kingdom there about 1000.
This kingdom included set
' tlements that grew into the cities of Buda, Pest, and
. Obuda. In the late 1400's, Buda became the home of
est, the capital and
city of Hungary, lies on
anks of tho Danube
Fhe domed Parliament
i, background, is one of
's many historic land*
rial areas border the
rts of the city.
ims and other places
displays collections
igarian, and Turkish
lcrn Hungarian art
ity Park features an
a zoo. Other land-
c Opera House, the
m of Fine Arts, and
the home of many
research centers.
f Budapest arc Hun-
ungarian) language.
ic Roman Catholic
ps include Calvinists
formed in Budapest,
concerts in the city's
nming in Budapest's
jrec once consisted
s in small industries,
ics have become the
's factories produce
red in Hungary, in-
s, and transportation
cts include building
food products, and
tanking and finance
mgary's airline, high-
/ has several ports on
free port of Cscpcl in
mans founded a town
liat is now Budapest.
point of the Danube
the settlement in the:
centuries, Germanic,
red in the area.
valley of the middle
y founded a Christian
',
BUDDHISM
the royal court. It was also a center of Italian Renais
sance art and of the humanistic movement in philoso
phy (sec RENAISSANCE; Humanism). Turkish invaders
held Buda from 1541 to 1686. The city then came under
the control of the Austrian Hapsburgs (or Ilabsburgs),
a powerful European line of rulers.
During the mid-1 BOO's, Hungarian patriots made
Pest a center of cultural and political activity. Pest be
came the capital of Hungary in 1848. In 1873, Buda,
Pest, Obuda, and Margaret Island united and formed
Budapest. The city's population grew rapidly during
the late 1 BOO's and reached 1,110,000 by 1910.
During World War II, German and Hungarian Nazis
killed much of Budapest's large Jewish population.
Hungarian Communists, supported by Soviet troops,
took control of the Hungarian government after the
war. In 1956, Soviet troops marched into Budapest and
put down an anti-Communist revolution.
Budapest suffered a severe housing shortage during
the mid-1900's. The government had planned to pro
vide low-rent public housing but could not afford to do
so. Instead, it began in the mid-1960's to increase the
number of loans available at low interest for the con
struction of private housing. George Barany
Sec also Hungary (pictures).
BUDD, LANNY. Sec SINCLAIR, Upton.
BUDDHA, BOO duh (563P-483? B.C.), is the title given
to the founder of Buddhism, one of the world's great reli
gions. Buddha's name was Siddhartha Gautama. The
title Buddha means Enlightened One.
Almost no authentic information exists about the de
tails of Buddha's life. But most scholars agree that such
a man lived in northern India during the 500's and
400's b.c. Buddha's followers spread the story of his
life, and this story has an important place in Buddhism.
Early Life. Siddhartha Gautama was born near the
town of Kapilavastu, in the foothills of the Himalaya
in what is now Nepal. He spent his youth living in lux
ury in the palace of his father, the warrior prince Sudd-
hodhana. When Gautama was about 20 years old, he
married the princess Yasodhara.
When he was about 29, Gautama had a scries of four
visions. In the first vision, he saw an old man. In the
second, he saw a sick man, and in the third, a corpse.
In the fourth vision, he met a wandering holy man. The
first three visions convinced Gautama that life involves
aging, sickness, and death. The vision of the holy man
convinced Gautama that he should leave his wife and
new-born son, Rahula, and seek religious enlighten
ment. Such enlightenment would free him from life's
suffering.
The Search for Enlightenment. Gautama became a
wandering monk. For six years, he sought enlighten
ment by practicing extreme forms of self-denial and self-
torture. He lived in filth and many days ate only a
grain of rice. He also pulled out all the hairs of his
beard, one by one. But Gautama finally decided that
extreme self-denial and self-torture could never lead to
enlightenment. He then abandoned such practices.
One day, Gautama wandered into a village near
Gaya and sat under a shady bo tree, also called a bodhi
tree. He decided to meditate under the tree until he
gained enlightenment (sec Bo Trek). Several hours
later, enlightenment came. Others learned of his experi
ence and began to call him Buddha.
Buddha learned from his enlightenment that people
could find release from the suffering of life in nirvana, a
stale of complete happiness and peace. To achieve nir
vana, people had to free themselves of all desires and
worldly things. Sec Nirvana.
Later Life. For the rest of his life, Buddha preached
the message of how to overcome suffering. This mes
sage is called the dharma, which means saving truth.
Buddha preached his first sermon to an audience of
five holy men in a park near the holy city of Banaras.
The delivery of this sermon is one of the most sacred
events in Buddhism.
Buddha preached the dharma throughout northern
India and gradually attracted disciples. As the number
of his followers grew, Buddha organized them into a
religious community of monks, nuns, and laity.
As Buddha's fame increased, stories spread among his
followers that dramatically described his magic powers,
religious insight, and compassion. His followers be
lieved that Buddha had lived many lives before he was
born as Gautama. A number of stories describe events
that occurred during these lives. The stories, called
jatakas, became popular and helped people understand
Buddha's message.
At the age of about 80, Buddha became ill and
died. His disciples gave him an elaborate funeral,
burned his body, and distributed his bones as sacred
relics. Many Buddhists believe that his power is still
present in these relics and also in the many images of
Buddha. Frank E. REYNOLDS
Sec also Buddhism with its list of Related Articles. For
a Reading and Study Guide, sec Buddhism in the Research
Guide/Index, Volume 22.
BUDDHISM, BOO dihz uhm, is one of the major reli
gions of the world. It was founded in India about 500
B.C. by a teacher called Buddha. At various times, Bud
dhism has been a dominant religious, cultural, and so
cial force in most of Asia, especially in India, China,
Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Tibet. In each area, Bud
dhism has combined with elements of other religions
such as Hinduism and Shinto. Today, Buddhism has
about 251 million followers. Most of them live in Sri
Lanka, the mainland nations of Southeast Asia, and
Japan.
The Beliefs of Buddhism
All Buddhists have faith in (1) Buddha; (2) his
teachings, called the dharma; and (3) the religious com
munity he founded, called the sangha. Buddhists call
Buddha, the dharma, and the sangha the Three Refuges
or Three Jewels.
Buddha was born about 563 B.C. in southern Nepal.
His real name was Siddhartha Gautama. He was a
member of a rich and powerful royal family. At the age
of about 29, Gautama became overwhelmed with the
conviction that life was filled with suffering and un-
happiness. This conviction led him to abandon his
wife and infant son and to seek religious enlightenment
as a wandering monk.
After traveling throughout northeastern India for
555
zzz-jT^rj::!:^.::::^.
'
 BUDDHISM and property; (5) holding
a job that does not injure ngha. Members are exp
bllow basic moral rules,
others; (6) striving to free "hey are also expected to p
one's mind of evil; (7) con fBuddha and to objects thai
trolling one's feelings and Many of the laity have ir
thoughts; and (8) practic jdhism. During the 200's
ing proper forms of concen pcror, made Buddhism a k
tration. tnblished a tradition that
After Buddha's death, between religion and govt
his followers collected the countries. In 1956, B. R. Ai
traditions that had devel I a mass conversion that 1
oped around the dharma. The Wheel, above, li on L* ncr Hindus in India int<
The oldest of the many portant symbol of Buddhlw.1.
Buddhist schools compiled is called both the W/if of A* Buddhis
a scripture called the Tri- Law and the Wheel ol Ufa Various Buddhist school
pitika. This word means Other Asian countries. The
Three Baskets. The first part, the Basket of Disaplint, ;j elude the Theravada, the X
deals with the rules for regulating the order of IluddhJlt and Zen. These schools hi
monks. The second part, the Basket of Discounts, cot> they also differ in importan
sists largely of sermons. The third part, the Basket oj th The Theravada. The wor
Higher Dharma, contains later and more systematic db Eiders. The Theravada scho
cussions of doctrine. Later Buddhist schools have added Buddhist schools that has
their own scriptures. dominant religious traditi
The Sangha. The word sangha sometimes refers to the Laos, Sri Lanka, and Thail
ideal Buddhist community, which consists of those who The Thcravadans empha
have reached the higher stages of spiritual development, dha as a historical figure,
The word also refers to the order of Buddhist monkl and life, and the authority of tl
H. Armstronir Robert! nuns. In addition, the term means the community* leal Buddhist is a kind of
The Daibutsu Buddha, a bronze statue, stands In Kamakura, monks, nuns, and laity. yanists and others have
Japan. The statue's restful expression reflects the Buddhist ideal The order of monies has always had a special L a and similar schools as 1
of detachment from all desires and worldly things. within the sangha. It has played an important parti vehicle. However, the '
preserving and spreading Buddhism. In many Buddh" name.
groups, the discipline of monastic life is considered'! The Mahayana. The WO
about six years, Gautama experienced enlightenment. sential to those who seriously seek nirvana. In
He believed he had discovered why life was filled with S Most followers of the I\
Buddhist countries, monies are expected to live a L the other countries of E
suffering and how people could escape from this un poverty, meditation, and study. Monks arc al ., phasize the existence of:
happy existence. After others learned of his discovery, pected to avoid sexual activity. Some Buddhists be*
they called him Buddha, which means Enlightened One. jBcus attention on Buddha:
come monies for life, but others serve in the sanghV Who will become Buddhas ii
See Buddha. for only short periods of time. The monks wearspedlT rttts believe that these prese
The Dharma. Buddha preached that existence was a robes and are a common sight in all Buddhist COUtvl able to save people throui
continuing cycle of death and rebirth. Each person's tries. tMost Mahayanists accept 1
position and well-being in life was determined by his The laity also has an important role in the lifeoflhei
or her behavior in previous lives. For example, good [hevc that their own scriptu
itruth. The Mahayanists te;
deeds may lead to rebirth as a wise and wealthy person the laity, as well as monks, (
or as a being in heaven. A person's evil deeds may lead
to rebirth as a poor and sickly person or even to rebirth \ The Mahayanists encour
Meal of the bodhisattva. A b
in hell. V0\vs to become a Buddha b-
Buddha also taught that as long as individuals re Wisdom. At the highest leve
main within the cycle of death and rebirth, they can
never be completely free from pain and suffering. postpones entering into nirv
llcvc suffering through acts (
Buddha said people could break out of the cycle by The Mantrayana. The wc
eliminating any attachment to worldly things. By rid ticitation vehicle. Its major c
ding themselves of such attachment, people would gain a regions, in Mongolia, and ir
kind of perfect peace and happiness. Buddha called this It Shingon. Mantrayana Bu
state of peace and happiness nirvana. According to
hayanan doctrines. But it a]
Buddha, those who are willing and able to follow the tionship between a spiritual
Middle Way and the Noble Eightfold Path will con Small group of disciples. The
quer their attachment lo worldly things and thus reciting spells called mantras
achieve nirvana. and gestures, and meditating
The Middle Way is a way of life that avoids both the symbolism and believes that
uncontrolled satisfaction of human desires and the ex purposes. The Mantrayana
treme forms of self-denial and self-torture. rtfying devils, goblins, and
Milt and lm Mm
The Noble Eightfold Path consists of (1) knowledge of lualize these deities, and
Buddhist Monks chant before a statue of Buddha on On
the truth; (2) the intention to resist evil; (3) saying decorated with flowers. The monks chant In rhythm to thlJ e part in the school's teat
nothing to hurt others; (4) respecting life, morality, a metal drum played by the monk standing at tho rlghtiV^ crs of Mantrayana Bud

556

Wheel, obove, is an Im-
mt symbol of Buddhism. It
led both the Whoe/ of tht
jnd the Wheel of Life.
z Basket of Discipline,
the order of Buddhist
sket of Discourses, con-
part, the Basket of the
1 more systematic dis-
ist schools have added
sometimes refers to the
1 consists of those who
spiritual development.
>f Buddhist monks and
ins the community of
lys had a special role
an important part in
sm. In many Buddhist
c life is considered es-
cck nirvana. In most
cpcctcd to live a life of
. Monks are also ex-
, Some Buddhists be-
? serve in the sangha
ic monks wear special
in all Buddhist coun-
lt role in the life of the
Milt and Jonn Mnn
ituo of Buddha on an altar
mt in rhythm to the sound of
mding at the right.
sangha. Members are expected to honor Buddha, to
follow basic moral rules, and to support the monks.
They arc also expected to pay special honor to images of
Buddha and to objects that arc associated with him.
Many of the laity have influenced the history of Bud
dhism. During the 200's n.c, Asoka, an Indian em
peror, made Buddhism a kind of state religion. He es
tablished a tradition that has led to close relations
between religion and government in many Buddhist
countries. In 1956, B. R. Ambcdkar, an Indian layman,
led a mass conversion that brought more than 1 million
former Hindus in India into the sangha.
Buddhist Schools
Various Buddhist schools developed in India and in
other Asian countries. The most influential schools in
clude the Theravada, the Mahayana, the Mantrayana,
and Zen. These schools have much in common, but
they also differ in important ways.
The Theravada. The word theravada means Way of the
Elders. The Theravada school is the only one of the early
Buddhist schools that has survived. Today, it is the
dominant religious tradition in Burma, Cambodia,
Laos, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
The Thcravadans emphasize the importance of Bud
dha as a historical figure, the virtues of the monastic
life, and the authority of the Tripitika. For them, the
ideal Buddhist is a kind of saint called an arhat. Ma
hayanists and others have often referred to the Thera
vada and similar schools as Hinayana, a term that means
lesser vehicle. However, the Thcravadans do not accept
this name.
The Mahayana. The word mahayana means great ve
hicle. Most followers of the Mahayana live in Japan and
in the other countries of East Asia. The Mahayanists
emphasize the existence of many Buddhas. They often
focus attention on Buddhas in heaven and on people
who will become Buddhas in the future. The Mahayan
ists believe that these present and future Buddhas arc
able to save people through grace and compassion.
Most Mahayanists accept the Tripitika, but they be
lieve that their own scriptures reveal a higher level of
tnith. The Mahayanists teach various ways in which
the laity, as well as monks, can achieve nirvana.
The Mahayanists encourage everyone lo follow the
ideal of the bodhisattva. A bodhisattva is a person who
vows to become a Buddha by leading a life of virtue and
wisdom. At the highest level, a bodhisattva is one who
postpones entering into nirvana in order to work to re
lieve suffering through acts of love and compassion.
The Mantrayana. The word mantrayana means sacred
recitation vehicle. Its major centers are in the Himalayan
regions, in Mongolia, and in Japan. The Japanese call
it Shingon. Mantrayana Buddhism accepts most Ma-
hayanan doctrines. But it also emphasizes a close rela
tionship between a spiritual leader called a guru and a
small group of disciples. The disciples spend much time
reciting spells called mantras, performing sacred dances
and gestures, and meditating. The school stresses sexual
symbolism and believes that sex should be used for holy
purposes. The Mantrayana also believes in many ter
rifying devils, goblins, and other deities. Attempts to
visualize these deities, and the use of magic, play a
large part in the school's teachings and rituals. The fol
lowers of Mantrayana Buddhism traditionally keep
BUDGET
many of their beliefs and practices secret from outsiders.
Zen is practiced chiefly in Japan. It originated in
China, where it is called Ch'an. Zen accepts most Ma-
hayanan doctrines and emphasizes a close relationship
between a master and his disciples. However, Zen has
developed distinctive practices that arc designed to lead
to a state of spiritual enlightenment called satori. Many
followers of Zen believe that satori comes in a sudden
flash of insight. Others believe that satori must be
achieved gradually through a long process of self-
discipline, meditation, and instruction. Frank E. Revnoijis
Related Articles in World Book include:
Bodhisattva Nirvana Sculpture
Buddha Painting (Indian) (Oriental;
Karma Religion (pictures) pictures)
Korea (picture) Religious Life Zen
Lamaists (Buddhism)
Sec also Buddhism in the Research Guide/Index,
Volume 22, for a Reading and Study Guide.
Additional Resources
CoNZE, Edward. A Short History of Buddhism. Allen & Unwin,
1980.
Dumoui.in, Heinrjch, cd. Buddhism in the Modern World. Mac-
millan, 1976. Discusses Buddhism in the Asian and West
ern world.
Ross, Nancy W. Buddhism: A Way of Life and Thought. Knopf,
19130. Explains the basic structure of Buddhist history and
philosophy. Many photos of Buddhist art.
BUDGE, DON (1915- ), an American tennis
player, was the first man in history to win the world's
four major tennis championships in one year. He won
the United States, British, Australian, and French titles
in 1938. He helped the United States win the Davis
Cup for the first time in 10 years in 1937, and helped
defend the cup successfully in 1938. He became a pro
fessional player in 1939, and won the world professional
title. He retired two years later. Budge wrote two books
about tennis, How Lawn Tennis is Played (1937), and
On Tennis (1939). He became part-owner of a New
York City laundry firm in 1941. He was born John
Donald Budge in Oakland, Calif. LxallSmith
BUDGERIGAR. Sec Parakeet.
BUDGET is a financial plan that helps people make
the best possible use of their money. It identifies sources
of income and assists in planning expenditures. Income
and expenses may vary, and so most budgets consist
al least in partof estimates.
Individuals, families, businesses, governments, and
various organizations all use a budget. A child may
have only a few dollars lo budget. A government budget
may involve billions of dollars. But all budgets resemble
one another in certain ways.
Budgets help individuals or groups achieve certain
goals. These goals vary, but most people hope to make
their income go as far as possible by spending money
wisely. Most people, businesses, and governments have
limited funds to spend, and so they must decide which
expenditures arc most important. By preparing a budg
et, they can make sure that enough money is set aside
for items that have the highest priority.
Personal and Family Budgets
A personal or family budget can plan spending on a
weekly, monthly, or yearly basis. Some people keep two
557

ORI.D BOOK digram by Chaild Wtlkk !
, behind the breastbono, llil
id cells called lymphocytes,
sometimes called "killer
0 find and destroy sucH
thymus weighs about *
12, it has grown to about;!
time, the lymph nodes'.^
k of producing lymphbsjj
to shrink and produces*!
he organ has shrunk toi
stinguish from the fattjfa
ire the removal of thci
is has little effect in an|
2 years old, removal oft;
tics in growing propcrlyg
Don H. NeuotiS
Larynx.
crine (ductless) gland ih.J
ts), one on each side of';
1 with blood vessels. '.
iodine from the blood., i
i other chemicals in the
lormonc, is formed (s__
hyroxinc in an inactive
y needs thyroxine, iti
vessels that run througl;
icn carries the hormone
:11s. In the cells, thyrox3|
c active hormones that j
ells change oxygen andjl
c thyroid produces an*'.|
which is similar in struc
)th hormones arc ncc
il development.
i hormone called calci^i
urn present in the blood -li
dcitonin works togcthcr'ifl
c secreted by the para*3|
nount of calcium in the il
) (Goiter
the thyroid gland is not
lown as hypothyroidism]
Thyroid cartilag
Thyroid gland ^"~-,
Trachea
WORM) ROOK li.iRt.iin by Ch.vlr, WVIIrk
;Ihl Thyroid Gland is in the neck. This gland produces and
llores o hormone called thyroxine, which is essential for mental
(development and physical growth.
^.develops. In adults this is called myxedema. In persons
with myxedema, everything slows down. They lose
[vigor of mind and body. Their skin grows thick and
^'coarse, and they may gain weight. Hypothyroidism
tlhat begins in infancy results in a condition called
[atlinism (sec Cretinism). Children with cretinism arc
R=tCalled cretitu. Their bodies do not grow the way they
i should. Their minds cannot grow, cither. Because of
his, the mind of such a child may never develop beyond
^ the level of a 5-ycar-old child.
Overactive Thyroid. Sometimes the thyroid gland
produces too much thyroxine. This may be because the
Inland cells arc overactive. Or it may be because the
E- gland has increased in size so that too many cells arc
j|'producing thyroxine. In cither case, too much of the
; hormone is produced for the body to handle normally
Kind a condition known as hyperthyroidism results. Hypcr-
i thyioidism causes extreme nervousness, increases heart
Jjclion, and disturbs the metabolism of the body (sec
g.-Metabolism).
Goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland. It may be accom-
[panicd by cither hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism,
oitcrs develop when there is not enough iodine sup-
to the body for the thyroid lo function properly.
People formerly developed goiters when they lived in
i of the world where neither land nor water supplied
dine for the body's use. The lack of iodine in food can
;remedied by eating iodized salt. See Goiter.
Treatment of Thyroid Conditions. Doctors treat hy-
K-pothyroidism by giving a person proper amounts of thy-
I roid hormone, usually in the form of pills. In treating hy-
Cpexthyroiclism, surgeons remove part of the overactive
Ijland. Thyroid surgery was first performed by Emil
hcodor Kochcr, a Swiss professor of surgery.
Radioactive iodine is sometimes used to decrease
[thyroid gland activity. This special kind of iodine is
"removed from the blood as is any other iodine, but it
|ilows down the gland's activity. Theodork n. Schwartz
Related Articles in World Book include:
iGhnd I lumnn Body (diagram)
Iodine
^Hormone Kochcr, Emil Theodor
TIBET
THYROXINE. Sec Thyroid Gland.
THYSANOPTERA. Sec Insect (table); Thrips.
THYSANURA. Sec INSECT (table).
TIAHUANACO INDIANS. Sec Bolivia (History).
TIBER RIVER, 7T buhr, is the third largest river
in Italy. Only the Po and the Adigc arc larger. The Tiber
rises in the Apcnninc Mountains in central Italy, 4,160
feel (1,2G0 meters) above sea level. The river flows
for about 245 miles (394 kilometers), first through the
Sabine Mountains, a range of the Apennines, then
through Rome and into the Tyrrhenian Sea (sec Italy
[physical map]). The Tiber flows into the sea through
branches at Ostia and Fiumicino. The Tiber has often
overflowed its banks. Flood embankments have been
built at Rome. Shward n. Ci-ouoh
TIBERIAS, LAKE. See Sea of Galilee.
TIBERIUS, ty BEER e.e ufis (42 n.c.-A.D. 37), was the
emperor of Rome during the life of Jesus Christ. His full
name was Tiberius Claudius Nero. The second em
peror of Rome, Tiberius succeeded his stepfather, Em
peror Augustus.
Tiberius became a successful army commander for
Augustus. The emperor forced Tiberius to divorce his
wife and marry his stepsisterAugustus' daughter,
Julia. But Tiberius and Julia were unhappy, and he
left her and went to live on the island of Rhodes.
By a.d. 4, both of Augustus' grandsons and Tiberius'
brother, Drusus Claudius, had died. Augustus then re
called Tiberius to Rome and made Tiberius his heir
and successor. When Augustus died in a.d. 14, Tiberius
was proclaimed emperor.
Tiberius was a fine administrator. He carefully super
vised tax collections and balanced the budget. He chose
efficient governors for the provinces of Rome and main
tained friendly relations with the neighboring kingdoms
of Parthia and Armenia.
When Gcrmanicus, a possible successor to Tiberius,
died, his widow accused Tiberius of causing his death.
Because of difficulties with the Senate, Tiberius re
tired to the island of Capri. lie named Scjanus, captain
of his personal guard, to govern Rome.
Tiberius became unpopular during his last years be
cause of his poor relations with the Senate and opposi
tion to the gladiator games. But he left a peaceful and
prosperous empire to his heir Caligula, a descendant
of Augustus. Mary Francis Gyus
See also Calicui.a.
TIBET, tih BEFIT, is a remote land in south-central
Asia. It is often called the Roof of the World. Its snow-
covered mountains and wind-swept plateaus arc the
highest in the world. The world's highest mountain,
Mount Everest, towers along the southern mountain
wall of Tibet. Climbers first scaled Mount Everest in
1953. Ka-crh in western Tibet, over 15,000 feet (4,570
meters) high, is believed to be the highest town in the
world. Valley bottoms in Tibet arc higher than the
mountains of most countries. Lhasa is Tibet's capital.
Today, Tibet is a part of China. However, for many
years Tibet was independent. Its mountain ranges
isolated it from other regions. The Tibetans arc some
times called the hermit people. They follow a primitive
way of life. Tibet is traditionally a theocracy (religious
kingdom). Buddhist monks, called lamas, had a strong
213
TIBET part of the diet. The wealtl
and the poor drink goat mill
/t5?^Urr^poleVVXN
The Tibetan dress for mci
long robe with long sleeve
wealthy people wear silk re
wear cloth. Rich Tibetans
but many of the poor people
Two highways that connec
ibuiltin 1954.
& The yak, a sort of hairy
es in Tibet. It provides t
Capital Ik, and transportation. It
Other City oi Town rden. Its hair is used for t
Road Gather and boats. See Yak.
:The Tibetans celebrate
- Rail line
ring. The festivities last for
A M O U N TA I N c festival, the people devc
| music, eating and drinking, i
Cloth weaving and carpe
dustries in Tibet. Wool is t
ports include furs, mules, mu
Religion and Culture. T
gious. People turn prayer wl
the streets. Religious rites
,. ,-OMilos ,.. . ,20Q life. The festivals are religiou
- .0 Kilomaiofa_.'- . ... chapels or shrines in their ho
i .Tibet's religion is a bn
'tamaism. The religion recoi
The Panchen Lama is regart
The People and Their Work. Tibet has a population authority in Tibet. The Dala
voice in the rule of Tibet before the Communists took as the ruler of the country, ;
control. of about 1,900,000. Most of the people live in southern Tibetans regard both Granc
The Land and Its Resources. Tibet covers 471,662 Tibet, an area where there is some farming. About again. When the Dalai or Pa
square miles (1,221,600 square kilometers). The land is 04,000 people live in Lhasa, Tibet's largest city. il thought to enter the boc
a high, cold plateau in the heart of Asia. High moun The Tibetans belong to the Asian geographical race. icarch the country for a boy
tain walls border the land on all sides. Bhutan, Burma, They speak dialects related to the Burmese language*. br after the death of the lai
India, and Nepal lie to the south. The people are short and sturdy. They engage in heavy becomes his successor. The (
Parts of the country have never been explored. In the physical labor. Most married people have only one thority of the Dalai Lama
southern part of the Tibetan plateau, the snowy Hima spouse. Only the wealthy can afford polygamy (seePc*; ilthey took control of Tibet.
layas rise higher than any other mountain chain in the lyuamy). Sometimes several brothers share the same, . About one-fifth of the p
world. Mount Everest (29,028 feet, or 0,840 meters) is in wife and work together to support the family.
the Himalayas. The Ta-Hsiieh Mountains on the east Tibet's population consists of nomads, farmers, town i; sp Many Tibetans become lam;
^ port a family in Tibet. Tl
ern border rise over 25,250 feet (7,696 meters). On the people, nobility, and clergy. The nomads are shcpherdl^
north and northwest, the peaks of the Kunlun range rise and herders who roam about in the northern uplandl ^lamaseries (monasteries). Tit
icj.are in Lhasa. The lamas*
almost as high. Tibet has an average elevation of 16,000 the country. They live in tents of yak hair. Once a ernment subsidies and priv
feet (4,000 meters) above sea level. they come to the lower levels to sell their produce t'.icrics own large amounts of
Large parts of Tibet are a dreary waste of gravel, buy necessities. Herent sects of Lamaism. So
rock, and sand. Tibet has hundreds of lakes, but most of Before the Communists seized Tibet, the nobility lamas to marry. The chief sec
them have barren shores. Many also have a large salt clergy governed the region and owned the land. Noble*^
lived on estates, and the farmers were their servants. The by the Dalai Lama.
content. Some of the great rivers of Asia rise in the I Many monks engage in <
mountains of Tibet. These include the Brahmaputra, Communist government broke up the large estates and The lamaseries are also cen
Indus, Mekong, Salween, and Yangtze rivers. took property from the wealthy. The Communists have :Tibctan art reflects Chine;
Tibet has long produced small amounts of borax, also introduced other reforms designed to break iht and presents Buddhist therm
gold, and salt. In 1957, geologists discovered rich de power of the nobility and clergy. Since the Communis Cities. Lhasa is the polit
posits of coal, gypsum, iron ore, manganese, and oil in take-over, the religious emphasis of life has been greatly Tibet (see Lhasa). The Pot
the T"ang-ku-la Mountains in the northeast. Dense for decreased.
Tibetan homes have stone or brick walls and fill prcssive landmark in Lhasa.
ests lie in the eastern and southern parts of the country. turc with gold roofs and mt
Most of the land is not farmed. The soil is too poor and roofs. Houses rarely have more than two floors. Btll
homes built for the wealthy have three or four. The merry a residence of the Da
the climate is too cold for extensive agriculture. museum that has many nur
Climate. Much of Tibet has less than 10 inches (25 ground floor is used to house animals. cities include Chiang-tzu, Ji
centimeters) of rain annually. The Himalayas shut out Barley is the chief crop in Tibet, and barley flour I I History and Governmer
moisture-bearing winds from India. Sudden blizzards the main food. The Tibetans mix the barley flour with Tibet became a powerful
and snowstorms are common. Violent winds sweep Tibet barley beer. They eat two meals each day. Chinese tef handwriting were introduce
at all seasons. January temperatures average 24 F. is the chief beverage in Tibet. The Tibetans flavor the Was founded. The Mongols
( 4 C). July temperatures average 50 F. (14 C). tea with salt, soda, and yak butter. Milk forms a large 1200's. The Dalai Lama b

214
 of the diet. The wealthy people drink yak milk,
I the poor drink goat milk.
The Tibetan dress for men and women consists of a
long robe with long sleeves and a high collar. The
wealthy people wear silk robes, and the poor people
wear cloth. Rich Tibetans ride on mules and horses,
but many of the poor people walk from place lo place.
Two highways that connect Tibet with China were
built in 1954.
The yak, a sort of hairy buffalo, serves many pur
poses in Tibet. It provides butter, cloth, cheese, meat,
milk, and transportation. It is also used as a beast of
| burden. Its hair is used for tents, and its hide for shoe
leather and boats. Sec Yak.
The Tibetans celebrate their New Year in early
spring. The festivities last for about three weeks. During
the festival, the people devote themselves to dancing,
music, eating and drinking, and prayer.
Cloth weaving and carpctmaking are household in
dustries in Tibet. Wool is the chief export. Other ex
ports include furs, mules, musk, and ponies.
Religion and Culture. Tibetans arc intensely rcli-
I gious. People turn prayer wheels and recite prayers on
1 the streets. Religious rites arc an important phase of
plifc. The festivals arc religious in character. Nobles have
ijchapcls
1 Tibet'sor religion
shrines inistheir
a homes.
branch of Buddhism called
^Lamaism. The religion recognizes two Grand Lamas.
The Panchcn Lama is regarded as the leading spiritual
authority in Tibet. The Dalai (High) Lama is looked on
as the ruler of the country, and also a spiritual leader.
Tibetans regard both Grand Lamas as Buddha, born
again. When the Dalai or Panchcn Lama dies, his spirit
is thought to enter the body of a baby boy. Monks
search the country for a boy born about the same time
or after the death of the lama. The boy thus selected
H becomes his successor. The Communists ended the au-
W thority of the Dalai Lama and Panchcn Lama after
brd polygamy (sec PcP-g
they took control of Tibet.
About one-fifth of the people arc lamas (monks).
Many Tibetans become lamas because it is hard to sup
port a family in Tibet. The lamas live together in
lamaseries (monasteries). Tibet's three largest lamaser
ies arc in Lhasa. The lamaseries arc supported by gov
ernment subsidies and private donations. The lama
series own large amounts of land. There arc several dif
ferent sects of Lamaism. Some of the sects permit the
lamas to marry. The chief sect is the Yellow I Iat, headed
by the Dalai Lama.
Many monks engage in agriculture and handicraft.
The lamaseries arc also centers of education and art.
Tibetan art reflects Chinese, and Indian influences,
and presents Buddhist themes.
Cities. Lhasa is the political and religious center of
Tibet (sec Lhasa). The Potala Palace is the most mi
ll.' prcssivc landmark in Lhasa. It is a grand castlclikc struc
ture with gold roofs and more than 1,000 rooms. For
merly a residence of the Dalai Lama, it now houses a
I museum that has many numerous art treasures. Other
cities include Chiang-tzu, Jih-k'a-lsc, and Ya-tung.
History and Government. During the A.n. 600's,
Tibet became a powerful kingdom. Buddhism and
ij. handwriting were, introduced from India, and Lhasa
T was founded. The Mongols invaded Tibet in the late
3's. The Dalai Lama became the civil authority
TIBET
-
The Potala Palace, formerly a residence of the Dalai lama, over
looks Tibet's capital city, Lhasa. The Tibetan actors, foreground,
were celebrating the opening of two new highways.
and ruler of Tibet in the 1600's. In the early 1700's,
Tibet fell under the control of China. A British mission
arrived in Lhasa in 1904. The British and Tibetans
signed a treaty, setting up trading posts in Tibet.
Tibet remained in Chinese hands until after the
Chinese Revolution in 1911. Even after 1911, China
claimed Tibet as an area within the Chinese domain.
In the 1920's, rivalry grew between the Dalai and Pan
chcn lamas over political affairs. The Panchcn Lama
fled to China with his court. He remained there until
his death in 1937. The 10th Panchcn Lama was en
throned in China in 1944. The 13th Dalai Lama died
in 1933. According to custom, a baby boy was chosen
as his successor. In 1940, a six-year-old peasant boy
became the 14th Dalai Lama.
In late 1950, Chinese Communist forces invaded
Tibet. The Dalai Lama fled. He returned after about
eight months and set up a temporary capital near the
Indian border. He was promised control of internal
affairs. The Chinese were to control foreign affairs and
defense. The Panchcn Lama was to assume his role as
the Tibetan spiritual leader. In May 1951, the Commu
nists announced the signing of an agreement in which
Tibet surrendered its sovereignty to the Chinese Com
munist government but kept its right to regional self-
government. The agreement promised no immediate
change in the political system of Tibet, and guaranteed
the Tibetans freedom of religious belief.
China continued to lighten its control over Tibet
during the late 1950's and the 1960's. The Preparatory
Committee for the Autonomous Region of Tibet was
started in 1956. The committee was founded to estab
lish Tibet as an autonomous (self-governing) region
within China. The Chinese appointed the Dalai Lama
to head the committee, and they appointed the Panchcn
Lama to act as the committee's vice chairman.
Tibetans rioted against the Communists in 1956. The
2I5

people continued to resist Chinese control, and large-
scale fighting broke out in 1959. The Dalai Lama fled
to India in that year, and the Chinese Communists
made the Panchcn Lama the head of the Preparatory
Committee.
The Chinese removed the Panchcn Lama from power
in 1964. In 1965, the Communists made Tibet an au
tonomous region within China. However, in 1967, the
Chinese Army took control of the radio stations, news
papers, stale banks, and the security bureau. Although
autonomous in name, Tibet remained under the strict
control of China. ThboookkH. B. Ghbn
Related Articles in World Book include:
Asia (Way of Life Mount Everest
in Central Asia) Painting (Indian
Brahmaputra River Painting; picture:
Himalaya Raktayamari)
Lamaism T'ang Dynasty (The
Lhasa Middle Ye a r s )
Mekong River
TIBETAN SPANIEL is a breed of dog that originated in
Tibet hundreds of years ago. Buddhist monks kept these
dogs as pets and as watchdogs for monasteries. The dogs
were also constant companions to Tibet's rulers. Visitors
to Tibet first brought the breed to Europe during the
1 BOO's, but il was not officially introduced into the
United States until 1967.
Tibetan spaniels are not actually spaniels, despite
their name. Although Tibetan spaniels have keen eye
sight and a nose for scent, they are not hunters or retriev-
Mii5)nfdCluborAuKfica,!iic
A Tibetan Spaniel Has a Thick Coat and a Curly Tail.
ers. Their alert personalities and intelligence make them
useful as watchdogs.
The thick, silky coat of a Tibetan spaniel lies flat
against the body. The coat may be almost any color or
combination of colors. The bushy tail curls over the
back, and the shoulders are covered with a rujf (frill)
slightly longer than the rest of the fur. The dogs sland
from 9 { to 11 inches (24 to 28 centimeters) high at the
shoulder and normally weigh between 10 and 12 pounds
(4.5 and 5.4 kilograms). Joan McDonald Bke.muy
TIBETAN TERRIER is a breed of dog that originated
in Tibet, where Buddhist monks raised it in monasteries.
2l6
' >rwr.,..-.
I:'larvae alight on j
ihrubs. As they go
swell up. Then,
(shed their outer
eight-legged nymj
arc adults.
While the varic
such as chicken, cat
limited to one kii
annoy human beii
the United States
tick, is of major in
Spotted-fever ti
fever, a disease of
deaths each year
English sheep tick
and cattle.
l\: Wood ticks often
l-ouisc Van dci Meld, T.F.I I. I',.' Vn. .
The Tibetan Terrier Has a Heavy Coat of Long Hair. |in the woods. If
toothed beak ofter
iesh and may cam
The Tibetans once believed these dogs were holy, a ick, cover it with j
monks gave them to important persons to bring lincral oil, salad c
luck. ffiour and then care
Tibetan terriers stand from 14 to 16 inches (36 to 4f | Wash the affected
centimeters) high and resemble miniature Old English" [arid water.
sheep dogs. They have a thick, shaggy coat that maybe' : Scientific Classif
black, cream, gold, gray, or white, or a combination of; farachnids. Together
those colors. The Tibetan terrier has a fluffy tail fAcarina. Spotted-fev
landersoni.
curls over the dog's back. Joan McDonald Bi
TIBIA. See Leg. jSee also Mite
TIC is a nerve ailment, often resulting from fatigue; Spotted Fever.
which causes muscles to jerk tight for a short time and
then relax, tighten again, and again relax. A tic usua
affects only the face, although it may spread to the
neck and arms. A tic of the right side of the face
draw the right eye, the nose, and the right corner of the
mouth toward each other.
See also Nf.ukai.cia.
TICK is the name of a small animal which is related to
mites, spiders, and scorpions. The tick is oval in shape.
It is a parasite, which means that it lives on other ani
mals. Ticks and mites cause various diseases in people
and domestic animals. Ticks often carry certain disease
germs in their bodies and transfer these lo the blood of
their victims. Sometimes the biles of ticks are poisonous.
Cases of paralysis are known to have followed their at
tacks. But such effects are not common.
Ticks and mites look much alike in body structure,
but ticks are the larger. Ticks look somewhat like insectl\
but are not. Most kinds of ticks can be seen without!
magnifying glass. They live only on animal fluids,
some of the mites feed on plant juices and tissues, and';
on plant products.
The bodies of these tiny animals seem to be all t
one piece. But some of them have a groove between the!
stomach and the front part of the body. The head of I[
tick is a movable part at the front end of the body.'
draw the blood of iheir victims through a beak. Tk';\
beak has strong teeth which are bent backward. Thetv\!
teeth help the parasites cling tightly to their host. AduN-j
ticks have eight legs which stick out on the sides likiv
those of a crab.
The tick lays eggs in dead leaves or other ground,
rubbish. They produce flat, six-legged larvae. Thesel
 cr Ul AolVK>

K
<aSXS-
r&^-\
rj/Uj^- Srf^T
It's a 1ate/September Saturday afternoon in Bridgeport. ^u XV/C
Jetsun'&B3SB&' Chimey Luding sits on a raised cushion next to
a shrine on the second storey of a modest, grey stucco
Beckwith Road house.
A conversation with a reporter is disrupted by the
screaming, rumbling engines of a Boeing 747 on its descent
t o t h e n e a r b y n o r t h r u n w a y a t Va n c o u v e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l
A i r p o r t . T h e w i n d o w s s h a k e a n d t h e fl o o r s h i m m i e s a s i f i t ' s
a minor earthquake. The drill is repeated at intervals of
10-15 minutes.
How does the Tibetan Buddhist lama tolerate such noise,
especially when peace and quiet are some of the tenets of
the religious beliefs of her and her students?
The key to avoiding the noise is all in meditation and
concentration, says the jovial woman,.whose given name
O" "i i m' eryo! u rr j i emai n
n sc T e
~vel sr l ansot itn gn.o- ^t i csi nugl unLoli^ste^ ts^, t h a t ' s f i n e . I t
doesn't bother me, maybe some new students are bothered. But
if they can control their mind, I don't think it bothers."
The plane noise gets more bothersome, she says, when
v i s i t i n g l a m a s r e q u i r e t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f a t r a n s l a t o r.
"We have to stop because they cannot hear, but meditation is
no problem. Your mind is occupied with something that helps
you." ^
^ Luding, who will be 60 next year, was born in the Dolma "
oft\ \ijS^-~-Phodrang palace in Tibet and became a novice Buddhist nun at
% \ ^ t h e a g e o f s e v e n . W h e n s h e w a s 11 , s h e e m b a r k e d o n a fi v e -
month teaching assignment with nomadic tribes in the
n o r t h e r n p l a i n s o f Ti b e t .
S h e i s p a r t o f t h e S a k y a t r a d i t i o n , a Ti b e t a n B u d d h i s t
lineage that can be traced back more than a millennium.
Sakya Buddhists are known for convincing Mongolian leader
Kublai Khan to proclaim Buddhism the state religion. Unlike
other Buddhists, followers of Sakya don't_jdhprp tn fhp
tulku system which recognizesreincarnations. Lineage is,
instead, tTTe key to the pTopogation of Sakya.
Luding's younger brother, Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga, is the
41st holder of the Sakya throne and the second most revered
person in Buddhist protocol to the Dalai Lama. The frequent
visitor to Richmond spends much of his time in Dehra Dun,
India, where Luding plans to visit during an October
pilgrima^%^rAisjQiOn her itinerary is a visit with the Dalai
Lama ir^Dharm^aJLa>. The Dalai Lama has lived in north India
i n e x i l e s i n c e fl e e i n g f r o m a C h i n e s e a r m y c r a c k d o w n i n
Tibet in 1959. -Pro /a&^tU^. ( J^
Luding and her family migrated to Canada^in 1971 and settled
b r i e fl y i n A l b e r t a . A f r i e n d w h o w a s v i s i t i n g f r o m I n d i a
h e l p e d h e r s e t t l e i n Va n c o u v e r.
"My children were all born in India and Alberta's winter is
too cold," she says.
Luding and her husband worked at a Langley mushroom farm at
fi r s t , e v e n t u a l l y m o v i n g t o R i c h m o n d i n 1 9 7 4 . S h e n o w l i v e s
in a Blundell area house when she's not teaching at the ,
Beckwith Road house, which is called Sakya Tsechen Thubten U Ka
 Ling by her followers. The youngest of her four sons lives
o n t h e g r o u n d fl o o r.
"A lot of people are scared that Richmond is under sea
level, so they moved out of Richmond, but I'm not worried
about that," said Luding in a strong accent.
"Every week it's different (in Richmond)," she said. "When
we moved here, the roads were not wider, they were between
two ditches. Then they covered the ditch and made the roads
very nice. I love Richmond."
Of Luding's four sons, who range in age from 2 6 to 32, he>
second son is a high ranking lama. Khancrsar Shabdrurrg"""" -^Cu^xaVv^
Rinjjoclie-*^ who was visiting Luding in September, carries on
"fneSakya tradition of at least one son devoting his life to
Buddhist meditation and teaching.
Luding, clad in a burgundy robe, stands up to describe the
elements of her shrine, revealing the cushion which catches
the reporter's eye. Amid the accoutrements of Buddhism, the
ornate statuettes, water offering bowls and incense sits a
red and white pillow shaped like the head of Fritz the Cat.
"I bought it in Singapore," she laughs.
Before the reporter leaves the serene room, which is bathed
in sunlight, Luding is asked if she minds being called the
Lulu Island Lama.
She agrees that it is appropriate, and not just for the sake
of geography: one of her in-laws made light of her plump
tummy, she says.
" L u l u m e a n s j e l l y i n Ti b e t a n , s o h e s a y s m y c o u s i n ' s s i s t e r
lulu lives in Lulu Island."

-o
Sx^U^ -z

?Ar-T2, cA^<~^~&

J
Vancouver sakya centre nttp://2U0.s /. l s.y/sakya/ van-1 .ntn

VANCOUVER SAKYA CENTRE

[Logo]

Sakya Tsechen Thubten Ling

9471 Beckwith Road
Richmond, B.C.
Canada, V6X 1V8
Fax: (604) 275-1989. Telephone: (604) 244-9550
sakya@unixg.ubc.ca

"With attachment to this life - there is no Dharma student;

Attachment to the Three Realms - no renunciation;
Attachment to self-purpose - no Enlightenment Thought;
If grasping arises - there is no view."

Manjushri

IChimey Luding

The Sakya School

News & Updates

Schedule

Membership. ~ For More Information

^akmCentre Store
 <

O P *>
i
CD

C/

3 3
3 TJ 3
o 2. 3
n
p I
e>
P
>

t

cZ.
P
H
r1 3 P
3 <g
I
sr en !
<
to Gfl
re o
t fl t-h
<
g 3. $1 e.
3 o aa p
C
B
o 3
GO
3 g. o
o
a i?
CO

o
i-i
TJ
C
D
en o ^
I
P
r-t-
1
CD
obi
Ou
P
< o R
C P
P
Ut.
2.
3 p "
OQ c
r CD

X CD n
GO
W 3
rc -a el : 3
a.
3 co rV p
D- .
O ja CD
5' D" O CD p C/3
era P
CO
< cr
O
3
H

D
C 3* CD cr
CD
CD

CD
r-t-
t r
CD* 3 o
3 CD o
(Z) o cr. p cT
2
3 o
31 ttl
O CD 3
T3 -i v* X Da
o to 3- O
o CD >-h
3" p n CD

co
3
a.
3.g
o
I
3.
C
D
o
C
D
p
r--
>-s 83
O
CZ5
< CD *
CO f3. O
>1 CD CD
_
l* a'
P
OQ
en
CD 3 5
3 <r
a O
P H
CD p
R 2 2.
CO <
P
ps
<
P. GO %
C
D ~
M 3-
X D
C
r-t-
cr CD
CD
CD P CD
3
cr
> p 2L
>-t
Q, cr
O p
3
P CO 3 -

o 3
3 _ i[Q fa
o *p ' 3 CD
H*3
^9
< P 3
O P.
. p
-J P 3-1
en p

np o

p
a.
CI3.
5' 2*
p' o
p CD *
3 3
P
o o
go
H P

r ?
iaxya Resource uuide - Jett watt r

Who Am I ?

My name is Jeff Watt and I live in Vancouver, B.C., Canada. I am writing this for those who have asked what background I have for publishing
this Sakya Resource Guide. For the record -1 have no credentials and this Webpage is solely edited by me and does not necessarily represent any
Lama or official account of the Sakya School.

I have been a Buddhist since the very early seventies, first studying the Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra at the Universal Buddhist Temple in
Vancouver, B.C., under the wonderful guidance of Mr.Fung (who still teaches at the Temple). In 1973 I met Dezhung Rinpoche (biography) and
recieved Bodhisattva vows. He was to become my first Root Guru. 1974 was an important year as I met my 2nd most important teachers,
H.H.Sakya Trizin and Jetsun Chimey Luding. In October 19741 and five others took novice monks vows from H.H.Karmapa.

In the fall of 1975 after completing my first Bhutadamara retreat under the guidance and instructions of Jetsun Chimey I travelled to India to
recieve the Lamdre Tsogshe along with many other teachings and initiations from H.H.Sakya Trizin. I was fortunate at this time to meet and
spend many months with both Dzongsar Khyentse and Zimog Rinpoches. Shortly after my return to Canada the first Sakya Centre in Vancouver
was formed by Chimey Luding, Rinchen Luding, myself and two other Dharma friends. In the fall of 1976 I entered into a six month Hevajra
retreat again under the able guidance of Jetsun Chimey. At the conclusion of the retreat I stayed at the Luding home and conducted the 1 week
fire puja under the direction of Jetsun Chimey.

The late seventies were extremely busy with teaching visits from many Lamas most notably Dezhung Rinpoche, Dagchen Rinpoche of the
Phuntsok Podrang, Thinley Rinpoche, etc., and in 1979 by RH.Sakya Trizin who remained in Vancouver for six weeks teaching the Dharma
extensively. After this Geshe Thukje Wangchuk came to live with me in Vancouver for a number of months and taught me to read Tibetan as
well as teaching the Bodhicaryavatara to the members of the Centre. With the help of Dezhung Rinpoche's encouragement I was able to recieve
from Jestun Chimey the uncommon initiation of Vajrayogini, the protector Citipati, Sabala Garuda, and the scriptural transmissions for the
Eleven Yogas of Vajrayogini. These were the first initiations Jestun Chimey gave in the West.

In 19801 again travelled to India to recieve the deeper and more extensive Lamdre Lopshe from H.H.Sakya Trizin. I took Bhikshu ordination at
this time from Luding Khen, Dezhung Rinpoche, and Tarig Rinpoche as the main Khenpos. I spent some time in Nepal visiting Holy Sites with
Dezhung Rinpoche while living at Tarig Monastery. In 1985 I returned my monastic ordinations eleven years after taking up the begging bowl
for the first time.

In the mid-eighties Jestun Chimey began to take a more public role in the Sakya Centre and the name was changed to Sakya Tsechen Thubten
Ling. From the start of the Centre until now I have remained as either the President or Vice-President (mostly a western ceremonial title). In
1984-85 I studied Tibetan Language with Jeffrey Hopkins at the University of British Columbia. In 19861 entered U.B.C. as a full time student
and studied there until 1991. Not having graduated from High School I did not feel it inappropriate to leave University with one course short of a
B.A.
t-MW - Seattle Doy pronounced noiy leader - Jan. 23, iyyc> nttp://zub./.o.y/sakya/lama_l.ntn

4-year-old Seattle boy

pronounced holy leader
January 25,1996
Web posted at: 11:45 p.m. EST (0445 GMT)

From Correspondent Rusty Dornin

SEATTLE, Washington (CNN) - Nawang Kunga Tegchen Chakyl Nyima may be only 4 years old, but
he is already a legend. He is on his way to a Nepal monastery this week, where he will be treated as a holy leader because
Buddhists say that the Seattle boy is the reincarnation of a dearly beloved lama.

Before Lama Deschung Rinpochet died in 1987 he told his followers that he would be reincarnated in Seattle.
Oldman
Deschung Rinpochet was one of the highest lamas of Tibetan Buddhism's Sakya tradition and was forced into
exile in 1959 by the Chinese. The lama eventually came to the United States, where he helped a higher lama
establish a monastery in northern Seattle.

The boy's mother, Carolyn Lama, is also a Buddhist and a widowed daycare worker. Her last name, by marriage, is
coincidental. She says that she had dreams that told her of Nawang's fate. "I knew for sure because the highest teachers we
have; they also had dreams and signs in meditation," she says.

Buddhists believe that souls come back again and again until they reach complete enlightenment.

Lamas or teachers can choose when and where they will return.
A film called the "Little Buddha" also featured a Seattle boy who was believed to be a reincarnated as a lama, but
'Little Buddha' Buddhists and the film's producers say that there is no connection.

Carolyn Lama took her son two years ago to a Nepalese monastery, where he was recognized by the thousands of
Buddhist monks.

"We gave a dedication and we put him on a high throne and many people came to receive blessings from the child. He
ordained most of the monks in this last life, so they're very happy he's back to assume his role," says Lama Kunga Rinpochet.

Nawang, who will reside at the monastery for a decade or more, will study to be a spiritual teacher of his faith. Part of those studies will include
learning ancient Tibetan scriptures and mediation, as well as playtime.

Playtime will be set aside for His Holiness at the monastery, his instructors say. "There are a lot of children at his age in the
Carolyn
monastery so they will be carefully arranged around him," Lama Rinpochet says.
sakyaanita International mip:wwwz.nawaii.emi/-tsomo

| Sakyadhita
!
!
i
5
i 5

The International Association of

Buddhist Women

You are visitor number 1414to this web site since 6/22/97.

Sakyadhita - who are we?

Sakyadhita, the name of the International Association of Buddhist Women, means "Daughters of the Buddha." The objectives of Sakyadhita, as
expressed at its founding meeting in 1987 in Bodhgaya, India, are:

1. to promote world peace through the practice of the Buddha's teachings

2. to create a network of communications for Buddhist women throughout the world
3. to promote harmony and understanding among the various Buddhist traditions
4. to encourage and help educate women as teachers of Buddhadharma
5. to provide improved facilities for women to study and practice the teachings
6. to help establish the Bhikshuni Sangha (community of fully-ordained nuns) where it does not
currently exist.

To join Sakyadhita please see the Membership page.

Cyberdhita - Sakyadhita on the Web

# Fifth International Conference on Buddhist Women Phnom Penh, Cambodia, December 29, 1997 to January 4, 1998
# Back Issues of the Sakyadhita Newsletter
# Bibliography: Women and the female in Buddhism
+ Events. Retreats and Teachings by and for Buddhist women
i Buddhist Women's Projects
 ne iiakya l radition nttp:///Ub.8 /. i D.y/sakya/sa-mst.ntn

The Sakya Tradition

The History of Sakya begins with a race of celestial beings having descended from the Clear Light heavens in the Realm of Form to take up
residence in the snow mountains of Tibet for the benefit of living beings. This was ten generations before the arrival of Guru Padmasambhava. At
this time they were known as "Lha Rig." After eight generations, due to a dispute with a Yaksha leader, the "Lha Rig" also became known as the
"Khon" which means 'dispute' or 'strife.' In 750 A.D. the Khon family became students of Guru Padmasambhava receiving especially the
Vairakila empowerment, and one of the Khon sons received novice monk ordination from Shantirakshita at Samye, becoming one of the first
seven monk translators in all of Tibet. For the next thirteen generations (750-1073), the Khon family was a central pillar of the Nyingma School
in Tsang Province.

In the eleventh century due to the obscurations of beings, Dharma practice became very lax in Tsang. It was decided by the head of the Khon
family, Sherab Tsultrim, that it was time to seek out the new Tantras from India. Guru Padmasambhava wrote; "An emanation of the Indian
Virupa - Drogmi Lotsawa will appear." The younger brother, Konchog Gyalpo, went to study with Drogmi Lotsawa (992-1074). At an auspicious
location, below a white patch of earth (sa-skya), prophesied by Guru Padmasambhava and Lord Atisha, Khon Konchog Gyalpo built the first
temple named the Gorum Zimci Karpo in 1073. This is the beginning of the name "Sakya." The holy family that are the hereditary leaders of this
precious lineage are known by these three names; "Lha Rig, Khon and Sakya."

Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092-1158), the son of Khon Konchog Gyalpo, was a person of extraordinary skill and spiritual attainment who held all
the lineages of Sutra and Tantra. His main teachers were his father from whom he received mainly the Vajrakilaya and Samputa Systems of
practice; from Bari Lotsawa, Chakrasamvara, Guhyasamaja, Yamantaka etc.; from Shangton Chobar, the entire Lamdre system over a period of
four years, and he also received Mahamaya and Samayogadakinijala; From Mai Lotsawa Lodro Drag, the Chakrasamvara, Yamantaka, the
teachings of the Mahasiddha Naropa, namely the Vajrayogini, and most imoprtantly he received the lineages of Panjarnatha Mahakala. From
Lama Nam Ka'upa he received all the instructions, outer, inner and secret of the Four-faced Protector Caturmukha. These are only the main Gurus
of Sachen Kunga Nyingpo.

At the age of twelve while in a six month Manjushri retreat he had a vision of Manjushri accompanied by two bodhisattvas who spoke to him
with the lines of the "Separation From The Four Attachments;"

"With attachment to this life - there is no Dharma student;

Attachment to the Three Realms - no renunciation;
Attachment to self-purpose - no Enlightenment Thought;
If grasping arises - there is no view."

Sachen Kunga Nyingpo received the Lamdre teaching first from Shangton Chobar, secondly, directly from Virupa in a series of visions that
lasted a month. This is known as the 'recent' or 'close' Lamdre lineage. Sachen had four sons - Kunga Bar, Sonam Tsemo, Jetsun Dakpa Gyaltsen
and palchen Rinpochey. The first died while studying at Nalanda in India. The second son Sonam Tsemo (1142-82) became a learned scholar at
the early age of sixteen. At the age of forty-one he ascended bodily to Khecara, the divine realm of Vajra Yogini. He had visions of many
meditational deities and also produced many realised disciples. Jetsun Dakpa Gyaltsen (1147-1216) received lay celibacy vows and showed
strong signs of spiritual maturity in his youth. At the age of eleven he gave his first Hevajra teaching.
i tie baxya Tradition nttp://2Uo.a /. I a.y/saxya/sa-nist.ntn

Like other traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, a number of branch lineages emerged. The lineages which strictly hold to the teachings of Sakya
Pandita Kunga Gyaltsen are Sakya, Ngor and Tsar. Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo (1382-1457) and successive masters such as Konchok Lhundrup,
Thartse Namkha Palzang and Drubkhang Palden Dhondup founded the Ngor lineage. Tsarchen Losal Gyatso (1502-56), followed by Jamyang
Khyentse Wangchuk and Mangtho Ludrup Gyatso founded the Tsar lineage. Three other traditions rooted in the Sakya lineage are; the
Bulug/Shalu founded by Buton Thamche Khyenpa, the Jonang founded by Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen and followed by Jonang Taranatha; and the
Bodong founded by Bodong Panchen Chogle Namgyal. The Dzongpa of Dzongpa Kunga Namgyal has also been treated as a separate lineage.
"But among all these [Sakya] traditions, there are only a few minor differences which appear in their explanations and theories of Sutra and
Tantra," - Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Chokyi Lodro. Concerning the view, in Tibet, three interpretations of Madyamika have arisen; Nihilistic
Madyamika, Eternalistic Madyamika (shan tong) and Middle-way Madyamika. The Sakyapa follow the Middle-way Madyamika as taught by
Sakya Pandita and ellucidated by Gorampa Sonam Senge and others.
The heart of the Sakya Tradition is Lamdre (Lam-'bras), the Path and Its Result, one of the most comprehensive and systematically organized
meditative systems of Buddhism in Tibet. Originating with the Mahasiddha Virupa having received the Hevajra empowerments directly from
Vajra Nairatmya the teaching has continued down through Indian Mahasiddhas and Tibetan translators to the great masters of the Sakya
Tradition. At the time of Muchen Sempa Chenpo Konchok Gyaltsen, a disciple of Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo, lamdre was divided into two
sub-traditions: the Explanation for Private Disciples - the uncommon teaching (sLob-bshad) and for Assemblies - the common teaching
(Tshog-bshad) traditions. The philosophical viewpoint expressed in the Path and Its Result is the 'Non-differentiation of Samsara and Nirvana'
and the 'Inseparability of Clarity and Emptiness.' According to this, an individual cannot attain nirvana (peace) by abandoning samsara (cyclic
existence), because the mind is the root of both samsara and nirvana. When obscured, it takes the form of samsara and when freed of oscurations
it is nirvana. Therefore, the reality is that a person must strive through meditation to realise their inseparability.

Within Sakya, of the hundreds of Indian teachings assimulated into the religious life of Tibet through the efforts of the Five Founding Teachers
the most famous were the Hevajra transmission originating with Virupa, the Vajrakila of Padmasambhava, the Vajrayogini of Naropa, the
Mahakala of Vararuci, and the Guhyasamaja of Nagarjuna. These five Indian Mahasiddhas are considered the most renowned in Sakya. Aside
from these teachings are the Thirteen Golden Dharmas, Cakrasamvara, Samputa, Vajra Bhairava, Kalacakra, Achala etc., etc.

In the Sakya monastic colleges eighteen major texts are thoroughly studied. Currently there are only a few colleges, the main one in Rajpur India
and a second being built at Boudhanath in Kathmandu Nepal under the direction of Khenpo Appey. A few still remain open in Tibet such as
Dzongsar Khamje Ling. The eighteen texts deal with the Perfection of Wisdom, Monastic Discipline, Madyamaka View, Phenomenology, Logic
and Epistemology. Commentaries unique to the tradition are the Discrimination of the Three Vows and the Treasury of Logic on Valid Cognition
by Sakya Pandita also the works of Gorampa Sonam Senge are especially imortant, amongst others. On graduation, a monk is granted the degree
of Kazhipa, Kachupa and Rabjampa on the basis of merit.

The major Sakya monasteries in Central Tibet are Lhakhang Chenmo founded by Khon Konchok Gyalpo (the main Sakya monastery), Ngor
Ewam Choden founded by Ewam Kunga Zangpo (the main Ngorpa monastery), Dar Drangmoche in Tsang founded by Tsarchen Losal Gyatso
(the main Tsarpa monastery), Nalanda in Phenpo built by Rongton Sheja Kunrig and Tsedong Sisum Namgyal established by Namkha Tashi
Gyeltsen; in Kham Dhondup Ling founded by Dagchen Sherab Gyaltsen, Lhundrup Teng of Dege founded by Thangtong Gyalpo, as well as
Dzongsar monastery the home of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo and Chokyi Lodro; and Deur Chode built by Chodak Sangpo in Amdo. In all, there
were several thousand Sakya Monasteries spreading from China and Mongolia to Western Tibet, Kashmir, Nepal and India.

Presently, Tsechen Tenpai Gatsal in Rajpur, U.P. and Sa Magon in Puruwalla, H.P. are the two main Sakya Monasteries. Ngor Ewam Choden in
Maduwalla, Dehradun is the main Ngorpa monastery. Tashi Rabten Ling at Lumbini, along with two other monasteries in Kathmandu, Nepal
Document Heading into nttp://www.ozemaii.com.au/~ratsapno/5aJcya/5aKya 1 nzm.ntn

His Holiness Sakya Trizin

H.H. Sakya Trizin I

His Holiness Sakya Trizin is the 41st Patriarch of the Khon Sakya Lineage and He is regarded to be the human form of Manjushri.
The title "Sakya Trizin" means "Holder of the Throne of Sakya". His Holiness is one of the most outstanding religious Masters of
Tibet and second in protocol only to H.H. Dalai Lama.

He was born in Tibet in 1945, and became head of Sakya School at the age of seven. From his earliest years, His Holiness received
intensive training in the philosophy and spiritual practices of the Sakya School.

His Holiness has founded a number of monasteries and the main Sakya Monastery is situated in Rajpur, near Mussoorie in Northern
India. Under the guidance of His Holiness, the Sakyapa tradition has established over thirty monasteries in Nepal and India. The
Sakyapa tradition has about 3000 monks and nuns.
Since 1974 His Holiness has travelled extensively, giving countless teachings in Europe, America, South-East Asia and Australia.

By means of profound wisdom and compassion, supported by his excellent command of English, he has helped large numbers of
Western students to achieve a greater insight inti Tibetan Buddhism.
 Jetsun Kusho Chimey Luding

| [Log?]]
Jetsun Kusho was born in 1938, the year of the Earth Tiger, as the first child of Yabse Kunga Rinchen of the Drolma Podrang. She is the sister of
the present Sakya Trizin Ngawang Kunga. She became a novice nun at the age of seven and completed her first retreat, Bhutadamara Vajrapani,
at ten. At age eleven her father sent her on a five month teaching assignment among the nomadic tribes of the northern plains of Tibet. Her main
teachers were her father - Kunga Rinchen, Dampa Rinpoche Shenpen Nyingpo and Khangsar Shabdrung Rinpoche of Ngor Ewam, Khenpo
Jampal Zangpo, and Khenpo Ngawang Lodro Rinchen. (More to follow).

[Jr^

News & Updates

Asia: In the 4th week of September, Jetsun Kusho Chimey Luding will lead a two week pilgrimage to the main holy sites of India. (Details
to follow), after which she will remain in India for several months.

1st & 2nd Week of October: Buddhist Holy Sites Pilgrimage.

3rd Week: Teachings from H.H.Sakya Trizin and Luding Khen Rinpoche in Rajpur, India.

4th Week: Visit to Dharmsala.

An Ornate Vajrasattva Statue, three feet in height has been ordered especially for our 'new' centre by Jetsun Kusho. The statue is currently
on route from Nepal. All those wishing to make donations towards this may do so c/o The Secretary, STTL.

I f1^

1 of 2 10/01/97 12:02:0f
<c
 .. voriy 9U's was a very ousy pcauu ui uaiiamung iui me wim most or the translations being compietea on jcisun umneys Kitchen
table.

In 1976 a monk brother who had taken ordination at the same time as I went into a cave retreat in the dry interior of British Columbia. Dezhung
Rinpoche encouraged me to provide him with provisions and the necessities of retreat telling me again and again of the vast amounts of merit
gained by such practice of sustaining the Sangha and Yogis. In 1983 or 84 the monk Sherab Nyima left the cave for a number of years. 3 years
ago he resumed his retreat in the cave although less strict than the first 7 1/2 years.
From 1981 up to the present I have maintained a retreat cabin North of Sherab Nyima's cave. I visit the cabin 3-4 times a year for retreats ranging
from 3 days to 3 months. It is quite common to spend 3 months without seeing another person. The nights are filled with the howls of coyotes and
wolves and the days are filled with the sights of elk, mountain goats, moose and bear. 2000 feet above the cabin is a cave where I often spend my
days - it gives an unrestricted view - above and below, and in the spring and summer the air is permeated with the fragrance of sage and
ponderosa pine. I am not keen on pharmaceutical drugs and pick almost all of my medicinal herbs from the valley floor and the steep sides that
rise 3 to 4 thousand feet above. Although it has a Western name, I prefer to call it Medicine Valley because everywhere I look I see medicinal
herbs and the place of meditation above I call the Sky Cave.

Most of the Sakya Lamas living today I regard as my Gurus, aside from these I have recieved teachings and initiations from H.H.Karmapa,
H.H.Dudjom Rinpoche, H.E.Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche in actuality Manjushri himself, Khalu Rinpoche, Karma Thinley Rinpoche, etc. Of all
these Gurus, Dezhung Rinpoche has been like my father and Jetsun Chimey has been like my Mother. Their kindness has never wained and they
truly embody the mahasiddhas of old.

Presently unemployed, my time is taken up with study, translating and as of recently, helping to organize the landscaping of the nearly one acre
that the Sakya Tsechen Thubten Ling Centre is situated on. For those so inclined, please make use of this Webpage. All of our times grow short,
and breath diminishes with age, heed the teaching of impermanence.

Jeff Watt

Vancouver, British Columbia

D
SAKYA

lof] 10/01/97 12:19:^

cr'5.
 fteiuDership form

We wish to offer comprehensive resources to assist Buddhist women around the world in their efforts to practise the Dharma and to create a
better world. Resources to appear on this site shortly include:

information on the Bhikshuni ordination

women in Buddhism
details of local and national contacts world-wide.
female deities

Thanks to Julia Milton for developing many of these pages for Sakyadhita.
For comments and suggestions please email Karma Lekshe Tsomo, tsomo@hawaii.edu.

This page is maintained by Brian Wagner, e-mail brianw@electriciti.com

This page was last updated on Sept. 23,1997.

1 of i 10/01/97 11:58:4/
 l41v .x^xx ocuucilt Oi Jetsun ^oivpd uyaitseri was ins nephew, soil 01 riv..ai or opowicy-uieianiuua ^a^^ "u... fe ^,v.. v--i-o*- ^w^,.
Sakya Pandita studied Buddhist and non-Buddhist philosophy, tantra, logic, Sanskrit, poetry, astrology and art with countless Indian, Nepalese,
Kashmiri and Tibetan masters and achieved mastery over them. When he was twenty-seven years old, after meeting with the Kashmiri Pandita
Shakya Shribhadra, he became a fully ordained monk and maintained his vows without the least infraction. His works such as the Treasury of
Logic on Valid Cognition (Tsad-ma rigs-gter) and the Discrimination of the Three Vows (sDom-gsum rab-dbye) are famous to the present day, in
all he wrote 114 religious treatises. The Treasury of Logic on Valid Cognition (Tsad-ma rigs-gter) was the only text of Tibetan origin ever to
have been translated into Sanskrit. The translation was rendered by his Indian students at Nalanda University in Magadha, and was received with
much acclaim. "At the time of his mahaparinirvana, the earth shook six times and birds throughout the kingdom cried in lament. Wondrous signs
were seen by the assembly of disciples and kings when the pyre was lit, and all who were present experienced blissful peace. Having attained
perfect enlightenment by the grace of Manjunatha, he is known to the world as the Buddha Vimalasri."
"With wide eyes perceiving all things,
And compassionately achieving the good of all beings;
Having power performing acts beyond thought.
Guru Manjunatha, to your feet I bow my head."

In 1244, Godan Khan, grandson of Chingis Khan, intrigued by Sakya Pandita's reputation, invited him to Mongolia, where he gave Buddhist
teachings. Later, in 1253, after both Sakya Pandita and Godan Khan had passed away, the emperor, Sechen Kublai Khan invited Drogon Chogyal
Phagpa. nephew of Sakya Pandita to his court. Phagpa invented a new script in which to write the Mongolian language. Kublai Khan was so
impressed by Phagpa's performance that he declared Buddhism the state religion of Mongolia and presented him the rule of the three provinces of
Tibet. Thus, Phagpa was the first person in Tibetan history to gain religious and secular authority over the whole country. It was at this time that
the great temple Lhakang Chenmo was completed in Sakya. To this day it still stands and houses the greatest religious library in Tibet. Phagpa
was succeeded by his brother Chagna and altogether the Sakyapas ruled Tibet for more than a hundred years.

Eventually, Tishri Kunglo (1299-1327), eldest of the fifteen grandsons of Sakya Pandita's brother, founded four dynastic Palaces (Phodrang):
Zhithog, Rinchen Gang, Lhakhang and Ducho, of which only the last survives. In the eighteenth century at the time of Sakya Trizin Wangdu
Nyingpo, the Ducho Palace split into two - the Dolma Phodrane and Phuntsok Phodrang. The present heads of these two palaces are His Holiness
Sakva Trizin Ngawang Kunga (b. 1945) of the Drolma Palace, the current head of the Sakya tradition, the 41st holder of the Sakya Throne, and
living in Dehra Dun, India. His Holiness has two sons. H.H. Sakya Trizin has a sister, Jetsunma Chimey Luding, that teaches extensively
throughout the world. H.E. Dagchen Rinpoche (b. 1929) of the Phuntsok Palace founded Sakya Thegchen Choling in Seattle, Wash. U.S.A.
Dagchen Rinpoche has one brother, H.E. Thinlev Rinpoche. who is a monk and also teaches. Dagchen Rinpoche also has five sons. The second
son, Ananda Vajra Rinpoche, an accomplished lawyer, is currently living in Dharamsala, India, assisting the Dalai Lama with legal and
constitutional matters Succession to the position of Sakya Trizin, head of the Sakya tradition, has been hereditary since the time of Khon
Konchok Gyalpo and recently - alternates between the two palaces.

Amongst the principal holders of the Sakya tradition, Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092-1158), Sonam Tsemo (1142-1182), Dakpa Gyaltsen
(1147-1216), Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltsen (1182-1251) and Drogon Chogyal Phagpa (1235-1280) are known as the Five Patriarchs of the
Sakya tradition. The first three are known as "the Three White Ones" and the last two as "the Two Red Ones." After them, were the Six
Ornaments of Tibet: Yakton Sangye Pal and Rongton Mawe Senge, who were famous for their knowledge of sutra teachings; Ngorchen Kunga
Zangpo and Dzongpa Kunga Namgyal - learned in the tantras; Gorampa Sonam Senge and Shakya Chogden - learned in both sutras and tantras.
These are the most important masters of the Sakya tradition. Amongst them, Gorampa Sonam Senge instituted the formal study of logic.

1 of 2 10/01/97 12:11:1.'
protocol only to H.H. Dalai Lama. Luding Khen Rinpoche is the Head of the Ngor School and Chokye Trichen Rinpoche is head of the Tsar
School.

Please contact me at "wattj@direct.ca"

IjeffWatt

Vancouver, British Columbia

n

SAKYA

10/01/97 12:1 l:1f