Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
JEWM
Vol. 4(1), pp. 173-180, June, 2017. www.premierpublishers.org. ISSN: 1936-8798
Research Article
The rapid population growth, and rise in community living standards has been a major
contributor to generation rate of municipal solid waste. Managing it has been a major challenge
worldwide. This study examines the waste management activities of Borno State Environmental
Protection Agency (BOSEPA). The study utilizes simple descriptive statistics including tables,
frequencies and percentages for data analyses. The results indicated that most waste generated
is from domestic activities with 69%. Majority of the respondents constituting 45% pointed
garbage as the type of waste generated and the results also indicated that majority of the
respondents are using plastic containers representing about 43%, while 42% of the respondents
disposed waste openly. With respect to the expectation of BOSEPA, 48% admitted that regular
collection of refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. The study concludes that the
metropolis is lacking waste collection points, collection containers and the respondents hardly
see BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse collection.
INTRODUCTION
The term environment refers not only to the space in gross environmental indiscipline in our cities and
which life develops, but it also includes living beings, communities. Anijah-obi et al (2013).
objects, water, soil, air and the relations between them as The USEPA Act of 1990 defines waste as any substance
well as intangibles like culture. However, environment which is a scrap material, an effluent, or unwanted
can be abused when corrupt elements are introduced into surplus substance that needs to be disposed. Waste may
it. Sade (1995). also be seen as substances or objects which are
Various agencies like Federal Environment and perceived as worthless, unwanted or defective from
Protection Agency (F.E.P.A), Ministry of Water and manufacturing and production process (Oyediran, 1997).
Environmental Sanitation, Solid Waste Management
Authority and Local Community and Health Development
has been emerged due to several campaigns launched *Corresponding author: Bala Wunubo, Department of
for environmental sanitation. (Munir, 2015).The issue of Policy, Research and Statistics. (PRS), FRSC RS12.24
waste management has been a serious concern to both Benisheikh Unit Command, Kaga LG, Borno State.
developed and developing countries. Environmental Nigeria. Email address: wunuson85@gmail.com, Mobile
problems plaguing the world are enormous. But perhaps No: +2348020826970
the most serious and worrisome in Nigeria is the physical Co-authors email: cheninngchu@yahoo.com 2,
environment in terms of the low level of sanitation and mbsakae@gmail.com 3
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
Wunubo et al. 174
Something becomes waste when it is no longer useful to collection and disposal. In some Nigeria cities the
the owner, or it is so used that it fails to fulfill its purpose. volumes of solid waste have assumed such alarming
Under normal conditions, solid waste is generated from proportions that they have constituted blockages across
the following main sources, this generation being typically streets and river channels, rendering them inaccessible
stable with quantities and composition of waste being to traffic and water respectively. (Kagu, 1996). Waste
known: dumping is the common practice of waste disposal in
1. Households Nigeria. They are frequently and indiscriminately dumped
2. Construction and demolition site on open plots of lands and especially on streets. This
3. Hospitals with clinical and healthcare waste method is based on throw away culture in which wastes
4. Industries, for example factories and other are disposed into the nearest open space, on land or
industrial sites surface water without any thought of environmental
The most important threat to the quality of urban impacts. This is refers to what is known as Not in my
environment in Nigeria are domestic waste (fuel residues, backyard syndrome (Okpala, 1997). Oyediran (1997)
wrapping papers, plastic bags, leaves, empty cans and has observed that sometimes, the waste are buried or
bottles and other forms of containers) and industrial used in landfills, in the expectation that out of sight is out
waste (metal scraps, saw dust, waste paper, chips and of mind.
grits from machine and pieces of glass). (Nest, 1991).
EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE ON URBAND
WASTE GENERATION AND DISPOSAL ENVIRONMENT
Municipal solid waste generation in Nigeria ranges from There are a lot of health hazards and other negative
0.44 kg/capita/day to 0.66 kg/capita/ day, the variation consequences on the people and the environment as a
depending on socio economic variables such as location, result of improper disposal of solid waste. The breeding
income level, and dietary habits amongst others.(UNDP, grounds for mosquitoes, flies, rats and other disease
2016).In his own opinion, Al-khatib et al (2010) attributed vectors in most urban areas is as a result of open waste
the generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) to dumps. (Kagu, 1996).According to (Kagu, 1996, NEST,
rapid population, economic growth, and rise in community 1991 and Oyediran, 1997,) identified the followings as
living standards, thereby causing its management to be a some of the major effects of solid waste, they are:
major worldwide challenge. Nigeria as a country, Environmental degradation, insects, odour, rats and
witnessed rapid growth in the nations economy atmospheric pollution. Indiscriminate depositing of
occasioned by mineral resource exploration and polythene bags, plastics and other non-biodegradable
exploitation. As a result, old and new cities that are now materials also deface the natural beauty of urban
state capitals and local government headquarters expand landscape in Nigeria.
in size and population accompanied by a phenomenal
increase in volume and diversity of solid waste generated WASTE MANAGEMENT
daily. Maiduguri is not an exception in terms of expands
in size, population and economy. Population movement The collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal
from rural area into the city as a result of insurgency and of waste including the after care of the disposal site is
in search of jobs resulted in major urban centers refer to as waste management. (Oyediran, 1997). It also
experiencing an increase in total waste generation. In comprises the complete range of administrative, financial,
Borno state, 2,690 tons of municipal solid wastes are legal, and planning functions, as well as the physical
generated daily, with IDP movement contributing to shift aspects of solid waste handling. It is known from the
825 tons of daily waste generation to the urban locations definition that solid waste management is only one
such as Maiduguri. In the state capital alone, daily waste aspect of waste management. Thus the developments of
generation rose from an estimated 390 to 570 tons per efficient waste management strategy consist of all
day. (UNDP. 2016).Fellman, H. J., Getis, A & Getis , J. management elements and not just the narrow disposal
(1995) claims that growth in population and concentration perception held by many. Therefore, a good
in urban areas, growth in purchasing power and in understanding of waste generation processes and
consumption patterns are attended by growth in the adequate characterization of wastes leads to appropriate
volume of waste generated. This is result from urban waste management.
people buying of packaged foods, preference and Madu (2001) sees solid waste management as an
demand for plastic wrapping and containers for bought important public health challenge and problem and a
items and the desire for wide range manufactured goods basic factor impacting the quality of the environment. The
both consumer durables and those to be used and author further suggested the need for proper solid waste
discarded quickly. management and should include:
The volume of waste generated in country has a. To ensure favorable living and working conditions
overwhelmed urban administrators capacity plan for their for people and preserve the aesthetic beauty of the
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 175
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
Wunubo et al. 176
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 177
S/N V A R I A B L E C L A S S S C O R E PERCENTAGE (% )
1 G e n d e r M a l e 2 3 5 7 8
F e m a l e 6 5 2 2
2 A g e 2 0 - 3 5 9 6 3 2
3 6 - 4 5 1 3 6 4 5
4 6 - 5 5 3 9 1 3
5 6 - 6 5 2 9 1 0
3 E d u c a t i o n a l L e v e l N o f o r m a l 8 3 2 8
P r i m a r y 9 1 3 0
S e c o n d a r y 1 1 5 3 8
T e r t i a r y 1 1 0 4
4 M a r i t a l s t a t u s S i n g l e 8 5 2 8
M a r r i e d 1 8 4 6 1
D i v o r c e d 1 1 0 4
W i d o w 2 0 0 7
5 O c c u p a t i o n C i v i l s e r v a n t 4 5 1 5
T r a d i n g 1 0 8 3 6
F a r m i n g 8 0 2 7
S t u d e n t 6 7 2 2
Authors field work (2017)
three (3) were selected (Gwenge ward, Hausari ward and Analysis of educational level of respondents shows that
GRA ward)to ensure spatial coverage of the study area. the Non formal constitute (28%), primary with (30%),
Furthermore, structured questionnaire was used in data secondary (38) and tertiary (04) respectively. This result
collection. This questionnaire contained 18 items divided shows that majority of the respondents are secondary
into the sections A and B. Section A conveyed the leavers constituting the traders and farmers in the study
demographics of the respondent while the second section area. On the issue of marital status, table 1 shows that
of the questionnaire waste generation and assessed the 184 respondents from all the three wards constituting
sanitary activity of BOSEPA in the study area. A total of about 61% of respondents were married couples, while
three hundred (300) questionnaire were administered that the lowest group (04%) is made up of divorced
is, one hundred per ward. respondents.
The data obtained from the field was analyzed using In the same vein, the result of analysis of occupational
simple descriptive; the simple descriptive includes status of the respondents as presented in table 1 shows
frequency and percentages. that traders (36%) are the majority of them. farmers
(27%), students (22%) and civil servants (15%) are the
other occupation observed in the study area and their
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION percentage representation.
Table 1 shows the result of analysis of respondents The figure in table 2 indicate that the research was
socio-demographic characteristics. Table 1 result shows carried out mostly in a residential houses constituting
that men constituted 235 (78%) which shows there were about 176 (59%) of the respondents while for commercial
more male respondents compare to female respondents. purposes is comprises of about (34%). The analysis
The table also shows that the age grade (36-45) have the further confirmed that some respondents lived there for
highest representation with 136 (45%) followed by age about 1-5 years constituting (20%). While 6-10years
grade (20-35) with 32%. while the age grade (46-55 (58%), 11-15years (14%), and 16 years and above,
years) seems to constitute the lowest group of (08%).
respondents with about 13%. This low percentage On the issue of type of waste generated, table 2 shows
response from the strong and virile working class may be that (07%) respondents confirmed Ashes as the type of
attributable to the fact that this age grade may likely be at waste generated. While the majority of the respondents
their work places, at the time of questionnaire constituting (45%) pointed garbage as the type of waste
administration. This finding agree with the similar generated. This could be attributable to the fact that most
research works carried out by Ngwuluka et al (2009) in wastes are not burnt. Rubbish (33%) and others such as
Lagos which found out that the lowest class of glass and wood (15%). In terms of waste containers,
respondents in most waste management related research table shows that majority of the respondents are using
usually are the strong and virile. plastic containers representing about (43%). 25% of
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
Wunubo et al. 178
S / N V A R I A B L E C L A S S S C O R E PERCENTAGE (%)
6 T y p e o f l a n d u s e R e s i d e n t i a l 1 7 6 5 9
C o m m e r c i a l 1 0 3 3 4
I n d u s t r i a l 0 0 0 0
I n s t i t u t i o n a l 2 1 0 7
7 L i v i n g d u r a t i o n 1 - 5 y e a r s 6 0 2 0
6 - 1 0 y e a r s 1 7 4 5 8
1 1 - 1 5 y e a r s 4 2 1 4
1 6 a n d a b o v e 2 4 0 8
8 Type of waste generated A s h e s 2 1 0 7
G a r b a g e 1 3 5 4 5
R u b b i s h 9 8 3 3
Glasses and wood 4 6 1 5
9 Kind of waste containers M e t a l 7 5 2 5
B u c k e t 6 0 2 0
Plastic containers 1 3 0 4 3
C a r t o n s 0 0 0 0
O p e n d u m p s 3 5 1 2
1 0 Source of waste generation F a r m p r o d u c t s 6 2 2 1
Domestic activity 2 0 8 6 9
I n d u s t r i a l 3 0 1 0
1 1 R e f u s e d i s p o s a l O p e n s p a c e 1 2 6 4 2
B a c k y a r d 7 4 2 5
D r a i n a g e 3 0 1 0
l a n d f i l l 7 0 2 3
Authors field work (2017)
S / N V A R I A B L E C L A S S S C O R E PERCENTAGE (%)
1 2 Are you aware of the activities of BOSEP A Y e s 1 7 0 5 7
N o 1 3 0 4 3
1 3 Are disposed refuse ever collected by the agenc y Y e s 1 5 5 5 2
N o 1 4 5 4 8
respondents are using metal waste containers. The table respondents disposed waste at the backyards. Drainage
further shows that most waste generated are from (10%) and landfill (23%). This indiscriminate dumping of
domestic activities with (69%). This high percentage refuse seems to agree with the study by UNDP (2016) in
further agrees with the findings that most areas are for Maiduguri which stated that the number of containers is
residential purposes. The farm products represented insufficient and their state is often poor. Coverage is
(21%) and 10% is from industrial source. In the same limited to main streets and some public places.
vein the table shows that most respondents constituting Table 3 shows the result of assessment of the Borno
(42%) disposed waste openly, followed by (25%) of State Environmental Protection Agency (BOSEPA).
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 179
Result from the table indicated that 57%) of respondents invest massively in the affairs of environmental waste
are aware of BOSEPA activities. While (43%) management through sufficient support of agency
respondents dispute it. This implies that the impacts of charged with the responsibility of waste management by
BOSEPA activities are not felt evenly. The table also way of adequate funding and circulatory infrastructural
shows that (48%) admitted that regular collection of improvements to enable the agency perform successfully
refuse is not carried out by BOSEPA as expected. This is if the current situations need to be reversed.
why heaps of waste can be sighted in some parts of
MMC. The research further shows that there are grossly
inadequate collection points as admitted by (59%) REFERENCES
respondents. This is why open spaces and unused plots
of land are used as dumping grounds for household and Al-Khatib IA, Arafat HA (2010). Trends and problems of
construction waste in the city of Maiduguri. solid waste management in developing countries: A
Irregular visit was also noticed from the study. The table case study in seven palestinian districts. Waste
revealed that (54%) of the respondents admitted that Management 27(12), 1910-1919.
refuse are not cleared completely by the agency. Weekly Anijah-obi F, Eneji CO, Ubom Bassey AE, Dunnamah
collection of refuse was admitted by only (5%) of the AY, William JJ (2013). Introducing environmental
respondents. No wonder Al-Khatib and Arafat, (2010) sanitation education in the primary school curriculum.
showed that waste collections are irregular and is only Educational Research (ISSN: 2141-5161) 4(3): 227-
restricted to the major cities. 230, International Research Journals Retrieved
from http://www.interesjournals.org/ER
Fellman HJ, Getis A, Getis J (1995). Human geography:
CHALLENGES Landscapes of human activities. Chicago: WMC Brown
Publishers.
Effective and timely collection and environmentally sound Kagu A (1996). Refuse generation and disposal in
disposal of waste has been a challenge faced by Maiduguri, a paper presented at the 39th conference of
BOSEPA. The capacity of the agency is limited due to the Nigerian Geographical Association at Kashim
lack of vehicle, vehicle spare parts, lack of know-how and Ibrahim College of Education (KICOE) Maiduguri.
human capital pertaining use of ICT equipment, finance Kagu A, Badawi HL, Abba JM (2013). Assessment of
and management, technical knowledge of waste domestic waste water disposal in some selected wards
management standards and best practices by staff of of maiduguri metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria. Journal
agency. (UNDP, 2016). of Geography and Geology; Vol. 5, No. 4; 2013 ISSN
1916-9779 E-ISSN 1916-9787 Published by Canadian
Center of Science and Education. Pp 85-86.
CONCLUSION Madu IA (2001). Urban solid waste problem in Nigeria. In:
E.O. Ezeani and N.N. Elekwa (eds.), Issues in
The rapid population, economic growth, and rise in Urbanization and Urban Administration in Nigeria.
community living standards has been a major contributor Enugu: Jamoe Enterprises.
to generation rate of municipal solid waste, managing it Munir SM (2015). An Examination of Environmental
has been a major challenge worldwide. Despite the Sanitation and Its Health Hazards in the
existence of Borno State environmental Protection Polytechnic, Ibadan Academic Journal of
Agency (BOSEPA), collection, transport, storage, Interdisciplinary Studies MCSER Publishing, ome-Italy
treatment and disposal of waste within the Metropolis is Doi:10.5901/ajis.2015.v4n1p377 pp378
still facing pre-mature operation. The study has found Napoleon SM, Kingsley OD, Joan ED (2011). Mitigating
that, the Metropolis is lacking waste collection points, the impact of solid wastes in urban centers in Nigeria. J
collection containers and the respondents hardly see Hum Ecol, 34(2): 125-133 (2011) p130.
BOSEPA staff in the available collection points for refuse News Diary (2014). the needs for public support to keep
collection. There should be proper environmental Borno clean, September 28, 2014. Habiba Ahmed.
sanitation enlightenment to educate the populace on Nigeria Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST)
negative impacts of indiscriminate dumping of refuse and (1991). Nigerias threatened Environment: A National
effective penalties must be invoked and culprits profile. Ibadan: NEST
punished, so that the enforcement of proper practices are Okpala J (1997). Problems of solid household waste
not left to area wide waste management authorities disposal in Nigeria: sorting at source and starting point
alone. BOSEPA should keep to an effective chain in the for solution. In: D. Okali, K. O. Ologe and U. M
cycle of timely clearance to designated landfills, dump Igbozurike (eds.), perspective in environmental
sites, for incineration and compacting and composting management. Proceedings of NEST annual workshops
should be integrated into energy and the land reclamation 1991-1995. Ibadan NEST pp101-124.
schemes envisioned in the future. Government should Oyediran AB (1997). Waste generation and disposal in
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)
Wunubo et al. 180
An assessment of waste management activities of Borno State environmental protection agency (BOSEPA)