At the small private house Hampstead mentioned previously. Faminated glass beam fails, the glass panes of the oof will sil stay up by adjusting from 4-edge sup. port to 3-edge support ‘At a domestic seale annealed window glass will often slay in place even when severely cracked, Allemative loal paths exist within the sheet of 4.5 Sérviceability Facades and rools exist to keep the rain out of buildings. Its therefore important that designers Understand the deflections that facade ‘nay be subjected to during is fe, so that they ean Gesign the appropriate seals. The stain to which & Seal may’ be subjected will erucally influence the choice of material forthe seal. Flat roots may be susceptible can oecor on lage seal result of th This all the deflections ofall the components inthe root Tr cam also occur om a smaller seale when a salient ‘capping profile or other projection dams the flow of The 40m wide by 25m tall facade of the Kempinski Hotel at Munich Airport bows in up 10 ‘dem under full design wind pressure, This sounds ‘alot but a closer look at the deflected shape shows ‘ery lite strain imposed on the seals herween adj cent panes. The designer shoul not assume wniform wind pressures. across, for example, a glass. facade, Partial load cases will often dominate the design ‘of the need to control movements. as shown in Fig. 4.24 Adeflection of this m wall has a low first natural frequency. low enough to be susceptible to wind-excited vibration However the volume of airin the atrium behind the glass wall acts a 3 oan acceptable eis not only la hoticeably. Gliss panes spanni imper and controls vibrations cae facades that ean defle of the order of a mete are large deflection structures. Under sttong Winds they will deflect in 2 way that can cause sei fs concern to people who have not seen this before The deflections of the supporting or adjacent structure should also be taken into account. For example, a glass facade suspended from a st Structure that spans, say, 20m oF 80m, can expec noticeable deflections at mid span which must be taken into account when detailing the connections atthe bottom of the facade and when installing the facade 4.6 Accommodation of movement The movements of supporting structure, both in and out of the plane of the glazing, need to he accom nodated in a way that does not lead to unacceptable stresses in the glass. There may well be serviceabi: x ity criteria associated with weathertightness_or appearance that govern acceptable movements. THe Kempinski Hotel (Holgate, 1997) (Fig. 4.3) is a good example of a fresh approach to the sometimes Unthinking compliance L/175 or other arbitrary rule (see Table 6.4) Ryan etal. (1998) list all the possible movements of the glass and its primary and secondary support Struetures and point out the special care needed! 10 Timit imposed rotations on the glass at bolted con nections, Dawson (1996) describes the articulation designed into the glass-clad vault of the 24m-long, ‘om wide and 28m-tll Leipzig Neue Messe (1996: Architects von Gerkan, Marg + Partner with lan Ritchie Architects; Engineer: IPP with Ove Arup Partners) 4.7 Safety — accidental or deliberate damage The design sloped slazin ber of reasons nd selection of glass for overhead and requires special atention for & num + Sloped slass is more susceptible to impact from falling objects, wind: borne debris and thrown objects than vertical glass + Sloped glazing in most eases is more likely to fallfrom the op tical glass, Good design indicates thatthe choice of glass must be based on elimina ‘or minimising hazards so Far as is reason practicable ‘+ Show loads may’ be imposed on the glazing for Jong periods. The strength of annealed glass and the contribution of the plastic interlayer i laminated glass are both ime dependent, Catia dts carte ol iton hig 7 fe+ For most orientations, sloped glass and overs Wooxls, M. and Warren, A. (1990): Glass houses. head glass may reach @hisher temperature Arum Press than vertical glazing because the Sun more nearly normal to the glass surface ilding, The converse is also true, and the orientation of the sloped or overhead lass may allo its temperature to Fall further than thal of vertical glass op lear nights, Further guidance on the selection of non-vertical ‘overhead glazing from the point of view of safety may ‘be found in section 7.1 of The Glass and Glazing Federation's Glacing Mama Guidance on the selection of lass for impact resistance in buildings in the UK may be found in BS 6206, BS 6180, BS 6262 and The Building Regulations Approved Document N. 4.8 References Anonymous (1997) *Glasdach auf Schloss Juval in Sidra. Glas 1/97 BSI (1995): Cole of practice for protective barriers in and about buildings. BS 6180" 1995 BSI (1981): Specification for impact performance requiremenis for flat safety glass aud safety plastics for use in buildings. BS 6206: 1981 (1994) BSI (1994): Code of practice for glazing for build ings, Past 4. Safety related to human impact, BS (6262: Part 4: 1994) Conolly, 8. (1992): “Glass towers, Reina Sofia Museum ‘of Modern Art, Madrid’. Steed Construction Today: November. p 252 Conolly. S. (1995): “Towards the transparent enve- lope”. Architects" Journal, 1S June Dawson, $.(1995) ‘Crisp lines of a floating glass shelter’ Architects" Jowmnal, 19 October Dawson, §. (1996a): “Glass set”, The Architectural Review, January Dawson, S. (1996b): “Innovative glass hall creates a crystal palace for Leipzig’. Aretttets' Journal, 6 June 1996 Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (1997): The Building Regulations 1991 Approved Document N ~ Glazing ~ safery in rela sion to bmpact, opening and cleaning. 2nd edition Devil, series 38, number 3, April/May 1998 (entire Giass and Glazing Federation (1991) Glazing manuel Holgate. A. (1997): The art of structural engincer- ing = The work of Sarg Schfaich and his\ team, Faition Axel Menges, StutgartLondon H.W. (1998): Glass buildings Krewinke! Birkhauser Marshall, (1997): “The osmotie at Towehstone issue 3, October 1997 Rice, P and Dutton, H. (1995): Structural Glass, EN Spon, 2rd edition Ryan, P. and Otlet, M. and Ogiden, R, G. (1998): Sieel’ supporied glazing systems. Ascot: Steel Construction Institute, SCI Publication 193 The Architectural Review, May 1998 (entire issue) “Thornton, J, (1993): “The glass towers at the Centra de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid’. Proc. usm, Civ. Engrs. Ci. Engng, n097, Aug. ppll0-117 Walker, A. (1996): “When small is beautiful’. The Consulting Engineer. Issue 6, Winter