DR. F. BAHGAT, M.Sc., Ph.D., A.M.R.I.N.A.

IMAR12CSE BOlZER FUUVACE D m U O N S -

A sTAn;llARD!!TIONAPPROACH

THE AUTHOR
is an Assistant Professor of Marine Engineering and Naval Architec-
ture at the Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University. He graduated
with a Bachelor of Science degree from Cairo University in 1943. A
Master of Science degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineer-
ing was received in 1941 from the University of Michigan, U.S.A. F m
Kings College, University of Durham, U.K., he received a Doctor of
Philosophy degree in Naval Architecture in 1959.

SUMMARY MARINE BOILER TYPES

A METHOD is proposed for the standardization of

marine boiler furnace dimensions particularly of
the vertical superheater distributing header type.
With standardization of the furnace dimensions the
remaining boiler element could, in turn, be subject
to similar standardization which produces a cheaper
boiler that can be delivered in a shorter period be-
sides reducing the problem of the spare parts re-
quired.
In this paper a brief account is given of the
different types of marine boilers in use. The require-
ments for furnace dimensions are next discussed
and finally the furnace standardization approach is
explained followed by a brief account of the prob-
lem of superheater slagging as affecting marine
boiler furnace design.
Marine boilers are generally classified into two
main groups namely the f i e tube Scotch boilers
and the water tube boilers (Figure 1). Whereas the
Scotch boiler does not require a high degree of skill
in its operation; it is easily accessible for mainte-
nance and repair and can be operated with salt or
impure fresh water. It is very heavy and bulky and
to raising steam in starting is slow, as is meeting
rapid changes in steam demands. Scotch boilers are
also extremely dangerous in the event of explosions
and are subject to high stresses by unequal expan-
sions.
On the other hand water tube boilers are 25 to
50 per cent lighter and 10 to 30 per cent less bulky
for a given capacity and have much higher evapora-
tion rates besides being able to raise steam much
 -
MARINE BOILER FURNACE DIMENSION
.
SCOTCH eoiLt~
HLAOER TYPE
MULT !-DRUM
MARINE BOILER TYPES
WATCR TUBE BOILERS
DRUM T Y P E
TWO-DRUM
CONTROLLED
CIRCULATION
HORIZONTAL VERTICAL
SUPERHEATER
*
DlSTRl BUT1 M G
SUPERHEAT ER
HEADER T Y P t
Figure 1.
more quickly in starting. This calls for smaller tube
diameters, higher furnace ratings as well as greater
application of water cooled furnace.
Many varieties of water tube boilers have been
developed to meet the advancement in turbine pro-
pulsion machinery requiring higher pressures,
greater evaporation capacity and increased effi-
ciency. These types can generally be set under the
following categories: -
Sectional Header Boilers: These are also known
as the cross-drum boilers with their straight tubes
being ideal for mass production. Their limitation
as regards space and weight, however, has been
demonstrated in a previous paper [ll.
Bent Tube Boilers: These, in turn, cover a wide
range of designs which are based essentially on
the natural circulation principle.
The Muttidrum Express Type: This being the
early type of bent tube boilers of which the
three-drum, A-type or Admiralty boilers have
been fully explained in the literature.
The T w o Drum Type: This is the type most
suited for merchant ships of both normal and
high powers. These can be classified, in turn,
into:
(a) Horizontal Superheater Type:
This is known generally as the D type
boiler with its superheater, of the continuous
loop type, fitted horizontally between rows
of bent tube screen tubes and the main tube
bank.
(b) Vertical Superheater Type:
This has been developed in a way to have
easy access to the superheater for both in-
spection and cleaning as well as to avoid the
horizontal slag collecting surfaces which re-
sult in damage caused by slag deposits. This
design also makes use of clean lanes for
effective soot blower action as well as the re-
duction of the bulky superheater support.
Moreover, vertical superheater boilers may
be either of the
Distributing Header Type:
By the use of a separate header fitted
to the lower end of the screen tubes the
912 Naval bqimn Journal, 0.cernb.r IW
SUPERCHARGED
SEPARATELY flRCD
BAHGAT
furnace floor is set independent of the main
tube bank location. This, in turn, helps to
obtain optimum furnace dimensions.
Complete water cooled Furnace Type:
This type is most suited to higher steam
conditions. The furnace refractory in this
SUPERHEAKER type is being eliminated; while the burner
is being located in the furnace roof and in
COMPLCTE WATCR
such way the boilers could be set on the
engine room lower level. It also allows for
almost uniform expansion of all pressure
COOLEO FURNACE
parts since the furnace has nearly cubic
configuration.
SepamteZy Fired Superheater Boilers: In a
way to control the steam temperature for
large steam outputs it is usually simple and
more economical to use two-furnace type
boilers incorporating one main and one
auxiliary furnaces. These boilers may be
either of the single or double uptake types.
Controlled Circulution Boilers: For more ad-
vanced high steam conditions; positive or forced
circulation inside the tubes offers important ad-
vantages; namely limited space and compactness
together with relatively light weight [23.
Supercharged Boilers: Another alternative for the
advanced steam conditions is the pressure-fired
boilers known previously as the Velox or Sural
boilers employing the natural circulation prin-
ciple. In this type, however, a supercharger is set
to replace the forced draft blowers 13, 4, 51.
The main advantages of this system being in the
reduction in both space and weight, economy of
operation, simplified construction as well as reduc-
tion in maintenance. Some disadvantages are, how-
ever, encountered mainly that because of the use
of a gas turbine, distillate fuel has to be used; be-
sides since an integral unit construction is adopted
any flaws in its construction becomes exceedingly
difficult to correct.
REQUIREMENTS FOR FURNACE DESIGN
In order to start the furnace deaign calculations
and to allow the determination of the boiler firing
rates; the following items must be known or esti-
mated. The firing rates, however, allow the prelimi-
nary estimate of the furnace size as well as its heat
release and absorption rates.
Steam Conditions
In a paper by D. C. MacMillan and M. L. Ireland
[61, it was concluded that steam conditions of 450
psi and 750F would be normally selected for mer-
chant ship installations of about 6000 SHP. Steam
conditions of 600 psi and 850F would normally be
selected for higher powers. The use of %O0F super-
heat temperature hardly appears to be worth the
risk.
BAHGAT MARINE BOILER FURNACE DIMENSION

Moreover, steam conditions exceeding 600 psi, Evaporation Rate

850F are offered for standard stationary power With the fkation of the number of heaters to be
plants exceeding 20,000 Kilowatts. In general, there used in the marine power plant not only the feed
appears to be more incentive to increase the tem- water temperature can be determined but a com-
perature than to raise the pressure, however, the plete heat balance could be worked out incorporat-
risk may be greater. ing both the main and the auxiliary propulsion
In what follows we are going to adopt, in the units. This, in turn, renders the required amount
calculations, both steam conditions of 450 psi, 750OF of both the superheated and the desuperheated
and 600 psi, SO0F for the range of evaporation steam to be used on board at various load condi-
rates under consideration. tions.
Since normally two boilers are installed on board
Feed Water Temperature ship; the boiler evaporation rate could thus be fixed
Feed water temperatures are usually determined for the 100 per cent rating corresponding to normal
power for merchant ships or full power for naval
after fixing the type of feed system and the number
vessels.
of heaters to be used. he minimum feed water
temperature which allows, deaeration and hence For the standardization intended in this paper,
minimizes internal oxygen corrosion is restricted to however, we are going to consider a series of boiler
about 220OF. Normally when adopting a feed sys- evaporations starting from an evaporation of 20,000
tem incorporating two feed heaters of which the pounds per hour and increasing in increments of
second is a deaerator using 10 to 15 psi exhaust 10,000 till an evaporation of 90,000 pounds per hour
steam; feed water temperature of the order of from which range is considered appropriate for normal
220 to 25O0F can be obtained. In such case only merchant ships.
economizers can be fitted to marine boilers.
When more regenerative feed heaters are incor- FACTORS AFFECTING FURNACE DIMENSIONS
porated in the feed system; feed water temperatures
of the order 350 to 400F are generally used re- Marine boiler furnace dimensions are determined
quiring the installation of both an economizer and by the proper consideration of the following fac-
an air heater in a way to obtain the desired boiler -
tors:
efficiency. Type of Boiler
With the feed water temperature decided upon It has been demonstrated previously that the type
by the marine power plant feed system, the boiler of boiler greatly afects the furnace dimensions. In
firing rates can be readily calculated. this treatment, however, we are going to consider
one type of boiler; namely the vertical superheater
Boiler Eficiency boiler of the distributing header type (Figure 2)
In order to burn fuel oil efficiently in the boiler since in this particular boiler the furnace design is
furnace combustion should be complete and the in the first degree independent from the design of
amount of excess air should be consistent with
practical operation. When firing normal fuel oil of
about 10.5 per cent Hydrogen contents the amount
of excess air is about 15 per cent at normal load
and this results in a CO, per cent in the flue gases
of nearly 14 per cent.
The relation between the stack temperature and
its latent plus sensible heat losses at various CO,
per cent is given in literature C71.
The limiting factor for minimum stack tempera-
tures, however, is the dew point of the products of
combustion resulting from the firing of low sulphur
bunker C fuel oil which results in the external
corrosion of the tube metal of the boiler heat re-
covery equipment. It thus follows that in order to
reach a boiler efficiency of about 88 per cent the
temperature of the products of combustion has to
be reduced to approximately 300OF;which tempera-
ture is a little higher than the flue gas dew point.
Such a case could be reached with feed water tem-
peratures in the range of 220 to 250F by the use
of economizers alone; while in the range of 350 t o
400F air heaters have to be added.
 MARINE BOILER FURNACE DIMENSION
the rest of the boiler parts and thus optimization
could be easily effected.
Operation and Service Conditions
Not only the furnace dimensions but also the type
and number of burners as well as the radiant heat
surface could be decided upon by consideration of
the service condition. The operating conditions en-
countered during the ships service also influences
directly the boiler and its furnace dimensions.
Moreover, the load pattern and its variation as well
as the ships trade route schedule affects the choice
of the optimum boiler design. It has to be noted in
this respect that most marine boilers are adapted
to wide variations in the load pattern.
Furthermore, the availability of the operating
personnel in what affects both boiler maintenance
and repair is not to be underestimated.
Space and Weight Limitations
Space and weight restrictions are extremely im-
portant on most ships and they are influenced still
by the type of boiler used.
On sectional header boilers, for example, maxi-
mum efficiency is obtained with maximum height
and length together with minimum width; while
from maximum weight considerations this is ar-
rived at by high, long and narrow boilers.
On the other hand, for drum type boilers from
maximum efficiency and minimum weight points of
view maximum furnace height together with mini-
mum furnace depth coupled with maximum num-
ber of tube rows are required. Height restriction on
a particular design, therefore, may result in in-
creased boiler weight as well as furnace floor space
hence increased boiler cost. It thus follows that a
compromise must be made for any particular design.
Burner Arrangements and Gns Flow
Since the marine boiler furnace is actually built
around it4 burners; it is thus essential that the
number and type of burner must first be deter-
mined.
Each burner type has its own operating charac-
teristics and the boiler furnace must be so designed
as to suit those characteristics. The use of wide-
angle oil sprays shortens the flame and concentrates
the products of combustion at the boiler front and
thus reduces the steam temperature; while the use
of the narrow-angle oiI sprays directs the flame
towards the rear of the fumace reducing the gas
flow into the gas cavity in wont of the superheater
thus increasing the steam temperature.
One of the well known burner types is the return
flow type using wide range firing to meet changing
load imposed by the ships operation. The burner
overload capacity, however, usually ranges to about
1,500 and 2,500 pounds of fuel oil per hour.
Burner arrangements are also affected by the type
of boiler. The burners in sectional header boilers are
usually arranged in line in a way to limit the boiler
914 Naval Enginaan Journal, Dacombor 1965
BAHGAT
height; while for bent tube boilers, they are cus-
tomarily arranged in clusters so as to reduce the
furnace size. The minimum burner clearances were,
however, given in reference C11 and in this respect
it should be noted that the proximity of the oil
burner to the screen tubes affects to a great extent
the final steam temperatures. Nevertheless, the
furnace dimensions must be selected in such a way
as to allow as nearly a uniform gas flow as possible
entering the screen tubes. Previous experience on
similar boilers would help greatly in this respect
thus securing nearly uniform gas temperatures.
Amount of Furnace Waterwalls
The furnace dimensions are usually selected to
provide the maximum amount of water wall heating
surface which in turn renders an appropriate fur-
nace heat release and heat absorption rates.
On drum type boilers the supply tubes to the
furnace waterwalls take water either from the
steam drum or receive water from the water drum
directly or through the distributing header. The
furnace roof is usually formed by the side wall
tubes which discharge directly into the steam drum;
while the furnace rear wall tubes generally termi-
nate in headers connected to the steam drum. On
some boilers especially of the higher evaporation
rates front wall tubes can be used.
Circulation in Furnace Waterwalls
In the design of the furnace waterwalls satisfac-
tory water-steam ratio in the wall tubes must be
provided in order to relieve the generated steam.
This is usually in the order of 15 to 20 at the over-
all rates of operation of merchant ship boilers: while
on naval designs the range is between 5 and 10 in
a way to reduce boiler size and weight.
In analysing the boiler circulation, however, the
U-tube analogy is usually adopted as base for the
circulation calculations from which it can be de-
duced that when the heat is applied at the lower
portions of the tube maximum circulation effect is
obtained. This is the case with the distributing
header type boiler in which the burners are located
at the lower part of the furnace. In this type of
boiler, as mentioned previously, the furnace di-
mensions could be set at the optimum values since
the furnace is set independent of both the lower
drum as well as the main tube bank.
FURNACE RATES A N D GAS TEMPERATURES
Once the preliminary furnace size and contour
are decided upon taking due account of the various
factors treated previously; it is then possible to
estimate both the furnace heat release and absorp-
tion rates as well as the furnace exit gas tempera-
ture
In a previous paper 113 the merits of the differ-
ent furnace ratings were discussed; three of which
are of particular value in furnace design namely;
BAHGAT MARINE BOLEX FURNACE DIMENSION

the heat release rate (H.R.R.), the heat absorption for various heat absorbing rates is given for both
rate (H.A.R.) and the liberation per cu. ft. of fur- the steam condition of 450 psi, 750F and 600 psi,
nace volume. Need is required, a priori, of the radi- 85O0F; while on (Figure 5) the same relation is
ant heat absorbing surface area (R.H.A.) which has shown at various furnace exit gas temperatures for
been previously defined in the same paper and the same steam conditions with feed water tempera-
which is largely determined by the furnace water ture of 250OF. Moreover, (Figure 6) gives the rela-
walls and the screen tubes within the furnace di- tion between the furnace exit gas temperature and
mensions. the boiler evaporation rating at various radiant heat
The furnace heat release rate, however, is pri- surface area.
marily determined by the burners firing rate as Finally, the liberation in BTU released per cu.
well as the radiant. heat absorbing surface. This ft. of furnace volume can be readily calculated after
should be so selected as to result in good combus- the furnace dimensions have been settled on.
tion conditions as well as minimum boiler size. The
heat absorption rating, on the other hand, is for all
practical considerations a function of the heat re-
lease rating as mentioned in reference 181.
Moreover, the furnace exit gas temperature is
determined by the heat remaining in the exit gases
leaving the furnace or in other words the radiant
heat not absorbed by the furnace and the relation
is derived from test data. This has been the topic
of a previous paper by the author CBI. A mean line
has been considered in that paper and the results
are reproduced on (Figure 3) giving the relation
between both the heat release and heat absorption
rates on a base of furnace exit gas temperatures for
boilers working with 15 per cent excess air.
Figure 5.

130 450
15% EXCESS NPIUCAN LINE1
120 *L ,
420

I.380
L
I-
c
9 340
3
ZJOO
0

P a0
x
=
- .- - - r.220
I

iao
rUQNACE G4S TEWCRLTURL F
so uo
2300 Lux) rn 2800 2?00 zm ZSW

Figure 3. Figure 6.

FURNACE STANDARDIZATION APPROACH

Radiant Heat Absorbing Surface and Furnace

Figure 4.
On (Figure 4) the relation between the radiant
heat absorbing area and the boiler evaporation rate
Volume
An attempt is carried out to vary the main fur-
nace dimensions for the type of boiler under con-
sideration (Figure 2) and the resulting radiant heat
absorbing surface was computed in each case.
The variation was carried out for the distance
between drum center lines of 12 ft.-6 in., 13 ft.-6 in.
and 14 ft.-6 in. respectively while the. furnace
breadth was changed from a minimum of 7 ft.-6 in.
(to accommodate two burners side by side) to a
value of 9 ft.-6 in. The furnace breadth however,
was changed from a minimum of 6 ft.-0 in. to a
value of 10 ft.-0 in.

Naval Enqinnn Journal, Docombor 1965 915

MARINE BOILER FURNACE DIMENSION BAHGAT

45c The result of such investigation is shown on Fig-

ure 7 on a base of furnace width and the resulting
radiant heat absorbing surface RHA is given for the
various furnace breadths and distances between
drum center lines considered.
40C
On Figure 8 the computed furnace volume is
shown on a base of furnace width. In this way the
relation between the furnace main dimensions and
their consequent RHA and furnace volume could
350 easily be established.
A Proposed Standardization Procedure
In this paper a trial is carried out for the stan-
dardization of the furnace dimensions for the verti-
300 cal superheater boiler of the distributing header
type Figure 2. Steam conditions selected for this
treatment are 450 psi, 750F in the range of evapo-
ration rates of from 20,000 to 60,000 pounds of
steam per hour and 600 psi, 850F in the range
2M
from 50,000 to 90,000 pounds per hour with feed
water temperature of 250OF. The resulting firing
rate in pounds of oil per hour over the range is
shown on Figure 9 on the assumption of boiler
2M: efficiency of 87.5 per cent; while the net heat input
6 7 8 9 10 is given on Figure 10.
Nyre 7. A sample of the procedure followed out for the
standardization method mentioned here involves the
following steps. It should be noted, however, that
12 other methods could be equally adopted if so de-
sired.

11
'I
. . . .
0
. . . .

1 E \IrPoRC.rlon! L B p l ~ 1 0 0 0
9 20 30 u1 5Q 60 70 M 90

Figure 9.

8 120
, I20

110 -_. . . . , . , . .
.,./
. 0
. ~ 110

5
BAHCAT
First Step
A straight line relationship between the furnace
width and the evaporation rate is considered in this
treatment; while fixing both the furnace breadth
as well as the distance between drum center lines,
(fixed here at 12 ft.-6 in. for the 450 psi steam con-
dition and 14 ft.-6 in. for the 600 psi steam con-
dition) so that the standardized boilers only differ
in the furnace width or else the length of the steam
drum adopted to suit each evaporation. Minimum
furnace widths (taken 6 ft.-3 in. for 450 psi and
6 ft.-6 in. for 600 psi steam conditions) were con-
sidered for the lower evaporation rates of 25,000
lb. per hour and 50,000 lb. per hour respectively.
This in turn would render a straight line relation-
ship between the RHA as well as the furnace vol-
ume and the evaporation rating as shown on Fig-
ure 11 and Figure 12 respectively for each Of
the two steam conditions selected.
400
. . . . . . . ,
200 EVhBDRATIOY $ W H R XlDOO I !OO
20 30 40 50 so 70 80
Figure 11.
lloo ,
Second Step:
A heat absorption rating is next selected arbi-
trarily for both the chosen higher evaporation value
of the 450 psi steam condition (60,000 pounds per
hour) as well as the evaporation rate for the 600
psi condition (50,000 lb. per hour); namely 75,000
BTU per Square foot RHA per hour (Figure 13).
The selected higher evaporation value for the 600
psi steam condition (90,000 lb. per hour) was also
fixed at an arbitrary value of heat absorption rating
MARINE BOILER FURNACE DIMENSION
of 90,000 BTU per sq. ft. RHA per hour with a
straight line relationship being considered for the
intermediate values.
As for the lower evaporation value for the 450
psi steam condition; the heat absorption rating was
left to be computed from the calculations in the
following manner.
On Figure 3 point A is fixed with the assump-
tion of an absorption rating of 75,000 BTU/sq.
ft. RHA/hr.; while point B is fixed with the adap-
tion of a minimum furnace width of 6 ft.-3 in. A
straight line relationship between point A and B
would consequently render a straight line relation-
ship of furnace width (Figure 14) as well as fur-
nace volume (Figure 12) versus evaporation rating.
In such manner the anticipated heat absorption
rating for other evaporation rates a t the 450 psi
steam condition could be computed as shown on
Figure 13,
IW 120 120
160
120
280
!40
. .
YO Figure 13.
12 12
1 . . .
l1 I
Figure 14.
Third Step:
Once the relation between the RHA as well as
the furnace volume and the evaporation rating is
established for the standardized boilers, both the
heat release rating in BTU per sq. ft. RHA per hour
as well as the heat liberation in BTU per cubic foot
furnace volume per hour could be calculated for
both steam conditions a t various evaporation ratings
as drawn on both Figure 15 and Figure 16 re-
spectively at the boiler full load condition.
The furnace exit gas temperature can next be
Naval b g i n n n Journal. 0.c.mb.r INb 917
MARINE BOILER FURNACE DIMENSION BAHGAT

103 shown on Figure 13, Figure 15 and Figure 17

. . * y .. . . . . for the heat absorption and heat release ratings
as well as the furnace exit gas temperature respec-
K30 tively.
In such manner, it is thought that the whole field
of the standardized furnace dimensions could be
zoo computed and analyzed for the vertical superheater
/ distributing header type boilers.
SUPERHEATER SLACCINC
100
A word has to be mentioned here concerning
1 . . . . superheater slagging as it may affect the furnace
design and consequently its dimensions. In land
0
20 30 40
~ I ~ ~ I T I D )~ q n
50 M
na 1000
m 80 90
0 practice, it is this single item which imposes par-
Figure 15. ticular limitations on the furnace exit gas tempera-
ture in order to reach a safe limit for the super-
heater tube temperature in what affects slag de-
posits.
In marine practice, however, such severe design
conditions may not prevail due to the fact that
ships operation require frequent stoppage at port
besides the introduction of the walk-in super-
heater particularly of the vertical type, as adopted
in this treatment, may add up to easy superheater
element cleaning.
Should the boiler designer feel that this condition
has its importance the meihod proposed here offers
a quick and easy means for arriving a t the most
suitable standardization to be adopted in this case.
58 ~VIFQ~AT(~N c p n a x ioqo . .
20 10 40 so 60 70 80 90
Y)
It should be mentioned, however. that should the
Figure 16. designer require boiler standardization to suit al-
2930
ready highly standardized marine steam turbines;
r the proposed method discussed here would easily
2000
render such standardization feasible.
2700 Finally it is hoped that the standardization ap-
2600 proach treated in this paper would help marine
25m
boiler manufacturers to standardize not only the
furnace dimension but also the rest of the boiler
,2400
elements.
2300 REFERENCES
2200 I l l Bahqat. F., Marine Boiler Radiant Heat Absorbing
Surface and Furnace Size, NAVALEhcmms JOURNAL,
ZlM
Dec., 1964.
,zMo [ 2 ) Marine Boilers, Combustion Engineering, Inc., 1962.
[ 3 ] Licausi, A. C., The Supercharged Steam Generator, Its
Figure 17. First Shipboard Installation, A.S.M.E., 62-WA-291.
1963.
computed for the whole range investigated of the [ 4 ] Fritz, W. A. and Cohen, L., Development and Evalua-
standardized boilers as shown on Figure 17 refer- tion of a Supercharged Steam Generating System,
ence being made to Figure 3 in this respect. Due A.S.M.E., C2-WA-279, 1963.
attention should be given, however, to the limits [ 5 ] Shields, J. R. and Reisweber, R. C., Supercharger De-
sign for a Supercharged Steam Generator, A.S.M.E.,
set by Kessler [9] for both liberation and heat re- 62-WA-350, 1 W .
lease ratings as well as the furnace exit gas tem- [ 6 ] MacMillan, D. C. and Ireland, M. I,., Economic Selec-
perature ranges normally adopted for marine tion of Steam Conditions for Merchant Ships, Trans.
boilers [I]. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 1948.
[ 7 ] Hemenway, H. H., Some Considerations in the Design
Fourth Step: of Marine Water tub Boilers, The Society of Naval
In the previous steps we have considered the Architects and Marine Engineers, New England Section,
standarched boilers under the normal or 100 per 1945.
cent load and it remains to carry the calculations [ 8 ] Bahgat, F.. Furnace Gas Temperature Evaluation for
for the overload condition of 150 per cent as well Marine Boilers, NAVAL ENcmems JOURNAL, August 1963.
IS] Kessler, G. W., Procedures and Influencing Factors in
as the 50 per cent load conditions. These have been the Design of Marine Boilers, Trans. Society of Naval
calculated for the sample trial considered here and Architects and Marine Engineers, Vol. 56, 1948.

918 N a v a l Engin-n Journal. December 1946