5/17/2017 Chinese domination of Vietnam - Wikipedia

Chinese domination of Vietnam

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Chinese domination of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Bc thuc, "Belonging to the North (China)"[1][2][3]) began in
111 BC, and is usually considered to have ended in 938 AD. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by
the Ming dynasty, 400 years later, is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous,
period of Chinese colonization from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Chinese
forces at the end of the Second World War.

First Chinese domination of Vietnam (111 BC39 AD) Chinese incursions, followed by Chinese victory in the
Han-Nanyue War (111 BC), established Chinese rule in Vietnam. This was briey interrupted by the revolt of
the Trng Sisters (4043 AD).
Second Chinese domination of Vietnam (43544) ended by the revolt of L Nam who led a rebellion
taking advantage of internal disorder in China and the weakness of the waning Southern Liang dynasty. This
secured 60 years of independence for Vietnam, but following regime change and consolidation of power in
China, the new Sui dynasty sent an overwhelmingly large army south to reestablish control over northern
Vietnam in 602.
Third Chinese domination of Vietnam (602938) starting with the peaceful abdication by L's successor in the
face of overwhelming Chinese numbers, and marked by entrenchment of mandarin administration. The period
concluded with the internal collapse of China's Tang dynasty and Ng Quyn's destruction of the Southern Han
armada at the naval Battle of Bach Dang River (938).
Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam (14071427) a 20-year occupation by the Ming dynasty army, from
Vietnamese defeat in the MingH War (14061407) to Vietnamese rebellion and L Li's defeat of the
Chinese at the Battle of Tt ng Chc ng and Battle of Chi Lng - Xng Giang (1427).

Geographical extent and impact

The four periods of Chinese colonization or occupation do not correspond to the modern borders of Vietnam but to
Vietnam as a cultural entity. During the rst three Chinese periods of domination, Vietnamese society was primarily
in the northern part of modern Vietnam.[4][5] Ten centuries of Chinese colonization left a substantial demographic
footprint, with settlement by large numbers of ethnic Chinese,[6][7] while opening up Vietnam for trade.[8] Against
this the second period of Chinese colonization saw almost 500 years of revolt and war,[9] though the third period
(603-939) was more harmonious.

In addition to administration, and making Chinese the language of administration, the long period of Chinese
domination introduced Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice cultivation, and animal husbandry.[10][11]
Chinese culture, having been established among the elite mandarin class, remained the dominant current among that
elite for most of the next 1,000 years (939-1870s) until the loss of independence under French Indochina. This
cultural aliation to China remained true even when militarily defending Vietnam against attempted invasion, such as
against the Mongol Kublai Khan. The only signicant exceptions to this were the 7 years of the strongly anti-Chinese
H dynasty which banned the use of Chinese (among other actions triggering the 4th Chinese invasion), but then after
the expulsion of the Ming the rise in vernacular chu nom literature.[12] Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left
many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence.[13]

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam 1/2
5/17/2017 Chinese domination of Vietnam - Wikipedia

1. Thailand, Indochina and Burma Handbook, 1994 - Page 557 Joshua Eliot - 1993 "Confucianism was introduced from China
during the Bac Thuoc Period (111 BC-938 AD) when the Chinese dominated the country. The 'religion' enshrined the concept
of imperial rule by the mandate of heaven, eectively constraining social .."
2. Viet Nam social sciences 2002 Page 42 y ban khoa hc x hi Vit Nam - 2002 "The rst period of cultural disruption and
transformation: in and around the rst millennium CE (that is, the period of Bac thuoc) all of Southeast Asia shifted into strong
cultural exchanges with the outside world, on the one hand with Chinese ..."
3. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor edited by Ooi Keat Gin (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC
Clio, 2004) Volume 1 2004 Page 1296 "Thoi Bac-Thuoc ..Chinese colonial period in Vietnam"
4. Craig A. Lockard Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History To 1500 2010 Page 125 "Champa existed from 192 to
1471 c.e., when the Vietnamese nally conquered Champa. Vietnam and Chinese Colonization During Chinese colonial times,
Vietnamese society was largely conned to what is today the northern third of Vietnam ..."
5. Hugh Dyson Walker East Asia: A New History 2012- Page 259 "In July 1407, Vietnam was renamed Jiao-zhi, and Chinese
colonial rule was reestablished, with its capital at Thang Long, as in earlier days. Vietnamese provinces were re-labeled
prefectures, with sub-prefectural and district subordinate units."
6. Khnh Trn The Ethnic Chinese & Economic Development in Vietnam 1993- Page 14 "Thus began the long period of Chinese
colonization and it also resulted in the rst massive migration of Chinese into Vietnam. In 214 Bc nearly half a million Chinese
troops and fugitives were resettled in the northern part of Vietnam.3 "
7. Leo Suryadinata Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians Page 268 1997 "After more than ten centuries of Chinese colonization,
this Vietnamese territory became one of the many places for refugees, convicts, ocers and garrisons coming from northern
China. Most of them consisted of men.2"
8. Anh Tun Hong Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 - Page 12 - 2007 "It was said that Chinese
merchants trading to this place all grew very wealthy.28 The Chinese colonization of northern Vietnam, 179 BCAD 905
These Chinese sources recount that at the time of the Chinese colonization, in certain periods ..."
9. Vuong Quan Hoang and Tran Tri Dung Vietnam Entrepreneurial Cultures Page 65 "In the second Chinese colonial period (43-
544 AD), the Vietnamese society witnessed almost 500 years of war. Before the third Chinese colonial period (603-939),
Vietnam enjoyed nearly 60 years of sovereignty, from 544 to 602."
10. Vietnam - Page 20 Audrey Seah, Charissa Marie Nair - 2005 "The long period of Chinese domination inuenced Vietnamese
culture. The Vietnamese adopted Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice cultivation, and animal husbandry. Knowledge
of Chinese language led to Chinese inuence on ."
11. Keat Gin Ooi -Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East ... - Volume 1 - Page 12 2004 This early
kingdom had ve rulers, a century of independence, and then was under Chinese domination for a millennium from 111 B.C.E.
Sinicization took root during this Chinese colonial period. Scholars and ocials who ed the mainland ...
12. The World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia - Volume 6 - Page 828 Marshall Cavendish Corporation - 2007 "The
Chinese occupied but never quite subdued Vietnam for the next thousand years. From the reign of the rst Hung king through
the period of Chinese domination, there were two kinds of literature in Vietnam: an elaborate court poetry written ..."
13. Lonely Planet Vietnam- Page 29 Nick Ray, Peter Dragicevic, Regis St Louis - 2007 "In AD679 the Chinese changed the name
of Vietnam to Annam, which means 'the Pacied South.' Ever since this era, the collective memory of Chinese domination has
played an important role in shaping Vietnamese identity and attitudes towards their northern neighbour."

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam&oldid=778341127"

Categories: ChinaVietnam relations History of Vietnam

This page was last edited on 2 May 2017, at 14:52.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By
using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-prot organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam 2/2