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Chapter 6
Matrix Algebra
Chapter Objectives
Introduce the concept of a matrix and consider special
types of matrices.
Define matrix addition and scalar multiplication
operations.
Express a system as a single matrix equation using
matrix multiplication.
Use matrix reduction to solve a linear system.
Solve the theory of homogeneous systems.
Use inverses to solve systems.
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
Chapter Outline
6.1) Matrices
6.2) Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
6.3) Matrix Multiplication
6.4) Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
6.5) Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
(continued)
6.6) Inverses
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices
A matrix consisting of m horizontal rows and n
vertical columns is called an mn matrix or a
matrix of size mn.
a11 a12 ... a1n
a ... a2n
21 a12
. . ... .
. . ... .
. . ... .
am1 am 2 ... amn
For the entry aij, we call i the row subscript and j
the column subscript.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.1 Matrices
Equality of Matrices
Matrices A = [aij ] and B = [bij] are equal iff they
have the same size and aij = bij for each i and j.
Transpose of a Matrix
A transpose of an mn matrix A, denoted AT, is
the nm matrix whose ith row is the ith column of A.
Matrix Addition
Sum A + B is the m n matrix obtained by adding
corresponding entries of A and B.
1 2 2
b. 3 4 1 is impossible as matrices are not of the same
size.
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
Total: 7 25 18 50 6 12 57 31 30
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
Scalar Multiplication
If A is an mn matrix and k is a real number, then kA is
obtained by multiplying each entry in A by k.
Properties of Scalar Multiplication:
Subtraction of Matrices
If A is any matrix, then A is called the negative of A:
A 1A
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.2 Matrix Addition and Scalar Multiplication
6 0 3 3
b. If A and B , then
2 1 1 2
6 2
A 2B
T
0 1
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
C = 3 5 matrix
D = 7 3 matrix
CD =2011
undefined but DC = 7 5 matrix.
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication
1 1 6
21 6 2 12
b.
3 3 18
1 3 0 1 0 2
2 2 1 5 1 3 1
c.
1 0 4 2 1 2 10
d. a11 a12 b11 b12 a11b11 a12 b21 a11b12 a12 b22
a b a b a b
21 a22 21 b22 21 11 22 21 a b
21 12 a22 22
b
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication
Solution 1: Solution 2: 1 0
1 0 1 2 3 0 1
ABC
1 2 3
1
0 1
0 2
AB C 0 2
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 1 1
1 1
3 4
1 2 2 1 4 9 1 0
1 2 5 4 9
3 4 3 4 6 19 0 2 6 19
5 4 11 1 1
Note that A(BC) = (AB)C.
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication
75850
QRC QRC 5 7 1281550
71650
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.3 Matrix Multiplication
Solution:
2 5 x1 4
If A X B
8 3 x2 7
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.4 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
Solution:
1 0 1 3 1
The matrix is reduced to 0
1 2 1 2
0 0 0 0 0
The solution is x1 1 r 3s
x 2 2r s
2
x3 r
x 4 s
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Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.5 Solving Systems by Reducing Matrices (Continue)
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.6 Inverses
If A is a square matrix and there exists a matrix C
such that CA = I, then C is an inverse of A and A
is invertible.
Solution: 7 2 1 2 1 0
CA I
3 1 3 7 0 1
Thus, matrix C is an inverse of A.
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.6 Inverses
1 1 0
Matrix A is invertible where A 1
1 2
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Matrix Algebra
6.6 Inverses
So, x1 = , x2 = and x3 =
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2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
FINAL EXAM 2013/2014 SEM 2
A veterinarian can purchase animal food of 4 different types, A, B, C,
and D. Each food comes in the same size bag, and the number of
grams of each of three nutrients in each bag are summarized in the
following table. Use this information to answer the questions that
follow.
Food
A B C D
N1 5 5 10 5
Nutrient: N2 10 5 30 10
N3 5 15 10 25
For one animal, she determines that she needs to combine these
bags to get 6,000g of N1, 12,000g of N2, and 11,000g of N3. Use the
method of matrix algebra to calculate how many bags of each type of
food should she order?
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Tutorial 12
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