1.

Nerve Fibers
Nerve fiber is the name given to an axon (or a dendrite) of
a nerve cell. Bundles of nerve fibers found in the central nervous
system are often referred to as nerve tracts ; bundles of nerve
fibers found in the peripheral nervous system are called
peripheral nerves.
Two types of nerve fibers are present in the central and
peripheral parts of the nervous system: myelinated and
nonmyelinated.

Myelinated Nerve Fibers

A myelinated nerve fiber is one that is surrounded by a
myelin sheath. The myelin sheath is not part of the neuron
but is formed by a supporting cell. In the central nervous
system, the supporting cell is called the oligodendrocyte; in
the peripheral nervous system, it is called the Schwann cell.
Nonmyelinated Nerve Fibers
 The smaller axons of the central nervous system, the
postganglionic axons of the autonomic part of the nervous
system, and some fine sensory axons associated with the
reception of pain are nonmyelinated. The Schwann cells lie
close to one another along the length of the axons, and there
are no nodes of Ranvier.
In areas where there are synapses or where motor
transmission occurs, the axon emerges from the trough of
the Schwann cell for a short distance, thus exposing the
active region of the axon.
2. Peripheral Nerves
Peripheral nerves is a collective term for the cranial and spinal
nerves. Each peripheral nerve consists of parallel bundles of
nerve fibers, which may be efferent or afferent axons, may be
myelinated or nonmyelinated, and are surrounded by connective
tissue sheaths.

The nerve trunk is

surrounded by a
dense connective
tissue sheath called
the epineurium.
Within the sheath
are bundles of nerve
fibers, each of which
is surrounded by a
connective tissue
sheath called the
perineurium.
Between the
individual nerve
fibers is a loose,
delicate connective
tissue referred to as
the endoneurium.
 Spinal Nerves and Spinal Nerve Roots
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which leave the spinal
cord and pass through intervertebral foramina in the
vertebral column. Each spinal nerve is connected to the
spinal cord by two roots: the anterior root and the posterior
root. The anterior root consists of bundles of nerve fibers
carrying nerve impulses away from the central nervous
system; these nerve fibers are called efferent fibers. The
posterior root consists of bundles of nerve fibers carrying
nerve impulses to the central nervous system; these nerve
fibers are called afferent fibers.
Cranial Nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which leave the brain
and pass through foramina in the skull. Some of these nerves
are composed entirely of afferent
nerve fibers bringing sensations to
the brain (olfactory, optic, and
vestibulocochlear), others are
composed entirely of efferent fibers
(oculomotor, trochlear, abducent,
accessory, and hypoglossal), while
the remainder possess both afferent
and efferent fibers (trigeminal, facial,
glossopharyngeal, and vagus).
Sensory Ganglia
The sensory ganglia of the posterior spinal nerve roots and
of the trunks of the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and
vagal cranial nerves have the same structure. Each ganglion
is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue that is
continuous with the epineurium and perineurium of the
peripheral nerve. The neurons are unipolar, possessing cell
bodies that are rounded or oval in shape.
 Each nerve cell body is closely surrounded by a layer of
flattened cells called capsular cells or satellite cells. The
capsular cells are similar in structure to Schwann cell.
Autonomic Ganglia
The autonomic ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic
ganglia) are situated at a distance from the brain and spinal
cord. They are found in the sympathetic trunks, in
prevertebral autonomic plexuses (e.g., in the cardiac, celiac,
and mesenteric plexuses), and as ganglia in or close to
viscera.
Same as sensory ganglia, each nerve cell body is closely
surrounded by a layer of flattened cells called capsular cells
or satellite cells.
Peripheral Nerve Plexuses
Peripheral nerves are composed of bundles of nerve fibers. In
their course, peripheral nerves sometimes divide into
branches that join neighboring peripheral nerves. If this
occurs frequently, a network of nerves, called a nerve
plexus, is formed. It should be emphasized that the
formation of a nerve plexus allows individual nerve fibers to
pass from one peripheral nerve to another, and in most
instances, branching of nerve fibers does not take place. A
plexus thus permits a redistribution of the nerve fibers within
the different peripheral nerves.