Xyrex A.

Calang BS-ECE ES 91

ES 91
Engineering Economy

Written Assignment

Submitted by: Xyrex A. Calang

Xyrex A. Calang BS-ECE ES 91

Engineering

Based from the accumulation basic and stored knowledge, Engineering may
refer to the application of science and mathematics , with some basic and
practical knowledge in order to invent, design, build, and
improve structures, machines, systems, solutions, and etc..
With us being young, we define this engineering as building or inventing to make
things better, or to make them move, or building infrastructures, or making
machineries.
As we grow up and became educated, we refer it as some creative application
of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or
manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to
construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast
their behaviour under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended
function, economics of operation or safety to life and property

Basically, Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised

fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel and pulley. We
develop this field to enhance our ways of life with time passing by.

Science

How Do We Define Science? Science can refer to the knowledge attained

through study or practice and it can also mean the knowledge covering
general truths of the operation of general laws, especially when obtained and
tested through scientific method which is concerned with the physical world.
But What Does it Really Mean? Basically, Science refers to a system of acquiring
knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and
explain natural phenomena. And then it helps to define the organized body of
knowledge people have gained using that system.

Less formally, the word science often describes any systematic field of study or
the knowledge gained from it.
Xyrex A. Calang BS-ECE ES 91

Economics

Simply speaking, Economics is a social science concerned with the production,

distribution and consumption of goods and services. It studies how individuals,
businesses, governments and nations make choices on allocating resources to
satisfy their wants and needs, and tries to determine how these groups should
organize and coordinate efforts to achieve maximum output.

Looking in another way, Economic analysis often progresses through deductive

processes, much like mathematical logic, where the implications of specific
human activities are considered in a "means-ends" framework.

Economics can generally be broken down into macroeconomics, which

concentrates on the behaviour of the aggregate economy,
and microeconomics, which focuses on individual consumers.

Management

Management is one of the most important part of the business. Since it is the
organization and coordination of the activities of a business in order to
achieve defined objectives.
Management is often included as a factor of production along with the
organization of machines, materials, and money.

The basic task of management includes both marketing and innovation.

Basically, management consists of the interlocking functions of creating
corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing an
organization's resources in order to achieve the objectives of that policy.

The directors and managers are appointed to have the power and
responsibility to make decisions and oversee an enterprise. The size of
management can range from one person in a small organization to
hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies.

Some people agree that in order to evaluate a company's current and

future worth, the most important factors are the quality and experience of
the managers.
Xyrex A. Calang BS-ECE ES 91

Comparison of South and North Korea

First and foremost, I strike North Korea as a very harsh environment to live in.
Hearing some news about defectors and their stories gibes me shiver in my
spine, like hearing ghost stories.

Bluntly speaking, North Korea is a small impoverished and isolated country while
south korea is a wealthy and backed the worlds number one superpower.

North Korea, officially the democratic peoples republic of korea is somewhat

like a dictatorship on peoples democracy as the government closely supervises
the lives of the north Korean citizens and the freedom of expression is severely
limited.

Despite constitutions provisions for democracy, supreme leader kim jong un

exercises absolute control over the government of the country. I believe they
want to impose a great priority like managing the military first despite the needs
of the people.

North Korea maybe attempting modest economic opening by encouraging

limited foreign direct investments but the dominant influence of the military
establishment makes any meaningful near term change unlikely.

On the other hand, south Korea or the republic of Korea, after undergoing many
constitution changes and problems, their government officially embraced
western style of democracy with complicated but true presidential elections. Its
population is almost twice compared to that of north korea even if they have
less area.
This makes them more efficient. Unlike north korea, human rights is importantly
implemented and its economy is advancing rapidly since 1950s and is one of
the countries with the largest economy In the world. They have almost 18 times
higher per capita income compared to the north. It is also well advanced in
terms of technology.
Xyrex A. Calang BS-ECE ES 91

Thinking Development

All of us are capable of evolving into rational organisms. At some point, we

desire to successfully analyze and solve our problems. We want to live an
important, meaningful lives.

Basically, we begin as unreflective thinkers, unaware of the determining role that

thinking is playing in our lives. But at early stages in our lives, we already have
some thinking skills that helps us survive and adapt in harsh environments.

As a child thinking, we unconsciously think of ourselves as the source of truth. We

assume our own beliefs to be true. We unreflectively take in many absurd beliefs
merely because they are believed by those around us. We have prejudice over
the things that we encounter. We have different stages of thinking depending
on our ages.

At early stages, we learn about the world through their senses and the
manipulation of objects. The next stage, we develop memory and imagination.
We also understand things symbolically, and to understand the ideas of past
and future.

As we develop more brain cells, We begin to become aware of the fact that as
thinkers we routinely and inevitably make assumptions, use information, make
inferences, generate implications, define problems, use concepts, reason within
a point of view, and that, given that, we are capable of making many
"mistakes" in thinking. We become less egocentric, and begin to understand
that not everyone shares their thoughts, beliefs, or feelings.

We develop language to understand other people as well, we express our

emotions to make our stand in the society. We go to school, which eventually
we learn some things we ought to learn step by step.

Along the way, we are confronted with the idea that our thinking is often
flawed, and that if we are to improve the quality of our thinking and of our lives,
we must become serious students of our minds and how they operate.

As we age, we become more efficient thinkers since every moment, our brain
and body changes and we fully develop our brain at the age of 25. Therefore,
beyond this stage, we are capable of constantly enhancing ourselves as
people that completely adapted to the world that we live in.
Xyrex A. Calang BS-ECE ES 91

Population Density Increases in the Philippines

Poverty is the biggest factor in the lack of education within the community in the
Philippines. Most of the people before are less advanced and unaware of the
consequences of unhealthy procreation since they lack the education or the
knowledge about these things.

According to a survey in 2006, the Annual income per capita poverty threshold
is 13057. This leads to a count that 32.9% of the Filipino people are poor. This
plays a very big impact to the overall economic status of the country.

Back in time, there are about 0.6 million people in the year 1606 which boosted
to 7.6 million at the year 1903. This sums up to at most 13 times increase in
population for the past 300 years in the Philippines. But in the next century after
that, the population rocketed to 76.5 million in the year 2000 which is at least ten
times the last one.

Looking at the part of Mindanao, the island has 0.7 million people in the year
1903 which became 18.1 in the year 2000. Within just a century, the population
of the island increased to 26 times.

With the country settling down from the wars and major country problems,
businesses sprouted all over which increases the attraction of markets and
comfortability of places to live in, the population boosted, compensating the
needed count in a common place. Looking at the average, there are at least
0.25 people per hectare which became 2.35 in just a little time.
Poverty maybe one of the biggest causes of population growth, but today, its
really the other way around, population growth causes great poverty of the
country.
Xyrex A. Calang BS-ECE ES 91

Social and Economic Changes in Philippine History

In early times in the Philippines, most of the people lived in small villages with
sustenance from agriculture, hunting and fishing, which is the most basic living in
that era. With everyone grouped in the same kin. Uneducated about the
possibilities of advanced culture.

Forms of trading can still be established based from the raw ideas of equality
within the community. And this equality is based fro ones skill and
perseverance, in which accumulated wealth is passed down next of kin. People
were then classified according to their wealth. The powerful stayed in power as
they developed slavery. Leaderships are also established to manage the
developing warfare among adjacent villages. Some developed cultures are
based the their worshipped deities where festivals and celebrations are
implemented for a constant peaceful environment,

Philippine culture is enhanced throughout the ages. Within the 18th century, the
country engaged in the world trade system as they ended the manila galleon
(where Spanish dominated the economy of the country). Culture began to
change in Luzon based from their will. American merchants then contribute to
the countrys economy after they helped defeat the Spanish control. This
included a lot of establishments from the western culture. Forestry became one
of the most popular business then, like abaca business. This kind of business goes
up and down with time and doesnt stay for long in some places. Businesses like
rice are the most consistent production now and then. Some provinces follow
what is trending that time, including Visaya and Mindanao provinces. The most
typical commodities include mais, root crops, fruits and vegetables.

As infrastructures and roads were developed within the major cities,

marketplaces become more advanced in every way which attract more and
more population within. The establishment of these businesses supported the
growth of the Philippine economy.