Introduction to C/C++

Lecture 9 - C++ Classes

Rohit Sehgal
Nishit Majithia

Association of Computing Activities,

Indian Institute of Technology,Kanpur
rsehgal@cse.iitk.ac.in
nishitm@cse.iitk.ac.in

June 2, 2016

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Classes

With Structs you dont have the operations associated with data.

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Classes

With Structs you dont have the operations associated with data.
e.g Consider a structure of complex numbers.

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Classes

With Structs you dont have the operations associated with data.
e.g Consider a structure of complex numbers.
Have to create separate function to implement addition,subtraction.

Rohit Sehgal Nishit Majithia (IITK) ACA June 2, 2016 2 / 16

Classes

With Structs you dont have the operations associated with data.
e.g Consider a structure of complex numbers.
Have to create separate function to implement addition,subtraction.
These functions are accessible not only to these object but to every
other function or data.

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Classes Contd...

implements the idea of encapsulating functions with the data itself.

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Classes Contd...

implements the idea of encapsulating functions with the data itself.

Apart from this, classes allow the way to access the data within
object.

Rohit Sehgal Nishit Majithia (IITK) ACA June 2, 2016 3 / 16

Classes Contd...

implements the idea of encapsulating functions with the data itself.

Apart from this, classes allow the way to access the data within
object.
classes can give its capability to other class - Inheritance

Rohit Sehgal Nishit Majithia (IITK) ACA June 2, 2016 3 / 16

Classes Contd...

implements the idea of encapsulating functions with the data itself.

Apart from this, classes allow the way to access the data within
object.
classes can give its capability to other class - Inheritance
Data can be processed in more than one form - Polymorphism

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Encapsulation
Example
class complex
{
int real;
int img;

void print()
{
cout<<real<<"+i"<<img<<endl;
}
void add(complex c)
{
real += c.real;
img +=c.img;
}
};
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Encapsulation

Scope rules applies here as well.

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Encapsulation

Scope rules applies here as well.

member functions are not visible to outside world.

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Encapsulation

Scope rules applies here as well.

member functions are not visible to outside world.
can only be accessed by the object.

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Encapsulation

Scope rules applies here as well.

member functions are not visible to outside world.
can only be accessed by the object.
complex c1,c2;
c1.real=10;
c1.img=10;
c2.real=20;
c2.img=20;
c1.add(c2);
similar to structs !

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Constructors
Data object Initialization upon creation.

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Constructors
Data object Initialization upon creation.
Constructors do not have return type, same name as that of class

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Constructors
Data object Initialization upon creation.
Constructors do not have return type, same name as that of class
Example
class complex
{
int real;
int img;
complex(int a,int b)
{
real=a;
img=b;
}
};
...
complex c1(10,20);
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Poly-morphism

C++ allow functions to have same name,but header should be

different.
function overloading

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Poly-morphism

C++ allow functions to have same name,but header should be

different.
function overloading
itself finds the best match during compilation.

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Poly-morphism

C++ allow functions to have same name,but header should be

different.
function overloading
itself finds the best match during compilation.
not only class member function but also all functions can be
overloaded.

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Polymorphism E.g

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Access Specifier

1 public

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Access Specifier

1 public
2 private

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Access Specifier

1 public
2 private
3 protected

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Access Specifier

1 public
2 private
3 protected

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Inheritance

Ability of class to extend the capabilities from other class.

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Inheritance

Ability of class to extend the capabilities from other class.

Square is rectangle it has some properties similar to that of rectangle.

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Inheritance

Ability of class to extend the capabilities from other class.

Square is rectangle it has some properties similar to that of rectangle.
Same idea applies here.

Rohit Sehgal Nishit Majithia (IITK) ACA June 2, 2016 10 / 16

Inheritance

Ability of class to extend the capabilities from other class.

Square is rectangle it has some properties similar to that of rectangle.
Same idea applies here.
e.g Animals > Humans > Person > Male

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Inheritance Example

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C++ Templates

Generic programming

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C++ Templates

Generic programming
Type independent Programming.

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C++ Templates

Generic programming
Type independent Programming.
No need to specify the type for the data.

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C++ Templates

Generic programming
Type independent Programming.
No need to specify the type for the data.
sorting algorithm written for int will work for floats !

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Function Template

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Function Template

Example
template <typename X>
void max(X a,X b)
{
if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b
}

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Function Template

Example
template <typename X>
void max(X a,X b)
{
if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b
}

The operator used for the template type must be applicable to type of
actual argument, else error is raised.

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Function Template

Example
template <typename X>
void max(X a,X b)
{
if(a>b)
return a;
else
return b
}

The operator used for the template type must be applicable to type of
actual argument, else error is raised.
e.g structure dont support > so error will be raised by compiler.

Rohit Sehgal Nishit Majithia (IITK) ACA June 2, 2016 13 / 16

Class Template
Example
template <class X>
class complex
{
X real;
X img;
...
void add(complex c)
{
real += c.real;
img +=c.img;
}
};
...
complex c1(10,20);
complex c2(1.1,2.3);
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Whats Next

Bit Fields
Enumerations
Operator Overloading

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 The End

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