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BUILDING
A Project Report
Submitted by
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
1
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled: Planning and Structural Design of an Apartment
Building submitted to the National Institute of Technology Calicut towards partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil
Engineering is a bona fide record of the work carried out by them under my /our supervision
and guidance.
(Office seal)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2
A project work is a golden opportunity for learning and self-development. We consider
ourselves very lucky to have so many wonderful people lead us through in completion of this
project.
Our grateful thanks to Dr. A S Sajith who in spite of being extra ordinarily busy with his duties,
took time out to hear, guide and keep us on the correct path.
GAURAV KUMAR
GOVIND
HEMAM PRASHANTA
DIAMOND KUMAR
AKSHAY RAJPUT
3
CONTENTS
1: INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 General
1.2 Objective
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Outline of project
2: FUNCTIONAL PLANNING 7
3: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 11
4.1 General 17
5: CONCLUSION 41
6: REFERENCES 42
8: APPENDIX 43
4
List of Figures
Figure-1: Typical Floor Plan of the Building
5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Due to scarcity of land and high population density, multi-storied buildings are becoming a
necessity these days. Any engineering structure should satisfy the functional and structural,
have a sufficient degree of performance, a reasonable cost and should be aesthetically
attractive. The purpose of structural analysis and design is to enable the designer to design the
structure with adequate strength, stiffness and stabilityThe objective of this project is to analyse
and design an apartment building and estimate its cost.
Apartment buildings have become an important construction activity today with the rapid
growth of urban population and increased population density. Designs of apartment buildings
have become more challenging and important considering the present perspective.
1.2 Objective
Carrying out a complete analysis and design of the structural elements of a multi-
storied building.
Getting familiarised with structural analysis software STAAD and drafting with
AutoCAD.
1.3 Methodology:
Functional Planning of the project based on Kerala Municipality Building Rules using
AUTOCAD.
Structural Analysis of the building using STAAD.
Structural Design and Detailing of various structural elements based on various IS
codes.
Conclusion and data as referred in the reference section.
6
CHAPTER 2. FUNCTIONAL PLANNING
Functional planning is the first step of the whole design of the building. Basically planning of
any building involves the functional design and artistic creations to suit the purpose for which
the building is to be constructed. Our project is a typical four (ground + 3-floors) storey
apartment building located in Calicut. The apartment consists of 8 flats.
The relevant provisions of the municipality building rules pertaining to our project work are
presented here.
CHAPTER 4- RULE: 24
1. Every building up to 10 meters in height shall have a minimum front yard of 3 meters of
depth.
2. Every building up to 10 meters in height shall have a minimum rear yard of 2 meters
depth.
3. Every building up to 10 meter in height shall have a minimum side yard of 1.2 meter on
one side and a minimum of 1.00 meter on the other side.
4. For buildings above 10 meter in height, in addition to the minimum front, rear and side
open spaces required for height up to 10 meter, there shall be provided proportionate
increase in such minimum open space at the rate of 0.5 meter per every 3 meter height
exceeding 10 meter.
1. Any room intended for human habitation and not abutting on either the front rear or open
spaces shall abut on an interior open space whose width shall not be less than 2.4 meter
CHAPTER 4 RULE: 25
1. The minimum distance between the central line of a street and any building other than a
compound wall or fence or outdoor display structure shall be 4.5 meter and that between
plot boundary abutting the street and buildings shall be 3 meters.
CHAPTER 5 RULE: 30
CHAPTER 5 RULE: 31
1. Maximum percentage of coverage permissible for each occupancy shall limit the maximum
area at any floor of a building. The floor area ratio value limits the maximum buildable
total floor area F.A.R shall be calculated as shown below.
The maximum permissible coverage and maximum permissible F.A.R for Group F are 60%
and 2.5.
CHAPTER 5 RULE: 33
Access: - The minimum clear width of access to a building and plots as well as the width of
the street giving access to the plot from the main street shall be 6 meters for building 4
storeys and carpet area in each floor up to 300 sq. meters.
CHAPTER 5 RULE: 34
Parking, loading and unloading spaces:-
1. Each of street parking provided for parking motor cars shall not be less. Less than
15sq.m area and for scooters and cycles the area of each parking space provided shall
not be less than 3sq.m and 1.5sq.m respectively.
2. For group A Residential building exceeding 50sq.m carpet area, the parking area is
100sq.m carpet area.
8
3. In addition to the parking space, in case of group A Residential building loading or
unloading spaces each 30sq.m shall be provided within the plot, at the rate of one such
space for each 1000sq.m of floor area or fraction thereof, exceeding the first 700sq.m of
floor area.
CHAPTER 6 RULE: 36
Height of room:-
The height of room in a building other than residential occupancy shall not be less than
3m.Provided in case of air conditioned room it shall be not less than 2.4m.
CHAPTER 6 RULE: 39
Staircase:-
1. Any building having more than 4 floors including basement or sunken floors, shall have
at least two staircases one of which may be an external stairway.
5. The width of passages giving access to the staircase in any building shall not at any point,
be less than the width of the stair.
CHAPTER 6 RULE: 41
The clear width of any corridor, verandah or passage way in any building shall be not less
than 1m at any point.
CHAPTER 6 RULE: 49
9
1. Every habitable room shall be furnished with sufficient number of opening such as
windows and ventilators affording effectual means of admission of light and air by
direct communication with external air.
2. No portion of a room shall be assumed to be lighted if it is more than 7.5m away from
the opening assumed for lighting than portion.
3. Every bathroom or latrine shall be provided with sufficient light and ventilation.
4. Every bathroom or latrine shall have at least one of its walls abutting on an open space
or open verandah or an air shaft if not centrally air conditioned.
All the provisions were meticulously taken care of in the functional planning of the building
and the above drawings furnished are arrived at based on all these specifications.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
3.1 General
Procedure:
1. Modeling:
(1) Geometric layout
(2) Cross section
(3) Material constants
(4) Supports
2. Loading
3. Analyzing
4. Reading results
11
12
Figure 2(a): 2-D Frame Figure 2(b): 3-D Frame
Figure 2: Example- for comparison between the frames (along- grid line 3-3)
2-D Analysis has been done on the critical sections by using STAAD, hand calculations were
made to cross-check the results obtained for Reactions and Bending moments at the base
of the building.
3-D analysis was done to obtain the realistic reaction results. The values obtain were Cross-
checked with the values obtained from 2-D analysis and hand calculations.
Maximum loads are identified on the columns for the Design
Maximum Reactions and Bending Moments are identified for the Design of footings.
13
14
15
16
17
CHAPTER4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF VARIOUS STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS
4.1 General:
In limit state method of design a structure is designed for safety against collapse (i.e; for
ultimate strength to resist ultimate load) and checked for its serviceability at working loads
thus rendering the structure fit for its intended use. The design of the following are covered in
this chapter in detail.
1. Slab
2. Water tank
3. Stair case
4. Foundation
5 Column
6. Beam
Slab panels that deform with significant curvatures in two orthogonal directions must be
designed as two-way slabs, with the principal reinforcement placed in two directions. Slabs ,
which are supported on unyielding supports on all four sides , are called two-way slabs. beam
supports, which are significantly stiff, can be considered as unyielding an slabs on these beams
also act as two-way slabs. The span in larger direction is denoted by ly and lx directions will
depend on the ratio ly/lx. When ly/lx >2,it can be shown that most of loads are transmitted
along the shorter directions and the slab act as one-way slab. Two-way slabs are designed using
the bending moment coefficients given in Annex D of IS 456:2000.
CALCULATION:
Steel = Fe 415
18
Overall depth = 140 mm
Clear cover = 20 mm
Dia of bar = 8 mm
l/d = 40 x 0.8
d = 3400/32 = 106.25
d = 115mm
mild exposure
D = 115 + 20+4 = 139mm. Take D=140 mm
ly/lx = 1.3
x+ = 0.039 y- = 0.037
x- = 0.051 y+ = 0.028
Load calculation
DL = D x 1 x 1 x 25
= 0.14 X 25 = 3.5 kN/m2
LL = 3 kN/m2
19
Finishing = 50 x10-3 x20 = 1 kN/m2
Design of slab
M = w l2
SP-16 chart 22
dreq = 3340 / (38 x 1.3) < 67.11 < 120 mm
OK
Ld = /4 bd
= 296 mm
20
Figure 3: Detailing of Slab
21
4.3 Water tank Design
The design of water tank is done as per IS 3370 (part I IV):1965.General basis of design shall
be in line with the recommendations of IS 456:2000.The part of the structure neither in contact
with the liquid on any face nor enclosing the space above the liquid shall be designed in
accordance with IS 456:2000. Design of the members other than these shall be based on
consideration of adequate resistance to cracking as well as adequate strength. So working stress
method is used in design of these members.
BENDING MOMENTS
In plane walls of the rectangular tanks, the liquid pressure is resisted by both vertical and
horizontal bending moments. An estimate of these moments are made with the help of the
moment coefficients provided in IS 3370 (part IV) for boundary conditions of wall panel.
w = density of liquid
CALCULATION
No. of flats = 8
22
Total people = 50
= 1.25 m
c/a = 2 b/a = 3
long walls
Vertical BM
b/a = 3 y=0
Short wall
Horizontal moment
Mz = -0.086
Moment = -0.086 x 9.8 x1.253 = -1.646 kNm
h = (6 M / bcbt)1/2 = 99.23 mm
= 120 mm
Calculation of e
e = 120/2 -30 = 30 mm
Long wall
Net BM = Mu = M P x e
23
Ast1 = M/stjd = 2.56 x106/150x 0.872 x 95 = 206.01 mm2
A = 126 mm2
Vertical steel
Minimum reinforcement
Short wall
M = 0.6125
24
Base slab design
12 mm clear cover 25 mm
d = 240-25-6 = 207 mm
Total sagging moment = w l3/24 + wl2/8 = 9.8 X 3.73/24 + 5.76 X 3.72/8 = 30.54 kNm
Ly/lx =3.5/2.5
=1.4 <2.0
BM at the support in the short span = x w lx2
25
Weight of water = 1x1x1.25x10=12.5 kN/m2
Total =37.5 kN/m
Mxs =0.60 x 37.5 x2.52
=18.922 kNm
Bending moment at mid span Max. =0.45 x=18.922 kNm
Bending moment at mid span Max. =0.45 x37.5 x2.52
=11.19 kNm
Mys =0.032 x 37.5 x2.52
=19.881kNm
Check thickness provided
1.14 bd2 =19.881x106
d required =
=131.95 <269 mm
Hence safe
Area of steel for bending moment =19.88 kNm
Ast =(19.886 x 10 6)/(150x.88 x 269)
=559.02 mm2>360 mm2
Min steel = (0.12/100) x300x1000
=360 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm = (1000 x( /4)x122)/559.02
=202.3
Say 200 mm c/c
Area of steel for 14.1
Ast =(14.19x 106)/(150x.88x269)
=399 mm2 >360 mm2
Spacing of 12 mm =(1000x ( /4)/399)
=280 mm c/c
DISTRIBUTION OF BARS
27
Figur
e 6: Water Tank Detailing of reinforcement
D = 4600 / 20 = 230 mm
d = 230-20-12/2 = 204 mm
finishing = 1 kN/m2
loads on landing
reactions:-
R1 = 37.22 kN/m2
= 44.14 kN/m
SP16 pt = 0.311 %
Spacing
Min. reinforcement
pt = 0.311
shear check
29
Vu = 37.22 14.63 x 0.354 = 34 kN.
u= Vu / bd = 0.16 MPa
OK
30
1. Transmitting the applied load effects to the soil below, without exceeding the safe
bearing capacity of soil.
2. Ensuring that the settlement of the structure is within tolerable limits, and as nearly
uniform as possible.
Pu = 955 kN = 960 kN
As a design criteria
Bending moments
y-y axis
= 217.68 x 1 x .8752/2
=84kNm
x-x axis
= 217.68 x 1 x .9502/2
= 100kNm
d = ( Mu / b x .6)1/2 = 408.24 mm
d = 500-50 = 450mm
31
Muy / bd2 = 84 x 106 / 4502 x 1000 = .414
hence ok
32
= 450 (450-150)/875 x 225 = 372.85 mm
= 1089182 mm2
= 850 kN
Hence ok
33
Figure 8: Distribution of Main Reinforcement
34
4.6 COLUMN DESIGN
The term column is reserved for members in compression, which transfer loads to the ground.
The mode of failure of a column depends on its slenderness ratio. This ratio is expressed in IS
practice for reinforced concrete rectangular column as the ratio of effective length to its least
lateral dimension.IS:456-2000 classifies rectangular columns as short when the slenderness
ratio is less than 12.
Columns are skeletal structural elements, which are designed to resist axial compression
combined with biaxial bending moments that are introduced by frame action under gravity and
lateral loads. This load effects are more pronounced in the lower stories of tall buildings.
Bending moments are applied simultaneously on the axially loaded column in two
perpendicular direction about the major axis(XX) and minor axis(YY) of the column section.
This results in biaxial eccentricities ex = Mx/P and ey=My/P.
The biaxial eccentricities are particularly significant in the case of the column located in the
building corners. Frequently the eccentricity about one axis is negligible; whereas the
eccentricity about the other axis is significant. This situation is encountered in the exterior
columns of the interior frames in a reinforced concrete building under gravity loads. Under
lateral loads, indeed all columns in multi-storied buildings are subjected to significant uniaxial
bending moments.
Based on the results from STAAD columns are divided into 4 categories:
C1= 960 kN, C2= 592 kN, C3= 475 kN, C4= 280 kN
Design of Columns:
Pu = 955 kN = 960 kN
Leff = 3 m
Longitudinal Reinforcement
35
Pt= 2.12 %
16 -> 8 bars
Lateral ties
6 mm } provide 8 mm
Spacing Sf = { 200mm
16 = 16 x 16 = 256 mm
Leffective =0.65xL
=0.65x3
=1.95m.
Leffective/D =1.995/0.3
=6.65 <12
So the column is designed as short column.
Providing a cover of 40mm and 20mm dia bars,
d = 40+20/2
= 50mm.
Pu/fckbd =0.55
p/fck =0.07
Muy1/fckbd2 =0.07x20x300x2002.
=19x106kN/m.
From chart 63 of SP-16
Fck =20
Puz/Ag =16.5
Puz =16.5x200x300
=990kN.
Pu/Puz =565/990
=0.57
0.6/1 =0.47/x
x =0.78
37
(17.5/24)1.78+(9.5/19)1.78 <1
Hence the section is ok.
Ast = 2.4x200x300/100
=1440mm2.
Lateral ties:
Beams carry loads by bending action in a building. They are used to support walls and
secondary beams. In the limit state method these members are first designed for strength and
38
durability and their performance is then checked with regard to other limit state of
serviceability eg: deflection and cracking. For the design of beams MS-EXCEL spread-sheet is
used which is listed in the appendix.
39
Figure 9: Beam section
Hence Provide 4x20mm Dia.
Plinth Beam :
250mm
450 mm
The total required capacity of tank =capacity for sewage +capacity for sludge
=37800+21000
=58800L
Assuming depth as 2m
Surface area of tank =capacity/Depth
=(58800 x10-3 )\2
=29.4m2
=29m2
Assuming length L =3 times breadth, B
L =3B
Surface area LxB =29
3B2 =29
41
B2 =9.66
B =3
Length, L =9m
Providing freeboard of 0.3m
Overall Depth =2+0.3
=2.3
Hence provide =9 x 3 x 2.3
CONCLUSION:
42
The analysis and design of the building is done in accordance with IS specifications. The
facilities provided are adequate and are in accordance with the building rules of state of Kerala.
The obtained architectural drawings were critically reviewed and corrected satisfying all the
functional requirements. The preliminary proportioning of the structural members was then
carried out for modelling the structure in STAAD. The analysis was carried out in STAAD and
design of various structural elements was carried out. Detailed structural drawings were
prepared which cover all the details for the execution of the work. In summary the objectives
envisaged at the beginning of the work have been attained.
43
REFERENCES:
IS 875: 1987, (PART- 1) - Code of Practice of Design Loads for Buildings and
Structures
IS 3370-1965, (PART 1-4) - Code of Practice for Concrete Structures for the Storage of
Liquids
APPENDIX A:
44
45
APPENDIX B:
46