano primitivo de vagina. A propsito de un
caso y revisin de la literatura. Neoplasia 1996; 13: 106-109.
384. Simpson RHW, Bridger PP, Anthony KA, Jury I. Malignant lymphoma of
the lower urinary tract. A clinicopatholgical study with review of the lite-
rature. Br J Urol 1990; 65: 254-260.
385. Guthman DA, Malek RS, Chapman WR, Farrow GM. Primary malignant
lymphoma of the bladder. J Urol 1990; 144: 1367-1369.
386. Pawade J, Banerjee SS, Harris M, Isaacson P, Wright D. Lymphomas of
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue arising in the urinary blader. Histo-
pathology 1993; 23: 147-151.
387. Vill S, Rubio E, Aguil F, Callis M, Galiana R, Romagosa V, et al. Linfo-
ma primario de vejiga urinaria. Un nuevo caso con seguimiento mayor de
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388. Bostwick DG, Mann RB. Malignant lymphomas involving the prostate: a
study of 13 cases. Cancer 1985; 56: 2932-2938.
389. Bostwick DG, Iczkowski KA, Amin MB, Discigil G, Osborne B. Malignant
lymphoma involving the prostate. Report of 62 cases. Cancer 1998; 83: 732-
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390. Parveen T, Navarro-Romn L, Medeiros J, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. Low-grade
B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue arising in the kid-
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391. Okuno SH, Hoyer JD, Ristow K, Witzig TE. Primary renal Non-Hodgkins
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392. Curtsinger CR, Wilson MJ, Yoneda K. Primary cardiac lymphoma. Cancer
1989; 64: 521-525.
393. Ceresoli GL, Ferreri AJM, Bucci E, Ripa C, Ponzoni M, Villa E. Primary
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394. Montalbetti L, Della Volpe A, Airaghi ML, Landoni C, Brambilla-Pinosi G,
Pozz S. Primary cardiac lymphoma. A case report and review. Minerva
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1989; 63: 799-803.
396. Serrano S, Tejedor L, Garca B, Hallal H, Polo JA, Alguacil G. Addisonian
crisis as the presenting feature of bilateral primary adrenal lymphoma.
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397. Sanjun F, Herrero A, Prez A, Rubio A. Linfoma primario suprarrenal bilateral
de presentacin atpica como crisis addisoniana. Med Clin (Barc) 1994; 105-798.
398. Pawade J, Lee CS, Ellis DW, Vellar IDA, Rode J. Primary lymphoma of the
ampulla of Vater. Cancer 1994; 73: 2083-2086.
399. Kaplan MA, Pettit CL, Zukerberg LR, Harris NL. Primary lymphoma of
the trachea with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics of
low-grade B-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Am J
Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 71-75.
400. Fidias P, Wright C, Harris NL, Urba W, Grossbard ML. Primary tracheal
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. A case report and review of the literature.
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401. Lanham GR, Weiss SW, Enzinger FM. Primary extranodal soft tissue
lymphoma of the extremities. Am J Surg Pathol 1989; 13: 1-10.
402. Jeffery GM, Golding PF, Mead GM. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma arising in
skeletal muscle. Ann Oncol 1991; 2: 501-504.
403. Salamao DR, Nascimento AG, Lloyd RV, Chen MG, Habermann TM,
Strickler JG. Lymphoma in soft tissue: a clinicopathologic study of 19
cases. Hum Pathol 1996; 27: 253-257.
404. Morgan K, McLennan KA, Narula A. Non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the
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405. Mosnier JF, Brousse N, Sevestre C, Flejou JF, Delteil C, Henin D, Potet F.
Primary low-grade B-cell lymphoma of the musosa-associated lymphoid
tissue arising in the gallblader. Histopathology 1992; 20: 273-275.
406. McDermott MB, OBriain DS, Shiels OM, Daly PA. Malignant lymphoma
of the Epididimis. A case report of bilateral involvement by a Follicular
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Oncol 2000; 17: 237-247.
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1. INTRODUCCIN
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Los factores pronsticos de los linfomas de bajo grado han sido comen-
tados extensamente en el captulo correspondiente: edad, sntomas B,
estadio y carga tumoral, extensin de la infiltracin de la mdula sea,
infiltracin de rganos especficos, niveles de LDH y Beta-2-microglobuli-
na, son factores con valor pronstico contrastado [39, 40]. Otros factores
ms especficos de este grupo de linfomas, aunque de significado menos
claro, seran la proporcin de clulas grandes presentes (a mayor nmero
mayor agresividad clnica, pero mayor probabilidad de respuestas prolon-
gadas) [41]; el grado de folicularidad del patrn histolgico, esto es, la
existencia de reas difusas junto a las reas nodulares, para algunos de
peor pronstico [42], aunque no demostrado por otros [43]; la ausencia de
fibrosis interfolicular, que se asocia con peor evolucin [41]; el grado de
proliferacin celular [44] y algunas alteraciones citogenticas [45].
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RESPUESTA COMPLETA:
Desaparicin completa de todos los hallazgos clnicos o radiolgicos de
enfermedad.
Ganglios iniciales > 1,5 cm. deben reducirse a 1,5 cm.
Ganglios iniciales 1,1 cm. y 1,5 cm. deben reducirse a 1 cm (o reduc-
cin > 75% del producto de los dimetros mayores).
Desaparicin de todos los sntomas relacionados con la enfermedad (si
existan previamente).
Normalizacin de las alteraciones bioqumicas atribuibles al LNH.
Demostracin de la normalidad de hgado, bazo y riones.
Mdula sea negativa para infiltracin por LNH.
RESPUESTA COMPLETA (No Confirmada):
Masa ganglionar residual > 1,5 cm (con reduccin previa > 75% del pro-
ducto de los dimetros mayores).
Presencia de ganglios individuales que previamente formarn una masa
confluente y que haya disminuido > 75% la suma del producto de los di-
metros mayores.
Mdula sea indeterminada.
RESPUESTA PARCIAL:
Disminucin 50% de la suma del producto de los dimetros de los 6 gan-
glios o masas mayores al diagnstico.
No aumento de tamao en ningn ganglio o en hgado o bazo.
Disminucin 50% de la suma del producto de los dimetros de los ndu-
los hepticos o esplnicos.
No aparicin de lesiones nuevas.
Cualquier otro rgano (con la excepcin de la afectacin nodular de hgado
o bazo) se considera Evaluable y No Medible.
ENFERMEDAD ESTABLE:
Respuesta menor a Respuesta Parcial, pero sin Progresin de Enfermedad.
RECADA DE LA ENFERMEDAD:
Pacientes en RC o RP que presentan:
Aparicin de cualquier nueva lesin.
Incremento 50% del tamao de cualquier lugar previamente afecto.
Incremento 50% del producto de los dimetros de cualquier ganglio
identificado previamente y de tamao > 1 cm en su dimetro menor, o
en la suma del producto de los dimetros si son varios ganglios.
PROGRESIN DE ENFERMEDAD:
Pacientes sin respuesta o en RP que presentan:
Incremento 50% del producto de la suma de los dimetros.
Aparicin de lesiones nuevas.
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del MD Anderson [87, 88], con este tratamiento la mayora de los enfer-
mos alcanza la RC, con una supervivencia global a los 5 y 10 aos del 65-
84% y 66-68% respectivamente y con unas posibilidades de curacin defi-
nitiva del 40-50% a largo plazo. Las dosis recomendadas oscilan entre 30
y 40 Gy y la tendencia mayoritaria es la de irradiar campos regionales,
con sobreimpresin de las zonas afectas [89].
No est definitivamente aclarado el papel de la quimioterapia en el
tratamiento de estos estadios iniciales, ya que los datos disponibles son
aislados y escasos. Existen trabajos antiguos y sobre series limitadas de
pacientes donde los resultados con tratamiento combinado parecen ser
ligeramente superiores a la irradiacin aislada [90-93]. La mayor expe-
riencia publicada corresponde a la del MD Anderson, con 91 pacientes
tratados con radioterapia de campo afecto y quimioterapia (COP/CHOP-
Bleo), con la que se consigue una supervivencia libre de recada del 82%
a 5 aos y del 73% a 10 aos [94]. Existen tres estudios aleatorizados
europeos, de bajo poder estadstico, en los que se compar QT (CVP o
Clorambucilo) versus QT + RT, demostrando una mayor supervivencia
libre de recada para el brazo de tratamiento combinado, pero sin gran-
des diferencias en la supervivencia global [95-97].
Por tanto, y en ausencia de grandes estudios confirmatorios, no pue-
den hacerse recomendaciones definitivas sobre el uso de la QT en los
estadios precoces de los linfomas de bajo grado, debiendo acudir a la
experiencia del centro y a las caractersticas de cada paciente concreto.
Segn el profesor Coiffier, la radioterapia aislada slo estara indicada
en pacientes mayores con enfermedad localizada, debindose emplear
tratamiento combinado en todos los dems pacientes en estadios I-II
[98].
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Monoquimioterapia
Poliquimioterapia
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2.3.4. Interfern
demuestra que aquellos pacientes que reciben IFN alfa como manteni-
miento una vez alcanzada la remisin tienen una supervivencia libre de
recada (SLR) significativamente mayor que aquellos que no lo reciben.
Destacan los estudios italiano [213], britnico [215], del CALGB/ECOG
[217] y los grandes ensayos del ECOG [54, 218] y del GELA francs [55,
219], en los que se demuestra tambin un beneficio neto en la supervi-
vencia global. El grupo de trabajo del MD Anderson llega a similares con-
clusiones en sus comparaciones histricas [220]. Se han realizado ensa-
yos especficamente diseados para averiguar el papel del IFN en el
tratamiento de mantenimiento, como los trabajos de los grupos britnico
[215] alemn [221], mejicano [222] y de la EORTC [223] y, una vez ms,
se demuestra un beneficio claro en el intervalo libre de progresin en los
enfermos tratados con IFN. Por ltimo, dos estudios aleatorizados
recientes, del grupo SWOG [224] y del grupo ingls [225], no consiguen
demostrar beneficio alguno en los pacientes que reciben IFN de mante-
nimiento.
En resumen, y como se demuestra en el meta-anlisis de Rohatiner
[226] (que no incluye los dos ltimos estudios citados):
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de bajo grado. Sin embargo, el IFN es mal tolerado por algunos enfermos,
en tanto que otros no presentan toxicidad manifiesta. Por tanto, a efectos
prcticos, la valoracin de la calidad de vida es importante [227, 228].
Dicho de otro modo, parece prudente intentar la administracin de IFN
una vez alcanzada la respuesta, pero con un estrecho seguimiento de la
toxicidad, para suspenderlo en aquellos pacientes en los que la mala tole-
rancia al IFN no compense el beneficio que ste pueda aportar.
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Dada la frecuencia con que los linfomas de bajo grado invaden la mdu-
la sea, se ha prestado un gran inters al tratamiento ex vivo de la mdu-
la sea para eliminar, o disminuir al mximo, las posibles clulas linfoma-
tosas contaminantes. Los dos grupos de trabajo ms activos en este campo,
el del Dana Farber Cancer Institute y el del St. Bartholomews Hospital,
trabajando de forma conjunta, han ensayado la eliminacin de las clulas
B de la mdula por medio de anticuerpos monoclonales, con resultados
favorables [72, 259, 260, 262, 280]. De hecho, parece demostrarse que los
pacientes que se trasplantan con una mdula sea libre de clulas bcl-2+
detectadas por PCR tienen una SLR mayor [72]. Sin embargo, parece ser
que ningn mtodo (eliminacin de clulas B o seleccin positiva de clu-
las CD34+) es completamente eficaz en la eliminacin total de las clulas
bcl-2+, aunque es posible que la reinfusin de un nmero muy bajo de ellas
sea un factor importante [250, 281, 282]. Por contra, se han comunicado
varios trabajos en los que no se realiza tratamiento ex vivo (purging) de
la mdula sea o de la afresis de sangre perifrica y los resultados no
parecen diferentes [250, 263, 265, 283], por lo que no se conoce bien el
papel que pueda jugar el purgado de la fuente de rescate hematopoytico.
Otra posibilidad interesante, actualmente en estudio, es el purgado in vivo
mediante la administracin de anticuerpos monoclonales (Rituximab) al
paciente en las semanas previas al trasplante.
Sobre bases tericas y sobre la experiencia acumulada en el trata-
miento de las leucemias [284], la bsqueda de un posible efecto injerto
contra linfoma [285] ha estimulado a algunos investigadores a realizar
trasplante alognico en los pacientes con LNH de bajo grado [286].
Aunque los pacientes sometidos a este procedimiento son altamente
seleccionados y la informacin de que se dispone es escasa, parece que
con este tipo de trasplante se reduce el nmero de recadas, en relacin
al trasplante autlogo [287-289]. Pero a pesar de ello, esta ventaja est
anulada por la gran mortalidad relacionada con el trasplante alognico
(20-40%), lo que hace que la supervivencia sea, al final, similar que con
el trasplante autlogo, tal y como ocurre en los linfomas agresivos [290].
Un anlisis comparativo reciente entre trasplante singnico, alognico y
autlogo pone en duda la existencia de un fenmeno injerto contra linfo-
ma, al no encontrar diferencias entre el resultado de los trasplantes sin-
gnicos y los alognicos [291].
Un mtodo nuevo de trasplante alognico que podra demostrar una
mayor utilidad que los ensayados hasta ahora es el mini-alo o tras-
plante alognico no mieloablativo. Su principal ventaja terica es su
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Los mecanismos por los que los AcMo ejercen su accin antitumoral,
aunque no conocidos por completo, se basan en la accin directa por blo-
queo funcional y muerte de las clulas dianas, por un efecto antiprolife-
rativo directo y por un efecto inductor de apoptosis. Adems, pueden
emplearse tambin como vehiculadores de sustancias (frmacos, toxinas
o radioistopos) que actuarn sobre las clulas a las que son transporta-
das por el AcMo [294].
Los Linfomas No Hodgkinianos (LNH) son un grupo de tumores ideal
para el empleo de AcMo debido a su mayor y ms constante clonalidad y
a que la expresin fenotpica de los linfocitos y de los LNH est mejor
caracterizada. Existen mltiples revisiones de conjunto sobre el papel de
los AcMo en el tratamiento de los LNH en la literatura reciente [297-308].
Los AcMo se estn ensayando en el tratamiento de los LNH en forma
de anticuerpos nativos o en forma de inmunotoxinas y radioinmunocon-
jugados.
2.6.1. Rituximab
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cin con los niveles sricos alcanzados con la administracin del AcMo
[314]. La administracin ms prolongada de Rituximab (6 u 8 dosis, en
lugar de las 4 dosis estndar) puede mejorar algo el nmero de respues-
tas [315, 316], aunque todava no hay estudios comparativos en este sen-
tido. Aquellos pacientes que respondieron a Rituximab, pueden volver a
recibir el AcMo cuando progresan de nuevo, y ms de la mitad de ellos
volvern a responder [317]. Debido a su escasa toxicidad, Rituximab
puede asociarse a interfern [318] o al tratamiento quimioterpico [319],
consiguiendo unos resultados superiores a la monoterapia en enfermos
en recada en los estudios preliminares.
En estos LNH, Rituximab se ha ensayado tambin como tratamiento
de primera lnea. As, en monoterapia se han publicado unas respuestas
globales del 75% en pacientes con baja carga tumoral [320, 321]; y cuan-
do se emplea asociado a quimioterapia tipo CHOP, los resultados publi-
cados son espectaculares, con ms de un 90% de respuestas globales y un
55% de RC [322]. Tambin se estn ensayando combinaciones de
Rituximab con mitoxantrone, ciclofosfamida y prednisolona [323] y con el
esquema FND (Fludarabina, mitoxantrone y dexametasona) [324].
Otro aspecto interesante del tratamiento con Rituximab es que es
capaz de inducir un alto porcentaje de remisiones moleculares [325].
Existen en el momento presente varios ensayos clnicos multicntricos
internacionales que intentan demostrar la superioridad del tratamiento
combinado (quimioterapia ms Rituximab), frente al tratamiento estn-
dar, en la primera lnea de tratamiento de los linfomas foliculares.
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el ndice de respuestas [384]. Otro AcMo, con el que existe mayor expe-
riencia publicada es el Campath 1-H, un anti-CD52 que es capaz de indu-
cir un 40% de respuestas en la LLC en segunda lnea [326-328, 330].
Existen muchos nuevos frmacos en fase inicial de estudio en la
LLC/LLCP, cuya eficacia real todava no conocemos, pero que pueden
ampliar el horizonte teraputico de esta enfermedad [385, 386].
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4.2.2. Quimioterapia
6. Debe asumirse que los esquemas de QT para los LNH son agresi-
vos y que, por tanto, llevan asociada una toxicidad no desdeable.
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4.2.4. Interfern
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Por tanto, puede concluirse que en los pacientes con linfomas agresi-
vos y sin factores de riesgo (IPI < 3), independientemente del estadio, el
tratamiento estndar sigue siendo la QT tipo CHOP o similar, con
el empleo de la RT como consolidacin de la respuesta en las zonas con
grandes masas iniciales.
Por el contrario, no disponemos de tratamientos que podamos consi-
derar estndar para los enfermos con factores pronsticos adversos. Son
imprescindibles, pues, nuevas investigaciones clnicas para encontrar
mejores tratamientos en aquellos enfermos a los cuales la quimioterapia
tipo CHOP no es capaz de curar, explorando nuevos caminos e intentan-
do hacer un ejercicio de originalidad para no caer en los errores del pasa-
do y poder ofrecer mejores resultados a los pacientes.
Sin embargo, la introduccin de los AcMo ha cambiado algo esta pers-
pectiva, pues el tratamiento con CHOP-Rituximab mejora las expectati-
vas de curacin en todos los grupos de riesgo [532]. A pesar de ello, en los
grupos con factores pronsticos adversos siguen siendo necesarias nue-
vas formas de tratamiento pues el nivel de curaciones sigue siendo insa-
tisfactorio.
una actividad considerable para ser considerado til en los LNH (gene-
ralmente unas respuestas superiores al 25% en ensayos fase II). Adems,
como los pacientes que recaen despus del tratamiento convencional pue-
den ser rescatados con tratamientos intensivos, los enfermos candidatos
a estudios en fase II son escasos y se limitan a aquellos que son refrac-
tarios a la primera lnea o que recaen despus de la QT intensiva, lo que
los convierte en una diana muy difcil para los nuevos frmacos.
A pesar de ello, entre los frmacos citotxicos introducidos en los lti-
mos aos, algunos muestran una actividad interesante y podran llegar
a formar parte del arsenal teraputico disponible. As por ejemplo, el
Paclitaxel [542-545] tiene una actividad limitada pero reproducible, con
unas respuestas variables entre el 15 y el 40% en funcin del tipo histo-
lgico y de la situacin de refractariedad o no del caso. La Gemcitabina
es otra frmaco que ha demostrado actividad en LNH y que puede ser
interesante, debido a su bajo perfil de toxicidad y su uso potencial en
combinacin con otros frmacos [546-549]. Otro grupo teraputico que
est en desarrollo y que tiene buenas perspectivas son los inhibidores de
la topoisomerasa-I [550]. Tanto Topotecan [551] como Irinotecan [552]
son activos en el tratamiento de segunda lnea de los LNH y la asociacin
de Paclitaxel y Topotecan se muestra muy activa, con casi un 50% de res-
puestas en la experiencia del grupo del MD Anderson [553].
Las nuevas antraciclinas liposomiales, Daunorubicina [554, 555] y
Adriamicina [556, 557] son tambin activas y presentan un perfil de toxi-
cidad diferente al de las formas no encapsuladas, por lo que podran sus-
tituir a stas en algunos esquemas de combinacin.
Otros frmacos con actividad demostrada pero sobre los que existe
menor experiencia acumulada son Docetaxel [558], Oxaliplatino [559] y
Vinorelbina [560, 561] y Vincristina liposomial [562].
Por ltimo, un agente que puede ser interesante es el Trixido de
Arsnico, que puede inducir inhibicin del crecimiento y apoptosis en
clulas de linfoma [563] y que est actualmente en fase de estudio inicial
[564].
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4.3.4. Inmunoterapia
4.4.1. Definiciones
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Los enfermos con linfomas agresivos y factores de alto riesgo (IPI > 2)
tienen una expectativa de curacin inferior al 40%; incluso entre los
pacientes de este grupo que alcanzan una RC, muchos sufren una reca-
da de la enfermedad y acaban falleciendo por la misma. Por este motivo,
parece justificado ensayar nuevos tratamientos en este grupo de pacien-
tes. La QT intensiva con soporte de TAMO/TASP, con su baja mortalidad
actual (0-5%), es una opcin interesante a considerar. De todos modos,
hay que tener en cuenta que debido a que el principal indicador de buen
pronstico es, precisamente, haber alcanzado una RC, resulta metodol-
gicamente muy difcil demostrar el beneficio de cualquier procedimiento
teraputico de consolidacin en este grupo de pacientes [654].
Diversos grupos de trabajo exploraron esta posibilidad en estudios
piloto, con resultados muy apreciables (SLR del 50-70% a 5 aos) [655-
657], aunque una vez ms, incluyendo un pequeo nmero de pacientes
y utilizando criterios de seleccin poco claros. En la revisin de la casus-
tica del registro europeo de TAMO, el 72% de los enfermos trasplantados
en primera remisin estaban vivos a 2 aos [658].
En el tratamiento de consolidacin de la respuesta con QT a altas
dosis, existen dos lneas de investigacin con diseos diferentes: Una
estrategia en la que la QT intensiva se aplica tras completar la QT con-
vencional y otra en la que sta se aplica tras una QT de induccin de
corta duracin.
Con el primer diseo existen dos estudios comparativos. El ms
importante por el nmero de pacientes incluidos 541 es el estudio
LNH87-2 del grupo GELA que compar de manera aleatorizada la QT
intensiva con TAMO frente a una QT de consolidacin estndar. En el
primer anlisis del estudio, incluyendo la totalidad de los pacientes, no
se demostr una ganancia significativa para la QT intensiva [659]. Sin
LINFOMAS B Y T
390 LINFOMAS B Y T
392 LINFOMAS B Y T
sea parte del precio a pagar por el progreso que ha supuesto la introduc-
cin de los tratamientos intensivos [698, 699].
394 LINFOMAS B Y T
1. Tratamiento efectivo.
2. Tratamiento marginalmente efectivo.
3. Tratamiento no efectivo (no diferencias significativas entre las alternati-
vas teraputicas).
4. Tratamiento inadecuadamente evaluado, pero con recomendacin para
estudios comparativos.
5. Tratamiento inadecuadamente evaluado, pero sin recomendacin para
estudios comparativos.
Recada Quimiosensible 1 1
LNH Refractarios 4 2
Consolidacin de RC
Tras QT estndar
Bajo Riesgo 3 1
Alto Riesgo 1 2
Tras QT de corta duracin 3 1
Respuesta Parcial 4 2
Tratamiento Inicial
Bajo Riesgo 4 1
Alto Riesgo 1 1
pacientes tienen edades superiores a los 70 aos [710, 711]. Sin embar-
go, en la mayor parte de los estudios publicados sobre tratamiento de los
LNH agresivos la edad media no sobrepasa los 60 aos. Por tanto, las
conclusiones de estos trabajos no son necesariamente aplicables a la
poblacin de ancianos con LNH agresivos. Sin embargo, en los ltimos
aos se est prestando una mayor atencin a los pacientes ancianos con
cncer en general y a aquellos con linfomas agresivos en particular [712-
719].
Se conoce bien que los linfomas en esta poblacin tienen una supervi-
vencia ms corta que los enfermos ms jvenes, lo que sita a la edad
como uno de los factores pronsticos ms importantes [534, 720-728]. Sin
embargo, cuando se ajusta la edad en funcin de otros factores pronsti-
cos, esta diferencia no es tan evidente [729-734].
Por tanto, a travs de la revisin de estos estudios se pone de mani-
fiesto que no existen unas diferencias apreciables entre las caractersti-
cas clnicas o biolgicas de los LNH en jvenes y ancianos, salvo por el
mayor nmero de enfermedades concomitantes en la poblacin anciana
[735-737]. Tambin, los factores de alto riesgo (estado general, carga
tumoral, LDH...) son los mismos. Sin embargo, todos los autores consi-
deran a la edad como un dato de especial trascendencia pronstica, ya
que la supervivencia es menor, incluso eliminando las causas de muerte
no relacionadas con el linfoma [738-742].
Las causas de esta peor supervivencia parecen estar relacionadas con
el mayor nmero de efectos adversos graves relacionados con la QT en el
grupo de enfermos mayores y con la mayor incidencia de comorbilidad en
esta poblacin [743-747]. As pues, la capacidad predictiva de la edad cro-
nolgica y la tolerancia al tratamiento se relacionan con el estado gene-
ral, las enfermedades asociadas, los recursos fisiolgicos del enfermo y la
intensidad de la dosis de la QT y no con las caractersticas intrnsecas del
tumor [746, 748, 749].
En el caso de los LNH agresivos localizados y sin factores pronsticos
adversos, el tratamiento con QT CHOP de corta duracin y RT sobre el
campo afecto, como en los pacientes ms jvenes, parece una opcin razo-
nable y que consigue buenos resultados [750].
En el pasado existieron dos tendencias o posturas en el tratamiento de
los linfomas agresivos del anciano en estadios avanzados o con factores
pronsticos adversos. Por una parte quienes defendan el uso de los
esquemas estndares tipo CHOP, y por otra quienes disearon esquemas
especficos para estos pacientes.
LINFOMAS B Y T
396 LINFOMAS B Y T
398 LINFOMAS B Y T
400 LINFOMAS B Y T
402 LINFOMAS B Y T
rido que los linfomas linfoblsticos del nio y del adulto son biolgica-
mente distintos [813].
Las manifestaciones clnicas en los nios y adolescentes o adultos
jvenes estn condicionadas por la presencia de grandes masas en el
mediastino, muchas veces acompaadas de derrame pleural y de snto-
mas de compresin de las estructuras mediastnicas (sndrome de cava
superior, obstruccin traqueal, taponamiento pericrdico...). No es rara
la infiltracin heptica y/o esplnica y de la mdula sea, de tal modo que
ms del 90% de los enfermos son estadios III o IV al diagnstico. La infil-
tracin leptomenngea est presente hasta en un 20% de los casos; de
hecho es el linfoma con mayor riesgo de afectacin del SNC. Puede exis-
tir leucemia desde el comienzo o aparecer posteriormente. La presencia
de sntomas B es muy frecuente [813, 814-816].
En las series antiguas, este tipo de linfoma revesta muy mal pronsti-
co, con medianas de supervivencia que no superaban los 15-18 meses y con
pocos largos supervivientes [817-819]. Sin embargo, al reconocerse que el
linfoma linfoblstico no es ms que una forma de presentacin clnica de la
leucemia linfoblastica aguda y comenzar a tratarse con esquemas simila-
res a esta, su pronstico ha mejorado de modo significativo y en la actuali-
dad puede esperarse la curacin de un buen nmero de pacientes.
Aunque la gran mayora de los casos son de estirpe T, existen casos de
origen B, en los que es tpica la existencia de afectacin sea ltica y la
menor presencia de masas mediastnicas [820, 821].
Los principios del tratamiento pueden resumirse del siguiente modo
[814, 815, 822-825]:
cin de Ara-C con este objetivo no parece ser necesaria [826]; tradi-
cionalmente se ha usado la RT sobre el neuroeje con este fin, junto a
la QT intratecal, sin que est aclarada totalmente su utilidad.
404 LINFOMAS B Y T
muy elevada. Mientras en los nios esta forma de trasplante parece una
opcin atractiva en los casos de muy alto riesgo [855], en los adultos no
se ha demostrado una clara ventaja sobre el trasplante autlogo o sobre
la consolidacin estndar [856, 857].
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JD. Effective treatment of small-noncleaved-cell lymphoma with high-
intensity, brief-duration chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 941-946.
803. Patte C, Philip T, Rodary C, Zucker JM, Behrendt H, Gentet JC, et al.
High survival rate in advanced-stage B-cell lymphomas and leukemias
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results from the French Pediatric Oncology Society of a randomized trial of
216 children. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 123-132.
804. Soussain C, Patte C, Ostronoff M, Delmer A, Rigal-Huguet F, Cambier N,
et al. Small noncleaved cell lymphoma and leukemia in adults. A retros-
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1995; 85: 664-674.
805. Reiter A, Schrappe M, Parwaresch R, Henze G, Mller-Weihrich S, Sauter
S, et al. Non-Hodgkins lymphomas of chidhood and adolescence: results of
a treatment stratified for biolologic subtypes and stage. A report of the
Berlin-Frankfurt-Mnster Group. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 359-372.
806. Magrath I, Adde M, Shad A, Venzon D, Seibel N, Gootenberg J, et al. Adult
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807. Sariban E, Edwards B, Janus C, Magrath I. Central nervous system invol-
vement in american Burkitts lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1983; 1: 677-681.
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809. Philip T, Pinkerton R, Hartman O, Patte C, Philip I, Biron P, Favrot M.
The role of massive therapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation
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810. Philip T, Biron P, Philip I, Favrot M, Souillet G, Frappaz D, et al. Massive
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812. Sternbergn C. Leukosarkomatose and Myeloblasten leukaemie. Beitr
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814. Sandlund JT, Magrath IT. Lymphoblastic lymphoma. En: Magrath IT, ed.
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Lymphoblastic lymphoma in adults. Cancer 1981; 47: 2510-2516.
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BFM 86 and 90. Med Pediatr Oncol 2000; 35: 20-27.
821. Maitra A, McKenna RW, Weinberg AG, Schneider NR, Kroft SH.
Precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. A study of nine cases lacking
blood and bone marrow involvement and review of the literature. Am J
Clin Pathol 2001; 115: 868-875.
822. Picozzi VJ, Coleman CN. Lymphoblastic lymphoma. Semin Oncol 1990; 17:
96-103.
823. Philip T. Lymphoblastic lymphoma and Burkitts lymphoma in caucasian
adults: please dont forget the pediatric experience. Ann Oncol 1995; 6:
414-416.
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1998; 12 (Supl. 8): 40-48.
825. Thomas DA, Kantarjian HM. Lymphoblastic lymphoma. Hematol Oncol
Clin North Am 2001; 15: 51-95, vi.
826. Millot F, Suciu S, Philippe N, Benoit Y, Mazingue F, Uyttebroeck A, et al.
Value of high-dose cytarabine during interval therapy of a Berlin-
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827. Morel P, Lepage E, Brice P, Dupriez B, DAgay MF, Fenaux P, et al.
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LINFOMAS B Y T
472 LINFOMAS B Y T
474 LINFOMAS B Y T
LINFOMAS ASOCIADOS A
INMUNODEFIENCIA
476 LINFOMAS B Y T
478 LINFOMAS B Y T
480 LINFOMAS B Y T
482 LINFOMAS B Y T
tados [74]. Lo mismo ocurre con otros esquemas de dosis bajas [75, 76].
Para intentar aclarar la cuestin entre las dosis plenas y las dosis redu-
cidas, se realiz un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado (m-BACOD a dosis
bajas frente a dosis convencionales), que concluy que los resultados eran
similares pero la toxicidad era menor con las dosis reducidas [77].
Sin embargo, los ensayos que se llevaron a cabo estratificando a los
pacientes en funcin de los grupos de riesgo, aportaron unos resultados
muy interesantes. En general, estos grupos de riesgo se definieron en
funcin de los factores pronsticos conocidos (Alto riesgo: SIDA previo,
mal estado general, invasin cerebral o de la mdula sea, bajo nivel de
CD4; Bajo Riesgo: ausencia de estos factores). Pues bien, cuando se selec-
cionan y se tratan exclusivamente pacientes sin factores adversos, el
ndice de RC es muy superior (53-86%), la supervivencia se modifica por
la respuesta (medianas de 16 a 36 meses entre los que obtienen RC) y
pueden conseguirse algunos largos supervivientes [78-84].
Por el contrario, los enfermos con factores de alto riesgo tratados con
esquemas de QT tipo CHOP alcanzan un nmero muy bajo de RC (14%)
y la supervivencia mediana es, tan slo, de 3,5 meses, independiente-
mente de la respuesta obtenida [85]. Una excepcin la constituye el tra-
bajo de Sparano y cols., en el que la administracin de ciclofosfamida,
adriamicina y etopsido en forma de infusin continua en pacientes con
algn factor de mal pronstico consigui unas RC (75%) y una supervi-
vencia (mediana de 17 meses) superiores a otros esquemas [86], aunque
seran interesantes estudios confirmatorios.
El empleo de los factores estimulantes de la hematopoyesis en estos
pacientes, disminuye la toxicidad hematolgica, el nmero de complica-
ciones infecciosas y la frecuentacin hospitalaria, y mejora la cumpli-
mentacin teraputica, aunque no modifica de ningn modo el nmero de
RC ni la supervivencia global [87-89].
Al haberse introducido la TARGA en el tratamiento de la infeccin
VIH y haber cambiado de modo significativo el espectro de los pacientes
con esta enfermedad y sus expectativas, es obvio que buena parte de la
informacin cientfica de la era pre-TARGA est obsoleta y que la reali-
dad actual de los pacientes es bastante diferente. Al mismo tiempo sur-
gen nuevas preguntas y el nmero de publicaciones es todava escaso
para contestarlas.
Sabemos que el tratamiento QT puede administrarse con seguridad
junto con el tratamiento antirretroviral y comienzan a existir indicios
sobre una clara mejora de los resultados teraputicos y de la supervi-
LINFOMAS B Y T
484 LINFOMAS B Y T
486 LINFOMAS B Y T
Frizzera/Knowles/Hanto[118-120]/Nalesnik[121-122]/Craig[102]/Harris[123]
488 LINFOMAS B Y T
490 LINFOMAS B Y T
* Enfermedad Limitada:
Excisin quirrgica o RT de campo afecto.
Reduccin mnima o moderada de la inmunosupresin (por ejemplo., 25%).
* Enfermedad Diseminada:
Situacin clnica grave/crtica:
Suspender toda la inmunosupresin.
Reducir Prednisona hasta 7,5-10 mg/da.
* Medidas Complementarias:
Interfern Alfa (en combinacin con otras medidas).
Quimioterapia con antraciclinas.
Tratamientos en Investigacin:
Anticuerpos Anti-IL-6.
Infusin de Clulas B del donante.
Terapia con clulas dendrticas.
AcMo anti linfocitos B (CD20, CD21, CD24, CD40).
Tratamiento Antiviral (en combinacin con otras medidas).
492 LINFOMAS B Y T
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LINFOMAS B Y T
APNDICE
ESQUEMAS DE QT MS UTILIZADOS
EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE LOS LNH
CLORAMBUCILO-PREDNISONA
+ Clorambucilo: 10 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 15-20
+ Prednisona: 10 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 15-20
Ciclos cada 28 das
CICLOFOSFAMIDA-PREDNISONA
+ Ciclofosfamida: 400 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
+ Prednisona: 100 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 28 das
CVP/COP
+ Ciclofosfamida: 650-1.000 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1,4 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Prednisona: 100 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21-28 das
NOSTE
+ Mitoxantrone: 10 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Prednimustina: 100-150 mg v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21-28 das
FLUDARABINA
+ Fludarabina: 25-30 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21-28 das
LINFOMAS B Y T
508 LINFOMAS B Y T
PENTOSTATINA
+ Pentostatina: 4 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
Ciclos cada 14 das
FLUCY
+ Fludarabina: 20 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 5
+ Ciclofosfamida: 1.000 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
Ciclos cada 21-28 das
FND
+ Fludarabina: 25 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 3
+ Mitoxantrone: 10 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Dexametasona: 20 mg v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21 das
CHOP
+ Ciclofosfamida: 750 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Adriamicina: 50 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1,4 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Prednisona: 100 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21 das
CHOP-RITUXIMAB
+ Rituximab: 375 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Ciclofosfamida: 750 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Adriamicina: 50 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1,4 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Prednisona: 100 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21 das
CNOP
+ Ciclofosfamida: 750 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Mitoxantrone: 10 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1,4 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Prednisona: 100 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21 das
LINFOMAS B Y T
APNDICE 509
EPOCH
+ Etopsido: 50 mg/m2 i.v. da (infusin continua) das 1 al 4
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
+ Vincristina: 0,4 mg/m2 i.v. da (infusin continua) das 1 al 4
+ Ciclofosfamida: 750 mg/m2 i.v. da 5 (tras fin de infusin continua)
+ Adriamicina: 10 mg/m2 i.v. da (infusin continua) das 1 al 4
M-BACOD
+ Metotrexate: 3.000 mg/m2 i.v. da 14
(+ rescate con cido Folnico)
+ Bleomicina: 4 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Adriamicina: 45 mg/m2 i.i. da 1
+ Ciclofosfamida: 600 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Dexametasona: 6 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21 das
M-BACOD
+ Metotrexate: 200 mg/m2 i.v. das 8 y 14
+ cido Folnico: 10 mg/m2 v.o. cada 6 horas 8 dosis
(1 dosis a las 24 horas del MTX)
+ Bleomicina: 4 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Adriamicina: 45 mg/m2 i.i. da 1
+ Ciclofosfamida: 600 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Dexametasona: 6 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21 das
MACOP-B (= 12 SEMANAS)
+ Metotrexate: 100 mg/m2 i.v. bolus| das 8-36-64
300 mg/m2 inf. 4 h |
(+ rescate con cido Folnico)
+ Adriamicina: 50 mg/m2 das 1-15-29-43-57-71
+ Ciclofosfamida: 350 mg/m2 das 1-15-29-43-57-71
+ Vincristina: 1,4 mg/m2 das 8-22-36-50-64-78
+ Prednisona: 75 mg v.o. 3 meses
(con reduccin progresiva en los ltimos 15 das)
+ Bleomicina: 10 mg/m2 das 22-50-78
PROMACE-CYTABOM
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 a 14
+ Adriamicina: 25 mg/m2 da 1
LINFOMAS B Y T
510 LINFOMAS B Y T
HYPERCYVAD
+ Ciclofosfamida: 300 mg/m2 i.v. c/12 h das 1 al 3
+ Vincristina: 1,4 mg/m2 i.v. das 4 y 11
+ Adriamicina: 25 mg/m2 i.v. das 4 y 5
+ Dexametasona: 40 mg i.v. das 1 al 4 y 11 al 14
+ Metotrexate: 1.000 mg/m2 i.v. (Infusin 24 h) da 22
+ Ara-C: 3.000 mg/m2 i.v. c/12 h das 23 y 24
Ciclos cada 42 das
MVP
+ Mitoxantrone: 10 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Etopsido: 100 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
200 mg/m2 v.o. das 2 y 3
+ Prednisona: 25 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
Ciclos cada 21-28 das
LINFOMAS B Y T
APNDICE 511
LINFOMA DE BURKITT
COMP
Induccin:
+ Ciclofosfamida: 1.200 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 2 mg/m2 (max. 2) i.v. das 3, 10, 17, 24
+ Metotrexate: 6,25 mg/m2 i.t. das 5, 31, 34
+ Metotrexate: 300 mg/m2 i.v.
(60% bolus; 40 % perf. 4 h) da 12
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 (max. 60) v.o. das
3 al 30 (y reduccin das 31 a 37)
Mantenimiento:
+ Ciclofosfamida: 1.000 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1,5 mg/m2 (max. 2) i.v. d. 1 y 4
+ Metotrexate: 6,25 mg/m2 i.t. da 1
+ Metotrexate: 300 mg/m2 i.v.
(60 % bolus; 40 % perf. 4 h) da 15
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 (max. 60) v.o. d 1 a 5
Ciclos cada 28 das
* QT i.t.:
Ara-C: 30 mg/m2 das 1, 2, 3, 7 (ciclo 1)
45 mg/m2 das 1, 2 (ciclo 2, 3)
45 mg/m2 da 1 (ciclos 4, 5, 6)
512 LINFOMAS B Y T
CODOX-M
+ Ciclofosfamida: 800 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
200 mg/m2 i.v. das 2 a 5
+ Adriamicina: 40 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 1,4 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 y 8 (ciclo 1)
das 1, 8 y 15 (ciclo 3)
+ Metotrexate: 1.200 mg/m2 (perf. 1 h) da 10
240 mg/m2/h 23 h, da 10
+ Acido Folnico: 192 mg/m2 hora 36
12 mg/m2 c/6 h hasta niveles
no txicos de MTX
+ Ara-C: 70 mg i.t. das 1 y 3
+ MTX: 12 mg i.t. da 15
IVAC
+ Ifosfamida: 1.500 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 5
+ Mesna
+ Etopsido: 60 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 5
+ Ara-C: 2.000 mg/m2 i.v. c/12 h das 1 y 2
+ MTX 12 mg i.t. da 15
Prefase:
+ Ciclofosfamida: 200 mg/m2 das 1 al 5
+ Prednisona: 30 mg/m2 das 1 al 5
Rgimen A:
+ Dexametasona: 10 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
+ Ifosfamida: 800 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 5
+ Metotrexate: 500 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Rescate con cido Folnico
+ Vincristina: 1,5 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ MTX: 12 mg i.t. da 1
+ Ara-C: 30 mg i.t. da 1
+ Prednisolona: 10 mg i.t. da 1
+ Ara-C: 150 mg/m2 i.v. c/ 12 h das 4 y 5
+ Tenipsido: 100 mg/m2 i.v. das 4 y 5
LINFOMAS B Y T
APNDICE 513
Rgimen B:
+ Dexametasona: 10 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
+ Ciclofosfamida: 200 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 5
+ Metotrexate: 500 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Rescate con cido Folnico
+ MTX: 6 mg i.t. da 1
+ Ara-C: 15 mg i.t. da 1
+ Prednisolona: 5 mg i.t. da 1
+ Adriamicina 25 mg/m2 i.v. das 4 y 5
Citorreduccin: COP
+ Ciclofosfamida: 300 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 2 mg i.v. da 1
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 7
+ MTX + Ara-C + Hidrocortisona i.t. das 1-3-5
Induccin: COPADM 2
+ Vincristina: 2 mg i.v. da 1
+ Ciclofosfamida: 500/1.000 mg/m2 i.v. das 2 a 4
+ Metotrexate: 8.000 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Rescate con cido Folnico
+ Adriamicina: 60 mg/m2 i.v. da 2
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 a 7
+ MTX + Ara-C + Hidrocortisona i.t. das 2-4-6
(QT i.t slo en ciclo 1)
Consolidacin: CIVE 2
+ Etopsido: 200 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Ara-C: 50 mg/m2 inf. de 12 h das 1 al 5
3.000 mg/m2 i.v. das 2 al 5
Mantenimiento: 4 ciclos
Ciclo 1
+ Vincristina: 2 mg i.v. da 2
+ Ciclofosfamida: 500 mg/m2 das 2 y 3
+ Adriamicina: 60 mg/m2 i.v. da 3
+ Metotrexate: 8.000 mg/m2 da 1
+ Rescate con cido Folnico
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 5
LINFOMAS B Y T
514 LINFOMAS B Y T
Ciclo 2
+ Etopsido: 150 mg/m2 i.v. das 1 al 3
+ Ara-C: 100 mg/m2 s.c. das 1 al 5
Ciclo 3
+ Igual al ciclo 1, pero sin Metotrexate
Ciclo 4
+ Igual al ciclo 2
LINFOMA LINFOBLSTICO
LSA2-L2
Induccin:
+ Ciclofosfamida: 1.200 mg/m2 i.v. da 1
+ Vincristina: 2 mg/m2 (max. 2) i.v.
das 3, 10, 17, 24
+ Metotrexate: 6,25 mg/m2 i.t. das 5, 31, 34
+ Daunorubicina: 60 mg/m2 i.v. das 12 y 13
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 (max. 60) v.o. das
3 al 30 (y reduccin das 31 a 37)
Consolidacin:
+ Ara-C: 100 mg/m2 i.v. das 1-5 y 8-12
+ Tioguanina: 50 mg/m2 v.o. das 1-5 y 8-12
+ L-Asparraginasa: 6.000 U/m2 i.m. das 1-14
+ Metotrexate: 6,25 mg/m2 i.t. das 18, 19
Mantenimiento:
1. Tioguanina: 300 mg/m2 v.o. das 1-4
Ciclofosfamida: 600 mg/m2 i.v. da 5
2. Hidroxiurea: 2.400 mg/m2 v.o. das 1-4
Daunorubicina: 45 mg/m2 i.v. da 5
3. Metotrexate: 10 mg/m2 v.o. das 1-4
BCNU: 60 mg/m2 i.v. da 5
4. Ara-C: 150 mg/m2 i.v. das 1-4
Vincristina: 2 mg/m2 (max. 2) i.v. da 5
5. Metotrexate: 6,25 mg/m2 i.t. 2 dosis
Completar 18 meses de tratamiento, con descansos de 7-10 das entre los
ciclos de mantenimiento.
LINFOMAS B Y T
APNDICE 515
Induccin:
+ Prednisona: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 al 28
+ Vincristina: 1,5 mg/m2 i.v. das 8-15-22-29
+ Daunorubicina: 40 mg/m2 i.v. das 8-15-22-29
+ L-Asparraginasa: 10.000 U/m2 i.v. das 19-22-25-28-31-34-37-40
+ Ciclofosfamida: 1.000 mg/m2 i.v das 43-71
+ Ara-C: 75 mg/m2 das 45 a 48, 52 a 55, 59 a 62, 66 a 69
+ Mercaptopurina: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 43 a 70
+ MTX 12 mg i.t. das 1-45-59
Consolidacin:
+ Mercaptopurina: 25 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 a 56
+ Metotrexate: 5.000 mg/m2 i.v. das 8-22-36-50
+ Rescate con cido Folnico
+ MTX 12 mg i.t. das 1-45-59
Reinduccin:
+ Dexametasona: 10 mg/m2 v.o. das 1 a 21
+ Vincristina: 1,5 mg/m2 i.v. das 8-15-22-29
+ Adriamicina: 30 mg/m2 i.v. das 8-15-22-29
+ L-Asparraginasa: 10.000 U/m2 i.v das 8-15-22-29
+ Ciclofosfamida: 1.000 mg/m2 i.v. da 36
+ Ara-C: 75 mg/m2 i.v. das 38 a 45 y 45 a 48
+ Tioguanina: 60 mg/m2 v.o. das 36 a 49
+ MTX 12 mg i.t. das 12, 38 y 45
+ Radioterapia Holocraneal Profilctica 24 Gy
ESQUEMAS DE RESCATE
E-SHAP
+ Etopsido: 40 mg/m2 das 1 a 4
+ Metilprednisolona: 500 mg dt. das 1 a 4
LINFOMAS B Y T
516 LINFOMAS B Y T
DHAP
+ Dexametasona: 40 mg d.t. das 1 a 4
+ Ara-C: 2.000 mg/m2 c/12 h; da 2
+ Cisplatino: 100 mg/m2 da 1
Ciclos cada 21 das
IMVP
+ Ifosfamida: 1.000 mg/m2 das 1 a 5
+ Metotrexato: 30 mg/m2 das 1 y 10
+ Etopsido: 100 mg/m2 das 1 a 3
+ Mesna
Ciclos cada 21 das
ICE
+ Ifosfamida: 5.000 mg/m2 (infusin 24 h) da 2
+ Carboplatino: AUC 5 (Max. 800 mg) das 2
+ Etopsido: 100 mg/m2 das 1-2-3
+ Mesna: 5.000 mg/m2 (junto a IFM) da 2
1.250 mg/m2 da 3
Ciclos cada 14 das
MINE
+ Ifosfamida: 1.333 mg/m2 das 1 a 3
+ Mitoxantrone: 8 mg/m2 da 1
+ Etopsido: 65 mg/m2 iv das 1 a 3
+ Mesna
Ciclos cada 21 das
+ Rescate Hematopoytico: da 6
LINFOMAS B Y T
APNDICE 517
+ Rescate Hematopoytico: da 7
LINFOMAS B Y T
INDICE ANALTICO
A C
520 LINFOMAS B Y T
G
E
gammagrafa con Tecnecio-99, 241
ecografa abdominal, 241 corporal con 67Galio, 245
edad, 171 gastrectoma, 263
efecto injerto contra linfoma, 361 gstricos, 261
enfermedad celaca, 267 gemcitabina, 381
enfermedad de Brill-Symmers, 7 genes supresores, 68
de Waldenstrm, 119 ghost tumor, 295, 297
inmunoproliferativa del intestino granuloma letal de la lnea media,
delgado; linfoma mediterrneo; 137
enfermedad de cadenas pesadas granulomatosis linfomatoidea, 128
alfa, 267
mnima residual, 344
epidemiologa, 19, 477 H
E-SHAP, 385
estadificacin, 231 helicobacter pylori (HP), 261
estado general/funcional, 172 y linfomas gstricos, 32
estudio del lquido cefalorraqudeo, hersvirus tipo 8 o virus del Sarcoma
243 de Kaposi, 29
LINFOMAS B Y T
522 LINFOMAS B Y T
intravascular, 129 M
linfoblstico, 115
linfoma linfoctico, 119 MACOP-B, 376
de clulas pequeas, 116 maduracin de la afinidad, 48
MALT, 100, 261 manifestaciones clnicas, 206, 488
primario de cavidades, 130 masa abultada (bulky), 165
de la mama, 276 M-BACOD, 375
primitivo de bazo, 277 m-BACOD, 375
primitivo de tiroides, 271 micosis fungoide/sndrome de
recidivantes, 383 Szary (MF/SS), 134, 281
recurrentes, 383 microabcesos de Pautrier, 284
refractario, 383 MINE, 385
T anaplsico de clulas grandes, mini-alo, 361
sistmatico, 140, 219 molculas de Adhesin Celular, 70
T angioinmunoblstico, 135 monoquimioterapia, 350
T gd hepatoesplnico, 138
T panicultico subcutneo, 139
tiroideo, 271 O
vejiga, 308
cutneos primarios, 278 objetivo del tratamiento, 343
de las fosas nasales y senos oligonucletidos antisentido, 367
paranasales, 270 oncorretrovirus humanos (virus
de las glndulas salivares, 271 HTLV), 30
de presentacin extraganglionar, rbita, 273
255 oxaliplatino, 381
del Anillo de Waldeyer, 269
foliculares, 6, 10
gstricos, 259 P
seos primarios, 276
primario cerebral asociado a la p53, 68
infeccin por VIH, 480 paclitaxel, 381
pulmonares, 274 papulosis linfomatoide, 289
testiculares, 275 patogenia de los LNH en pacientes
T cutneo, anaplsico de clulas con SIDA, 477
grandes, 141 SLPT, 485
linfosarcoma, 4, 6, 10 pauta erradicativa, 262
linfocticos, 10 pentostatina, 453
LNH asociados a la infeccin VIH, plasmocitoma/mieloma, 127
475 ploida, 162
sistmico asociado al SIDA, 481 poliquimioterapia, 350
LSA2-L2, 403 presentacin extraganglionar, 205
Lugano Staging System, 233, 258 presentacin ganglionar, 205
LINFOMAS B Y T
procedimientos de estadificacin, S
237
ProMACE-CytaBOM, 376 SALT, 284
pronstico de los SLPT, 488 seguimiento endoscpico, 261
protooncogenes, 55 seleccin inmune, 48
pseudoleucemia, 3 sialoadenitis, 271
pseudolinfomas, 261 Sndrome de Richter, 209
pulmonares, 274 linfoproliferativos postrasplante,
purgado in vivo, 371 485
purging, 361 lisis tumoral aguda, 397
Szary, 282
Sjgren, 271
Q sntomas B, 172
sistema de estadificacin, 232
quimioterapia tpica, 285 sitio primario de presentacin, 206
QT intensiva como tratamiento subdivisin de los L. Foliculares,
inicial, 390 122
con soporte de progenitores supresin de la proliferacin, 49
hematopoyticos, 383, 386
T
R
TASP, 391
radiaciones ionizantes, 34 tejidos orbitarios, 273
radiografa simple, 239 testculo, 275
radioinmunotoxinas, 365 tipos de factores pronsticos, 157
radioterapia en el tratamiento de tiroiditis de Hashimoto, 272
los estadios avanzados, 374 tiroiditis linfocitaria crnica o
los estadios avanzados, 349 enfermedad de Hashimoto, 272
rasburicasa, 398 TNMB, 258
recadas con transformacin tomografa computarizada (TC),
histolgica, 358 239
quimiosensible, 388 por emisin de positrones (PET),
remisiones espontneas, 342 246
resomendaciones de estadificacin, topotecan, 381
247 tositumomab, 365
resonancia nuclear magntica (RM), traslocacin [t(11;14)(q13;q32)], 64
239 [t(14;18)(q32;q21)], 63
reticulosarcoma, 6, 10 [t(2;5)(p23;q35)], 66
retinoides: 287 [t(8;14)(q24;q32)], 61
riesgo relativo, 159 trasplante alognico, 361, 392
rituximab, 363, 378 no mieloablativo, 361
LINFOMAS B Y T
524 LINFOMAS B Y T