1.

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEVATORS

1.1. Based on Drive System

a. Single Speed AC
b. Two Speed AC
c. DCVV(Variable Voltage)
d. ACVV(Thyristor)
e. VVVF (Variable Voltage Variable Frequency)

a. Single speed

This is the system where in direct online starting of the hoist motor is done.
This is highly suitable for low elevator speeds (normally 0.63m/s).
The motors are specially designed to provided a high starting torque (225%).
The stator windings are connected in star and switched directly across the lines.
Smoother acceleration and jerk less start is achieved by fly wheel on the motor shaft.

Fig a. Motor Winding

b. Two Speed Drive System

For this Drive system two speed induction motors are used.
Two speed induction motors consist of two separate windings wound in the same slot
represented as high speed or low speed windings having a speed ratio or either 4:1 or 6:1.
This is different from single speed in that as a lower leveling speed is provided to
Improve the deceleration and leveling characteristics.
While starting the slow speed winding is switched on the elevator accelerates and runs at
a high speed. When a stop is to be made at a floor, the high speed winding is
disconnected and the low speed winding is simultaneously connected. The motor
decelerates under regenerative braking.
Since the brakes are applied while the elevator is running at a much lower speed, the final
stopping is comparatively smoother and the leveling accuracy is also better when
compared to single speed elevator.
 Highi speed winding Low speed winding
4 : 1
6 : 1

C. DC-VV

The DC-VV drive system is modern electronic drive control system for use with elevators
employing geared DC drive units and motors generators sets.
The drive control system employs generator field control for controlling line elevator
motor speed the field current being controlled by thyristor controlled rectifier.
The system also employs a reverse bucking field to allow proper control of the final
leveling speed against varying load conditions.
Can be given for speeds up to 1.5m/s.

D. Thyristor Drive

Thyristor drives are step-less speed control system for a two speed induction motor.
Its greatest advantages are constant acceleration and deceleration and good stopping
accuracy. It is a system where by the firing angle of the thyristors so that the power
through which is fed to the induction motor is also varied.
 The acceleration/deceleration take place steplessly and that floor level is reached direct
w/p a separate creeping phase. This shortens the driving rime as compared to that of two
speed
The ride comfort is comparable to that of DC drives. However the lower cost of an A.C
motor and the low servicing requirements make the system more preferative in buildings
which require 1m/s or 1.5m/s elevators.

E. Variable Voltage Variable Frequency

Poor start and stop comfort, high starting current, high energy consumption, hrake liner
wear, poor leveling were the disadvantages of SS. TS drives. DC-VV drives were better
off in ride comfort bur maintenance is a difficult problem.
With the availability of cost effective power transistors and micro-computers, the variable
frequency drive has became the drive for the elevator applications.

Fig E. Variable Voltage Variable Frequency Drive

In these system frequencies of applied voltage is varied to vary the speed. Also to ensure
that the required torques generated throughout the speed range, the flux has to be
maintained constant. Hence voltage is varied along with frequency.
Advantages

Low starting current 1.2 to 1.8 times compared to 4-5 times in case of SS/TS.
High power factor close to 0.9 throughout the operation.
Low initial buikding costs- Real savings in fuse rating and vanling
Due to low starting current- the energy consumption as compared to TS is 50%.
VVVF controlled elevators offers smooth running without jerks/vibrations.
VVVF ensures accurate leveling of +or -5mm.

2. Types of Motors Used In Elevators

The latest elevator designs use 3-phase induction motors with variable frequency drive
electronic controls. Some may also use a similar system with permanent magnet (brushless) DC
motors. Some current and prior designs may use commutator-type DC motors with electronic
controls. Through practically the entire 20th century, elevators used an AC motor driving a DC
Generator feeding power to a DC motor in a configuration called a Ward-Leonard system. For
elevators going only 2 or 3 stories, a hydraulic system is used with a simple single-phase or 3-
phase motor driving a hydraulic pump.

2.1 Induction Motor

One of the most common motor used in most applications which is known as induction
motor. This motor is also called as asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less than
synchronous speed. In this, we need to define what synchronous speed is. Synchronous speed is
the speed of rotation of the magnetic field in a rotary machine and it depends upon the frequency
and number poles of the machine. An induction motor always runs at a speed less than
synchronous speed because the rotating magnetic field which is produced in the stator will
generate flux in the rotor which will make the rotor to rotate, but due to the lagging of
flux current in the rotor with flux current in the stator, the rotor will never reach to its
rotating magnetic field speed i.e. the synchronous speed. There are basically two types of
induction motor that depend upon the input supply - single phase induction motor and three
phase induction motor. Single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor which we will
discuss later and three phase induction motor is a self-starting motor. Now in general we need to
give two supply i.e. double excitation to make a machine to rotate. For example if we consider
a DC motor, we will give one supply to the stator and another to the rotor through brush
arrangement.

Working Principle of Induction Motor

But in induction motor we give only one supply, so it is really interesting to know that
how it works. It is very simple, from the name itself we can understand that there is induction
process occurred. Actually when we are giving the supply to the stator winding, flux will
generate in the coil due to flow of current in the coil. Now the rotor winding is arranged in such a
way that it becomes short circuited in the rotor itself. The flux from the stator will cut the coil in
the rotor and since the rotor coils are short circuited, according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, current will start flowing in the coil of the rotor. When
the current will flow, another flux will get generated in the rotor. Now there will be two flux, one
is stator flux and another is rotor flux and the rotor flux will be lagging to the stator flux. Due to
this, the rotor will feel a torque which will make the rotor to rotate in the direction of rotating
magnetic flux. So the speed of the rotor will be depending upon the ac supply and the speed can
be controlled by varying the input supply. This is the working principle of an induction motor of
either type.

2.1.1. Types Induction Motor

Single Phase Induction Motor

 1. Split phase induction motor

2. Capacitor start induction motor

3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor

4. Shaded pole induction motor

Three Phase Induction Motor

1. Squirrel cage induction motor

2. Slip ring induction motor

We had mentioned above that single phase induction motor is not a self starting and three
phase induction motor is self starting. So what is self starting? When the machine starts running
automatically without any external force to the machine, then it is called as self starting. For
example we see that when we press the key the fan starts to rotate automatically, so it is self
starting. Point to be note that fan used in home appliances is single phase induction motor but it
is self starting.

2.1.2. Construction of Induction motor

The three phase induction motor is the most widely used electrical motor. Almost 80% of the
mechanical power used by industries is provided by three phase induction motors because of its
simple and rugged construction, low cost, good operating characteristics, absence of commutator
and good speed regulation. In three phase induction motor the power is transferred from stator to
rotor winding through induction. The Induction motor is also calledasynchronous motor as it
runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed.
Like any other electrical motor induction motor also have two main parts namely rotor and stator

1. Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A stator
winding is placed in the stator of induction motor and the three phase supply is given to
it.
 2. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.

The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as

1. Squirrel cage rotor,

2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.

Depending upon the type of rotor construction used the three phase induction motor are
classified as:

1. Squirrel cage induction motor,

2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor.

The construction of stator for both the kinds of three phase induction motor remains the same
and is discussed in brief in next paragraph.

The other parts, which are required to complete the induction motor, are:

1. Shaft for transmitting the torque to the load. This shaft is made up of steel.

2. Bearings for supporting the rotating shaft.

3. One of the problems with electrical motor is the production of heat during its rotation. In
order to overcome this problem we need fan for cooling.

4. For receiving external electrical connection Terminal box is needed.

5. There is a small distance between rotor and stator which usually varies from 0.4 mm to 4
mm. Such a distance is called air gap.
Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor

The stator of the three phase induction motor consists of three main parts :

1. Stator frame,

2. Stator core,

3. Stator winding or field winding.

It is the outer most part of the three phase induction motor. Its main function is to support the
stator core and the field winding. It acts as a covering and it provide protection and mechanical
strength to all the inner parts of the induction motor. The frame is either made up of die cast or
fabricated steel. The frame of three phase induction motor should be very strong and rigid as the
air gap length of three phase induction motor is very small, otherwise rotor will not remain
concentric with stator, which will give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull.
Stator Core
The main function of the stator core is to carry the alternating flux. In order to reduce the eddy
current loss, the stator core is laminated. These laminated types of structure are made up of
stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping are stamped together to form
stator core, which is then housed in stator frame. The stamping is generally made up of silicon
steel, which helps to reduce the hysteresis loss occurring in motor.
Stator Winding or Field Winding
The slots on the periphery of stator core of the three phase induction motor carries three
phase windings. This three phase winding is supplied by three phase ac supply. The three phases
of the winding are connected either in star or delta depending upon which type of starting
method is used. The squirrel cage motor is mostly started by star delta stater and hence the
stator of squirrel cage motor is delta connected. The slip ring three phase induction motor are
started by inserting resistances so, the stator winding of slip ring induction motor can be
connected either in star or delta. The winding wound on the stator of three phase induction
motor is also called field winding and when this winding is excited by three phase ac supply it
produces a rotatingmagnetic field.
2.2.3. Types of Three Phase Induction Motor

1. Squirrel cage three phase induction motor:

The rotor of the squirrel cage three phase induction motor is cylindrical in shape and have
slots on its periphery. The slots are not made parallel to each other but are bit skewed (skewing is
not shown in the figure of squirrel cadge rotor beside) as the skewing prevents magnetic locking
of stator and rotor teeth and makes the working of motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel
cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars (copper bras rotor is shown in the figure
beside). These aluminum, brass or copper bars are called rotor conductors and are placed in the
slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are permanently shorted by the copper or
aluminum rings called the end rings. In order to provide mechanical strength these rotor
conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling like a
cage and hence got its name as "squirrel cage induction motor". The squirrel cage rotor winding
is made symmetrical. As the bars are permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor resistance is
very small and it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars are permanently shorted.
The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of Squirrel cage three phase
induction motor very simple and robust and hence widely used three phase induction motor.
These motors have the advantage of adapting any number of pole pairs. The below diagram
shows squirrel cage induction rotor having aluminum bars short circuit by aluminum end rings.
Advantages of squirrel cage induction rotor

a. Its construction is very simple and rugged.

b. As there are no brushes and slip ring, these motors requires less maintenance.

2. Slip ring or wound three phase induction motor :

In this type of three phase induction motor the rotor is wound for the same number of poles
as that of stator but it has less number of slots and has less turns per phase of a heavier
conductor.The rotor also carries star or delta winding similar to that of stator winding. The rotor
consists of numbers of slots and rotor winding are placed inside these slots. The three end
terminals are connected together to form star connection. As its name indicates three phase slip
ringinduction motor consists of slip rings connected on same shaft as that of rotor. The three ends
of three phase windings are permanently connected to these slip rings. The external
resistance can be easily connected through the brushes and slip rings and hence used for speed
control and improving the starting torque of three phase induction motor. The brushes are used to
carry current to and from the rotor winding. These brushes are further connected to three phase
star connected resistances. At starting, the resistance are connected in rotor circuit and is
gradually cut out as the rotor pick up its speed. When the motor is running the slip ring are
shorted by connecting a metal collar, which connect all slip ring together and the brushes are also
removed. This reduces wear and tear of the brushes. Due to presence of slip rings and brushes the
rotor construction becomes somewhat complicated therefore it is less used as compare to squirrel
cage induction motor.
 Slip Ring Three Phase Induction Motor

Advantages of slip ring induction motor

a. It has high starting torque and low starting current.

b. Possibility of adding additional resistance to control speed.

Application:
Slip ring induction motor are used where high starting torque is required i.e in hoists,
cranes, elevator etc.
2.2 Synchronous Motors
Electrical motor in general is an electro-mechanical device that converts energy from
electrical domain to mechanical domain. Based on the type of input we have classified it into
single phase and 3 phase motors. Among 3 phase induction motors and synchronous motors are
more widely used.
When a 3 phase electric conductors are placed in a certain geometrical positions (In certain
angle from one another) there is an electrical field generate. Now the rotating magnetic
fieldrotates at a certain speed, that speed is called synchronous speed. Now if an electromagnet is
present in this rotating magnetic field, the electromagnet is magnetically locked with this
rotating magnetic field and rotates with same speed of rotating field. Synchronous motors is
called so because the speed of the rotor of this motor is same as the rotating magnetic field. It is
basically a fixed speed motor because it has only one speed, which is synchronous speed and
therefore no intermediate speed is there or in other words its in synchronism with the supply
frequency. Synchronous speed is given by

2.2.1. Construction of Synchronous Motor

Normally it's construction is almost similar to that of a 3 phase induction motor, except

the fact that the rotor is given dc supply, the reason of which is explained later. Now, let us first
go through the basic construction of this type of motor.

From the above picture, it is clear that how this type of motors are designed. The stator is given
three phase supply and the rotor is given dc supply.

2.2.2. Main Features of Synchronous Motors

1. Synchronous motors are inherently not self starting. They require some external means
to bring their speed close to synchronous speed to before they are synchronized.

2. The speed of operation of is in synchronism with the supply frequency and hence for
constant supply frequency they behave as constant speed motor irrespective of load
condition

3. This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical power factor.
This makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement.
2.2.3. Principle of Operation Synchronous Motor
Synchronous motor is a doubly excited machine i.e two electrical inputs are provided to
it. Its stator winding which consists of a 3 phase winding is provided with 3 phase supply and
rotor is provided with DC supply. The 3 phase stator winding carrying 3 phase currents produces
3 phase rotating magnetic flux. The rotor carrying DC supply also produces a constant flux.
Considering the frequency to be 50 Hz, from the above relation we can see that the 3 phase
rotating flux rotates about 3000 revolution in 1 min or 50 revolutions in 1 sec. At a particular
instant rotor and stator poles might be of same polarity (N-N or S-S) causing repulsive force on
rotor and the very next second it will be N-S causing attractive force. But due to inertia of the
rotor, it is unable to rotate in any direction due to attractive or repulsive force and remain in
standstill condition. Hence it is not self starting.

To overcome this inertia, rotor is initially fed some mechanical input which rotates it in
same direction as magnetic field to a speed very close to synchronous speed. After some time
magnetic locking occurs and the synchronous motor rotates in synchronism with the frequency.
2.2.4. Methods of Starting of Synchronous Motor

1. Synchronous motors are mechanically coupled with another motor. It could be either 3
phase induction motor or DC shunt motor. DC excitation is not fed initially. It is rotated
at speed very close to its synchronous speed and after that DC excitation is given. After
some time when magnetic locking takes place supply to the external motor is cut off.

2. Damper winding : In case, synchronous motor is of salient pole type, additional winding
is placed in rotor pole face. Initially when rotor is standstill, relative speed between
damper winding and rotating air gap flux in large and an emf is induced in it which
produces the required starting torque. As speed approaches synchronous speed , emf and
torque is reduced and finally when magnetic locking takes place, torque also reduces to
zero. Hence in this case synchronous is first run as three phase induction motor using
additional winding and finally it is synchronized with the frequency.

2.2.5. Application of Synchronous Motor

1. Synchronous motor having no load connected to its shaft is used for power factor
improvement. Owing to its characteristics to behave at any electrical power factor, it is
used in power system in situations where static capacitors are expensive.
 2. Synchronous motor finds application where operating speed is less (around 500 rpm) and
high power is required. For power requirement from 35 kW to 2500 KW, the size, weight
and cost of the corresponding three phase induction motor is very high. Hence these
motors are preferably used. Ex- Reciprocating pump, compressor, rolling mills etc.

3. POWER AND CONTROL CIRCUITS OF MOTOR

The path of the current is called the circuit. Electrical circuit can be divided into

1. Power circuit

2. Control circuit

The part where the electrical power is going to the electrical load is known as power circuit.
If it is controlled by some electrical equipment like relays then that circuit is known as
control circuit.

If the electrical load is small, these two circuits can be the same. But for larger elcctrical
load the power and control circuits will be different.

In above circuit the motor can be controlled by the switch S. which takes only a small current for
activating the relay coil, whatever may be the current taken by the motor. So by using the switch
S of the control circuit the motor can be operated safely. Or else the full load current of the motor
will not pass through the control circuit and switch S. so the motor can operated rarely.

3.1. Power Diagram for Forward Reverse Motor

If the relay A will activate the motor will tun in forward direction. If the relay B will activate the
motor will run in reverse bias. Motor that can be run in forward and reverse, are commonly used
to open or close the doors.

4.CAR WIRING DRAWINGS

4.1 Emergency Alarm Circuit

4.2 Car Wiring Circuit

5.EARTHING DRAWINGS

5.1 Layout for Machine Room Earthing

5.2 Lay Out for Car Top Earthing

5.3 Earthing Procedure

The important methods of earthing are the plate earthing and the pipe earthing. The earth
resistance for copper wire is 1 ohm and that of G I wire less than 3 ohms. The earth resistance
should be kept as low as possible so that the neutral of any electrical system, which is earthed, is
maintained almost at the earth potential. The typical value of the earth resistance at powerhouse
is 0. 5 ohm and that at substation is 1 ohm.

1. Plate earthing

2. Pipe earthing

5.3.1 Plate Earthing

In this method a copper plate of 60cm x 60cm x 3.18cm or a GI plate of the size 60cm x 60cm x
6.35cm is used for earthing. The plate is placed vertically down inside the ground at a depth of
3m and is embedded in alternate layers of coal and salt for a thickness of 15 cm. In addition,
water is poured for keeping the earth electrode resistance value well below a maximum of 5
ohms. The earth wire is securely bolted to the earth plate. A cement masonry chamber is built
with a cast iron cover for easy regular maintenance.
5.3.2 Pipe Earthing

Earth electrode made of a GI (galvanized) iron pipe of 38mm in diameter and length of 2m
(depending on the current) with 12mm holes on the surface is placed upright at a depth of 4.75m
in a permanently wet ground. To keep the value of the earth resistance at the desired level, the
area (15 cms) surrounding the GI pipe is filled with a mixture of salt and coal.. The efficiency of
the earthing system is improved by pouring water through the funnel periodically. The GI earth
wires of sufficient cross- sectional area are run through a 12.7mm diameter pipe (at 60cms
below) from the 19mm diameter pipe and secured tightly at the top as shown in the following
figure

When compared to the plate earth system the pipe earth system can carry larger leakage currents
as a much larger surface area is in contact with the soil for a given electrode size. The system
also enables easy maintenance as the earth wire connection is housed at the ground level.