Civil Rights Movement

Background

Jim Crow Laws:

Statues or laws created to enforce segregation.
Jackie Robinson:
Breaks the color barrier in MLB in 1947.

Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education (1954)

Earl Warren US Supreme Court Chief Justice.

Supreme Court Decision Public schools could not be separated by race.
Reversed the separate but equal clause of Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896).

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Dec. 1, 1955 Montgomery Ala. Rosa Parks would not give up her seat to a white

passenger.
Martin Luther King Jr. Preached to blacks in Mont. To stop using the buses.
Supreme Court Ruling: Segregation on buses was illegal.

Little Rock Arkansas

The south resisted integration (in schools).

Little Rock National Guard prevented schools from opening/integrating.
Federal Judge Forced National Guard to be removed.
Ike Sent 1000 paratroopers and opened the schools. First black students The Little

Rock Nine.

Civil Rights Act, 1957

First Civil Rights Act since Reconstruction.

The Justice Department file suits on behalf of black who were denied the right to vote.
Significance It passed and was bipartisan.

1960s

Riots
Race riots broke out throughout the US in the 1960s.
Watts, Los Angelous-1965
 1967 saw the worst rioting Detroit 42 died, 5000 homeless
Many African-Americans were frustrated with the lack of progress towards

equality.
Black Leaders
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Fought for African American rights.
Used non-violent protest.
1967 Thurgood Marshall First African-American appointed to the Supreme Court.
Malcolm X Malcom Little Black power movement.
Influenced African-Americans to take pride in their culture and believe in their

ability.

1963 March on Washington D.C.

Organized to pressure Congress into passing a civil rights bill.

More than 200,000 Freedom Marchers gather before the Lincoln Memorial.
King delivered his I have a dream speech.

Civil Rights Strategies

Sit ins Used in an effort to help integrate restaurants.

Freedom Riders Used to help draw attention to the Souths refusal to integrate buses

and bus terminals.

Southern Manifesto 1956 19 Senators and 77 members of the House of

Representatives Signed a resolution condemning the 1964 Supreme Court decision in

Brown v. Board of Education.

Selma to Montgomery March

King was attempting to register black voters in the South.

Will help lead to the Voting Rights Act (1965).
The freedom march began March 21, 1965.
Marchers were protected by federal marshals, FBI, and Alabama National Guard Seen

on TV.

Martin Luther Kings Assassination

April 4, 1968 King assassinated in Memphis, Tenn.

Rioting broke out across the nation.
 James Earl Ray Arrested & convicted for the crime.

Crisis of Change

Election of 1960

GOP nominee: Richard M. Nixon

VP under Ike.
Democratic nominee: John F. Kennedy
The two appeared on TV for the great debates.
Kennedy benefited from the debates.
JFK won one of the closest elections in history.

New Freedom

Housing Act of 1961- Provided $4.9 billion for urban renewal.

Minimum wage: Increased from $1 to $1.25 an hour.
24th Amendment- Outlawed the poll tax.

Kennedys Foreign Policy: Bay of Pigs

The US supplied money and arms to anti-Castro Cubans.

1500 Anti-Castro troops land at the Bay of Pigs.
Terrible defeat- 1200 troops captured.

Berlin Wall
 August 1961 Russia sealed off East Berlin/East Germany from West Berlin by erecting

a wall.
1500 troops sent to W. Berlin Western powers would not give in Khrushchev backed

down.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

Summer 1962 USSR began to move ballistic missiles and nuclear warheads into Cuba.
JFK Ordered a naval blockade on all offensive military equipment on the way to Cuba.
Missiles were dismantled and removed from Cuba.
US pledged not to invade the island.

Nuclear test ban treaty

Outlawed nuclear tests in the atmosphere, outer space, or under water.

The first step towards mutual arms reduction.
Does not last.

Peace Corps

Volunteers that helped work in underdeveloped countries.

Was not the success people had hoped it would be.

Deepening involvement in Vietnam

Diem Leader of South Vietnam.

Kennedy Supported Diem Sent advisors to train S. Vietnamese Army.
1963 Diem is overthrown and murdered 16,000 Americans in S. Vietnam.

Assassination of JFK and the Warren Commission:

Feelings toward JFK in Dallas were bitter.

Nov. 22, 1963 Presidents motorcade passed through the city.
Dealey Plaza Shots heard President Kennedy was shot in both the neck and head.
He was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital where he was pronounced dead.
Lee Harvey Oswald- Gunned down by Jack Ruby.

The Warren Commission

Chief Justice Earl Warren Headed a commission investigating the shooting.

Conclusion: Lee Harvey Oswald and Jack Ruby acted alone.
 JFK Assassination Cold Case NOVA

Johnsons Domestic Program

LBJs honeymoon
Tax cut Originally asked for by Kennedy.
Lowered taxes by $11.5 billion.
Economic Opportunity Act
War on Poverty Set up job and work training programs.

Election of 1964

Republican Nominee Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona.

Democratic Nominee LBJ
LBJ wins easily.

The Great Society

Was a program of social reform.

Civil Rights Act of 1964
Forbade racial discrimination/segregation in the use of federal funds and in most

places of public accommodation.

Equal access to: restaurants, parks, libraries, and theaters.
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Sought to protect African-American

rights to jobs.

Medicare

Citizens over 65 Received low cost hospital insurance.

Financed by the federal government (tax).

Medicaid

Federal government financed health care (to states) to help needy people (welfare

recipients living below the poverty line) below the age of 65.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

$1.3 billion for aid to education.

 Could not receive aid unless schools obeyed laws against segregation.

Voting Rights Act

Increased the number or black voters by 50%.

Outlawed measurers used to suppress minority votes.

Johnsons Foreign Policy

Deeper involvement in Vietnam: The Tonkin Gulf Resolution

August 2 and 4 1964 Two US destroyers attacked by N. Vietnamese gunboats.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution allowed the Pres. to expand war powers in Vietnam.
Could repel any armed attack.

Why we were in Vietnam

Jan. 1965 LBJ Sent 20,000 troops to help the 27,000 already there.
Domino Theory If S. Vietnam fell to Communism so would the rest of Southeast

Asia.
To stop aggression and protect our reputation.
Dec. 1965 185,000 American troops in S. Vietnam.

Effects of Vietnam on the election of 1968

LBJ Decided not to run for a second term as a result of the Vietnam war.
Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated after winning the California primary.
Sirhan Sirhan Fired the fatal shots.

Election and Results

Democratic Nominee Hubert H. Humphrey

Bitter fighting between Democrats at the convention in Chicago.
Republican Nominee Nixon
American Independent Party Governor George C. Wallace Alabama.
Nixon wins close election.

Info for crisis of change quiz ends here

 Globalization

(Nixons Domestic Affairs)

Moon Walk

Space programs pushed for many years.

Goal: Pushing a man on the moon by the end of the decade.
Apollo 11 Command ship for Aldrin, Armstrong, and Collins.
Eagle Lunar Module
July 20, 1969: Eagle lands on the moon.
Both Aldrin and Armstrong walked on the moon. Armstrong is the first man on the moon.

Domestic Policy

Cut costs of government and balance the budget.

Made four Supreme Court appointments.
Democrats in control of Congress; Nixon had trouble reaching his goals.
Foreign Affairs during Nixons first term

Vietnamization: Slowly bring American troops home, and turn war over to the South

Vietnamese.
Anti-War Protests
Opposition mainly occurred at colleges and universities.
Kent St. University Four students killed by National Guard.

My Lai Massacre (Vietnam)

US Troops Killed 300 civilians in village of My Lai.

Most of the killed were women and children.
The military attempted to cover-up the crime.

SALT I agreement: 1972

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)

Limited nuclear arms development.
Dentente French term Nixon used the word to describe the reduction of tensions

between US and USSR.

Election of 1972

Republican Nominee- President Nixon

Democratic Nominee- George McGovern
Nixon wins landslide.

Foreign Policy during Nixons Second Term

Secret Cambodian bombings (1965-1973)

Bombed suspected Viet Cong bases in Cambodia (Operation Menu, 1969-70)
Congress & Public were not told.
Vietnam bombing intensifies
March 1972 Thousands of N. Vietnamese invade S. Vietnam
US response Bombing raids all across Indochina.

US aid to Israel, 1973

Oct. 1973 Egypt and Syria attacked Israel on Yom Kippur (Yom Kippur War).
Nixon aided the Israelis with various supplies.
First Arab Oil Embargo, 1973

Arab response to US aid to Israel Embargoed oil shipments

US Faced with gasoline shortages & higher prices.

Domestic Affairs during Nixons Second Term

(Watergate)

A special investigations unit, Plumbers, broke into the Democratic Nat. Comm.

Headquarters in the Watergate office building.

Caught! Nixon attempted a cover-up.

Nixon Under Pressure

Ervin Committee Investigated the Watergate situation.

Nixon Fired two top aides.
Tape recorded conversations Hurt Nixon.

Resignation of Agnew

VP Agnew Accused of serious crimes.

Resigned and pleaded no contest to tax evasion.
Nixon Nominated Gerald R. Ford as VP.

Resignation of Richard Nixon

Supreme Court ruling Nixon had to hand over tapes.

Nixon Knew he would be impeached.
August 9, 1974 Nixon resigned the Office of the President.

Domestic Problems of Gerald Ford

Nixon Pardon
President Ford granted a full pardon to Nixon.
Pardoning Nixon lost Ford much public support.
Problems with Congress
Ford Had problems dealing with Democratic Congress.

Foreign Affairs during Ford Administration

 S. Vietnam never took control of Vietnam War; US evacuates South Vietnam in Oct.

1975.
Arab Oil Embargo
Lasting Effects OPEC, fuel efficiency, speed limit
Alaskan Pipeline completed.

Election of 1976

Republican nominee: President Ford

Democratic nominee: Jimmy Carter Gov. of Georgia
Carter wins close election.

Carters Presidency

Foreign Policy
Main goal Promote human rights.
SALT II Attempted, but never came.
Domestic Policy
Energy Crisis Carter dealt with the problem by creating the Dept. of Energy.
Three Mile Island Accident (1979) Feared radiation leak.

International Problems

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

US response Embargo of grain to the Soviets, and boycott of 1980 Olympics in

Moscow.
Iran Hostage Crisis November 4th, 1979.
Angry mob invaded US Embassy in Teheran, taking 52 American hostages.
Lasted 444 days.
Middle East problems continued.
Egypt and Israel met at Camp David to discuss peace.
Result Camp David Accords Established official diplomatic relations between Egypt

and Israel.

Neo-Conservatism (Election of 1980)

Republican Nominee- Ronald Reagan- Governor of California

Democratic Nominee- President Carter
Reagan wins easily.
Reagans Domestic Policy (The Economy)

Took over during a time of Stagflation- A combination of high unemployment and high

inflation.
The Solution:
Cut many domestic programs: Increased spending on military defense.
Dismantle the welfare state and shrink the size of the federal government.
New Federalism Shifting responsibility for many social programs to the

states.
Supply-side or Trickle-down economics Tax cuts to businesses and wealthy

individuals.

The Results

By 1984:
The biggest economic expansion in history up to that time.
Median income grew 15%.
5 million new businesses were formed.
20 million new jobs were created.
..

The Reagan Doctrine

A policy of supporting guerrilla groups that were fighting to overthrow Communism or

pro-Soviet governments.
Supported Afghanistan guerrillas.
Supported anti-Sandinista guerillas in Nicaragua.
Sent American troops to Grenada.

Election of 1984

Reagan wins an overwhelming landslide over Walter Mondale.

Sandra Day OConnor

Appointed to the Supreme Court by Reagan.

First woman to serve on the court.

Troubles Abroad
 Wanted to stop communism and saw the Soviet Union as the focus of evil in the modern

world.
Peace through strength.
1983- Marine headquarters blown up in Lebanon.
241 Americans Marines were killed in the terrorist attack.
They were sent there on a peacekeeping mission.
October 1983- Grenada- After a military coup, a government sympathetic to Communist

Cuba was established.

US invades Grenada Did not want another Communist country in Western

Hemisphere.

Iran Contra

Iran-Contra Scandal- US sold arms to Iran; Reagan Wanted to free hostages being held

in the Middle East.

The money went to help support contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Election of 1988

Republican nominee- George H. W. Bush Vice President under Reagan.

Democratic nominee- Michael Dukakis Governor of Massachusetts.
Bush wins easily.

Foreign Issues Under Bush

1989 Berlin wall comes down.

1991 The Soviet Unions Communist government collapses.
The Cold War comes to an end.

Persian Gulf War

Iraq seizes Kuwait

August 2, 1900- Iraq invades and takes Kuwait.
US Sent forces to protect Saudi Arabia.
The allies attack
Operation Desert Storm- US and allies attack January 17, 1991.
Iraq Agreed to withdraw after 42 days of fighting.

Clinton Presidency
 Domestic Policy:
Struggled with both health care and gays in the military.
He and the Republican Congress passed legislation requiring a balanced budget.
Attempted to reduce deficit.
December 1998 Impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice.
Foreign Policy:
NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement.
Eliminated tariffs and other barriers to trade with Canada and Mexico.

Election of 2000

Republican Nominee: George Bush- Governor of Texas

Democratic Nominee: Al Gore- Vice President under Clinton.
Bush wins one of the closest elections in history.
Came down to Florida Bush won by 537 votes.

9/11

Al-Quada terrorist group Responsible for the attack.

Coordinated attack 4 US commercial planes hijacked.
2 flown into the World Trade Centers (NYC), 1 into the Pentagon, 1 crashes in Pa.
2,996 died.