Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Project
Index
Page
Topic no.
Certificate of authenticity 1
Acknowledgement 2
Objective of project 3
Introduction 3
Factors influencing rate of
Evaporation 5
Application 7
Theory 7
Experiment no.1 10
Experiment no.2 11
Experiment no.3 12
1
Experiment no.4 3
Bibliography 14
1 Chemistry project
Certificate of Authenticity
Acknowledgement:
I feel proud to present my project in
chemistry on the Rate of Evaporation of
Different Liquids.
This project would not have been feasible
without the proper rigorous guidance of
chemistry teacher Mrs.Bushra who guided me
throughout this project in every possible way.
An investigatory project involves various
difficult lab experiments, which have to
obtain the observations and conclude the
reports on a meaningful note. These
experiments are very critical and in the case
of failure may result in disastrous
consequences.
Thereby, I would like to thanks both
Mrs.Bushra and lab assistant Mr.lazar for
guiding me on a systematic basis and
ensuring that in completed all my
experiments with ease.
Rigorous hard work has put in this project to
ensure that it proves to be the best. I hope
that it proves to be the best. I hope that this
project will prove to be a breeding ground for
the next generation of students and will guide
them in every possible way.
2
3 Chemistry project
Rate of Evaporation
of Different
Liquids
Introduction
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly
escapes into gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel
empty. This phenomenon is known as vaporization or
evaporation. Evaporation of liquids can be explained in the
terms of kinetic molecular model although there are
strong molecular attractive forces which hold molecules
together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen
to come near the surface in a sample of liquid all the
molecules do not have same kinetic energy. There is a
small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic
energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into
gaseous phase.
4 Chemistry project
5 Chemistry project
6 Chemistry project
Applications:
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the
ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water, water
evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low humidity,
heat (from the sun), and wind. In a cloth dryer hot air is blown
through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate very rapidly .
Theory:
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located near
the surface, be moving in the proper direction, and have
sufficient kinetic energy to overcome liquid -phase intermolecular
forces. Only a small proportion of the molecules meet these
criteria, so the rate of evaporation is limited. Since the kinetic
energy of a molecule is proportional to its temperature,
evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher temperatures. As
the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules
have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the
liquid thus decreases. This phenomenon is also called evaporative
cooling. This is why evaporating sweat cools the human body.
Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow
rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with
higher vapour pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line
will dry (by evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a
still day. Three key parts to evaporation are heat, humidity and air
movement.
8 Chemistry project
Evaporative equilibrium:-
9
10 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 1
Aim: To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone, benzene and
chloroform.
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with stopper similarly pipette
out
10ml of benzene and chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now cover each of
the Petri dish and note the volume of remaining material in them.
Liquid Volume
Rate (V/T)
Petri dishes Taken Vol. Evap.
remaining (V2) ml./s
Marked (V1) ml. V=V1V2
ml.
A
B
C
Conclusion:
10
11 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 2
Aim: To study the effect of surface area on the rate of evaporation of
diethyl ether.
Requirement: Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm, 5 cm, 7.5 cm. with
cover 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.
Procedure:
1.Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and C.
2.Pipette out of 10 ml. diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes A, B and
C and cover them immediately.
3.Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
Observation:
11
12 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 3
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.
Requirement: Two Petri dishes of 5 cm. diameter each stop watch, 10 ml.
pipette, thermometer and thermostat.
Procedure:
1.Wash and Clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A, B.
2.Pipette out of 10 ml. of acetone to each of Petri dishes A and B and cover
them.
3.Put one Petri dish at room temperature and to the other heat for same
time.
12
13 Chemistry project
Experiment no. 4
Aim: To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of acetone.
Procedure:
1.Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and B.
2.Keep one dish where no air current and other under a fast air current.
Observation:
13
14 Chemistry project
Bibliography
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.allprojectreports.com
www.chemistryprojects.com
Comprehensive practical book