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TERMINACION DE POZOS
PRODUCCIN I
I. TERMINACION DE POZOS
1. Introduccin
1.1. Comportamiento de los Yacimientos
1.1.1. Tipos de yacimiento
1.2. Operaciones de terminacin
1.3. Plan de Operaciones
1.4. Diseo de terminacin de pozos
1.4.1. Tipos de terminacin
1.5. Objetivos de una terminacin
1.6. Diseo de una tubera de produccin
1.7. Clases de terminacin
1. Introduccin
1.1. Tuberas de produccin
1.1.1. Clasificacin de las tuberas
1.2. Sellos en las conexiones
1.3. Enroscado API
1.4. Conexiones de la tubera
1.5. Diseo de la tubera.
I. TERMINACION DE POZOS
1. Introduccin
C. Arenas Pgina 2
Terminacin de Pozos
Se define como fecha de terminacin del pozo aquella en que las pruebas y
evaluaciones finales de produccin, de los estratos e intervalos
seleccionados son consideradas satisfactorias y el pozo ha sido provisto de
los aditamentos definitivos requeridos y, por ende, se ordena el
desmantelamiento y salida del taladro del sitio.
C. Arenas Pgina 3
Terminacin de Pozos
En los ltimos tiempos los yacimientos de gas condensado han tenido gran
desarrollo econmico y estratgico a tal punto que se han explotado a
mayores profundidades y altas temperaturas y presiones. Estos reservorios
presentan un comportamiento complejo debido a la presencia de un sistema
de flujo de dos fases Gas/condensado. Las dos fases se generan por la cada
lquida cuando la presin en los pozos se encuentra por debajo del punto de
roco originando lo siguiente:
1
-energia.glosario.net/terminos-petroleo/yacimiento-de-gas--condensado-2124.html - 12k -
C. Arenas Pgina 4
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 5
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 6
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 7
Terminacin de Pozos
Yacimientos de Gas:
Gas seco
Gas Hmedo
Gas Condensado
Yacimientos de Petrleo:
C. Arenas Pgina 8
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 9
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 10
Terminacin de Pozos
Una vez caracterizados los tipos de yacimientos de gas continuamos con los
yacimientos de petrleo
C. Arenas Pgina 11
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 12
Terminacin de Pozos
Desarrollo de un yacimiento
C. Arenas Pgina 13
Terminacin de Pozos
2
Mc. Cain Jr., W.D.: Reservoir Fluid Property Correlations State of the Art, SPERE (May 1991), 266.
3
API-RP 44: "Recommended Practice for Sampling Petroleum Reservoir Fluids", (January 1966).
C. Arenas Pgina 14
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 15
Terminacin de Pozos
El punto que debe resaltarse es que en los casos de coexistencia de gas con
lquido disperso, el estudio PVT puede no describir adecuadamente el
comportamiento futuro del reservorio.
4
S. Bosco, R. H. Cobeas, M. A. Crotti.: "Yacimientos de Gas y Condensado Saturados. Integracin de Estudios Termodinmicos
con Informacin de Produccin. Presentado en el congreso de Produccin 2000 del IAPG. Cataratas del Iguaz, 8-12 mayo de
2000.
C. Arenas Pgina 16
Terminacin de Pozos
Operaciones de terminacin5
Terminacin
5
Petrleo: Prospeccin y Perforacin. Industria basada en recursos naturales; Richard S. Krans
C. Arenas Pgina 17
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 18
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 19
Terminacin de Pozos
gas puedan moverse con mayor libertad por los yacimientos hasta el pozo.
Se inyecta agua y gas en los yacimientos para mantener la presin de
trabajo por desplazamiento natural. Mtodos de recuperacin secundarios,
entre los que se incluyen el desplazamiento por presin, la produccin por
presin artificial y la inyeccin de agua, mejoran y restauran la presin del
yacimiento. La recuperacin optimizada consiste en el empleo de diversos
mtodos de recuperacin secundarios en mltiples combinaciones
diferentes.
Acidificacin
C. Arenas Pgina 20
Terminacin de Pozos
Fracturacin
Mantenimiento de la presin
C. Arenas Pgina 21
Terminacin de Pozos
Inyeccin de agua
Inyeccin miscible
C. Arenas Pgina 22
Terminacin de Pozos
Inyeccin de fuego
Los gases calientes producidos por el fuego elevan la presin del yacimiento
y crean un estrecho frente de combustin que empuja al crudo menos
denso desde el pozo de inyeccin hacia el de produccin.
Inyeccin de vapor
C. Arenas Pgina 23
Terminacin de Pozos
6
http://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/pope/pope.shtml#ter
C. Arenas Pgina 24
Terminacin de Pozos
Puede suceder que durante los ensayos se verifique que existen capas sin
suficiente aislamiento entre s por fallas en la cementacin primaria; en
estos casos se realizan cementaciones complementarias, aislando mediante
empaquetaduras (packers) el tramo correspondiente al pozo.
C. Arenas Pgina 25
Terminacin de Pozos
7
Oilfield review
C. Arenas Pgina 26
Terminacin de Pozos
El plan comprende:
C. Arenas Pgina 27
Terminacin de Pozos
Revestir el pozo
Correr registros
Analizar registros
Ubicar zonas productoras
Pruebas de produccin
Vida productiva del pozo
Tratamiento especial
Bajar arreglo final
Diseo
Con frecuencia se instalan diversos accesorios por encima y por debajo del
empacador. Una vlvula de seguridad, situada habitualmente en el
C. Arenas Pgina 28
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 29
Terminacin de Pozos
Adems de las varias opciones para terminar el pozo vertical, ahora existen
las modalidades de terminacin para pozos desviados normalmente, los
desviados de largo alcance, los inclinados y los que penetran el yacimiento
en sentido horizontal.
C. Arenas Pgina 30
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 31
Terminacin de Pozos
La parte superior de la sarta se cuelga del cabezal del pozo y del cabezal
sale la tubera de flujo que lleva el petrleo hasta el mltiple de la
instalacin de separadores donde se separa el gas, el petrleo y el agua. De
aqu en adelante, en la estacin de flujo y almacenamiento, se procede al
manejo de estos tres fluidos de acuerdo a sus caractersticas.
C. Arenas Pgina 32
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 33
Terminacin de Pozos
Tubera de produccin
Tamao a 4 o ms
Peso lb/pie
Grado J-55, N-80, P-105
Rosca EU , tubera unida por acople
NU, tubera unida por acople
Junta integral
C. Arenas Pgina 34
Terminacin de Pozos
Camisa de circulacin
Comunica la TP con el EA
Controla el pozo con fluido por el EA
Permite cambiar el fluido
Permite terminacin selectiva
C. Arenas Pgina 35
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 36
Terminacin de Pozos
Cupla de flujo
Refuerza la TP en los puntos de mayor turbulencia
Juntas telescpicas
Amortiguan la contraccin y elongacin de la TP
C. Arenas Pgina 37
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 38
Terminacin de Pozos
2. Clases de terminacin
C. Arenas Pgina 39
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 40
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 41
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 42
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 43
Terminacin de Pozos
2. Introduccin
actualmente se nos presento una discusin sobre que norma debera aplicar
para el diseo de una lnea de flujo de produccin de un pozo (pipeline) la cual
va desde el cabezal del pozo (wellhead) hasta el mltiple de produccin
(manifold).... muchas personas utilizan la ASME B 31.4 pero otros utilizan la
ASME B 31.3 segun lo que tengo entendido la B 31.4 es para lineas de
transferencia de hidrocarburos, es decir aplicaria para oleoductos que van desde
tanque a tanque, mientras que la B 31.3 aplica para facilidades de produccin y
lineas dentro de plantas..... mi preguntas es para una linea de flujo de un pozo
cual aplica??? B31.3???? esta norma es mas conservadora, ademas el fluido
manejado en bifasico (liquido+gas) si alguien pudiece orientarme en esto se lo
agradecera
2.1. Tuberas de produccin
2.1.1. Clasificacin de las tuberas
2.2. Sellos en las conexiones
2.3. Enroscado API
2.4. Conexiones de la tubera
2.5. Diseo de la tubera.
C. Arenas Pgina 44
Terminacin de Pozos
C. Arenas Pgina 45
Terminacin de Pozos
Well Integrity Blog - A place where questions can be posted relating to well integrity
Standards -
NORSOK D-010, "Well Integrity in Drilling and Well Operations, Revision 3, August 2004"
A free document, published by the Norwegian
standards body. Comprehensive discussion of barrier
system requirements for wells. API Documents -
these documents can be downloaded from the API
web site or from the IHS web site.
API 6A: "Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment"
API 6AF: "Technical Report on Capabilities of API Analysis of flange loading including bolt makeup
Flanges Under Combinations of Load" (pre-load), internal pressure, tension and
bending moment. Pertinent to evaluating loads
and bending moments imposed on trees.
API RP 14B: "Design, Installation, Repair and
Operation of Subsurface Safety Valve Systems"
API RP 14C: "Recommended Practice for Analysis,
Design, Installation, and Testing of Basic Surface
Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms"
API RP 14E: "Recommended Practice for Design and
Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping
Systems"
API RP 14H: "Recommended Practice for Installation,
Maintenance, and Repair of Surface Safety Valves and
Underwater Safety Valves Offshore"
API RP 57: "Offshore Well Completion, Servicing,
Workover, and Plug and Abandonment Operations"
API RP 65: "Cementing Shallow Water Flow Zones in
Deep Water Wells"
API RP 90: "Management of Sustained Casing Guidelines on managing wells with sustained
Pressure on Offshore Wells" casing pressure on an annulus
TR9501, Rev A: "Specification for Stud Bolts and Tap Association of Well Head Equipment
End Studs" Manufacturers, 11 June 2002. This AWHEM
Recommendation establishes definite dimensions
for stud bolts and tap end stud for use wth API
Spec 6A flanges/studded flange connections and
provides for dimensionally interchangeable stud
bolts and tap end studs for API Spec 6A
flanges/studded flange connections.
Spanish-language version
This presentation was presented during the 2007- A discussion of Marathons implementation of the
2008 SPE Distinguished Lecturer season SPE 123201: Expro WI management software in the North Sea
A Systematic Approach to Well Integrity Management
SPE 116771: Prudhoe Bay Well P2-15 Surface Casing
Failure
SPE 116765: Analysis of Thread Engagement
Requirements for Studs and Nuts
SPE 115585: A Compliance-Based Approach to Well
Integrity Management
SPE 114911: Real-Time Well Diagnostic Using Slick-
Line Fiber-Optic Distribute Temperature Sensors: West
Venezuela Applications
SPE 110347: Well Integrity Management System It is important to be able to have an overview of
(WIMS)A Systematic Way of Describing the Actual the well integrity at all times. Statoil, Norsk
and Historic Integrity Status of Operational Wells Hydro and Total E&P UK Ltd. therefore joined
forces in a JIP with ExproSoft to develop a
software application for data collection, handling
and reporting of well integrity. The resulting
C. Arenas software is called WIMS, short for WellPgina
Integrity46
Management System. A pilot version was
installed and tested by the operators spring
2007, prior to the release of the final version.
SPE 108906: "Detecting Ultra-small Leaks With An ultrasonic leak detection logging tool conveyed
North Slope, Alaska" memory mode, has been introduced which can
detect leaks as small as 1/2 cup per minute. This
revolutionary tool has been used to accurately
identify leaks in tubing and behind pipe. Wells
Terminacin that
de otherwise
Pozos would immediately be slated for a
rig workover (RWO) have been repaired with
non-rig solutions.
SPE 106533: "Rigless Installation of Safety Valves To Protecting the environment and health of the
Implement a Well-Integrity Campaign and Return people by ensuring the integrity of all wells is one
Wells to Production" of the must-obey policies in Shell Petroleum
Development Company of Nigeria Limited
Contact: Joe Anders, jlanders@alaska.net, 1-907-345-3917
(SPDC). SPDC has been the leading producer of
Revised: 25 September 2008
crude oil in Nigeria for more than 50 years. SPDC
produces from many brown fields. SPDC currently
has an inventory of producing wells that have
been shut in because of one form or another of
wellbore integrity problems. In some cases, these
wells were completed decades ago when HSE
requirements were considerably less stringent
than they are today and wells were completed
without sub-surface or downhole safety valves.
In 2003, a more stringent policy on non-integrity
wells was introduced and led to an investigation
of service providers for a more reliable rigless
installation of safety valves or a more cost
effective rig workover. However, most of the
brown fields that encompass these wells are
predominantly located in the Niger Delta both in
the shallow waters offshore and in land locations
including swamp areas. Many of the wells are
located on small-unmanned production jackets
which do not have the structural integrity to
support even an electric line unit let alone a
workover rig. In addition the current geopolitical
situation in the Niger Delta is such that bringing
in any heavy-duty equipment can be extremely
difficult and highly uneconomical in most of these
low producing wells.
It was against this background that SPDC carried
out a well integrity management campaign to
examine the feasibility of some kind of economic
API Tubing
intervention to bring these wells back onto
production.
In this paper the authors will examine in detail
the prevailing situation, present details of the
Threaded and Coupled
SPE 97863: "Managing Well Integrity, Safety, and This work will describe the management of scale
Production
3-1/2 3.500 Decline CausedH-40
7.70 by Scale"
0.216 3.068 2.943 4.250 in a United Arab Emirates
4,630 offshore
4,320 65,070 carbonate 0.194
reservoir. Field pressure is sustained by water
injection, which contributes to the formation of
3-1/2 3.500 9.20 9.30 H-40 0.254 2.992 2.867 4.250 4.500 scale
4.180 in downhole5,380
tubulars.
5,080 This
79,540scaling
103,610 can cause
0.870
SPE 97597: "A Case History of Sustainable Annulus This paper describes evaluation of the possible
Pressure
3-1/2 3.500 in10.20
Sour Wells Prevention, Evaluation
C-75 0.289 2.992 and
2.797 4.250 causes of Sustainable
11,360 Annular Pressure (SAP) in
10,840 173,530 a
0.829
Remediation" sour gas field in the Middle East. It explains the
diagnostic testing undertaken and describes how
3-1/2 3.500 12.70 12.95 C-75 0.375 2.750 2.625 4.250 4.500 4.180 14,350 14,060 230,990 276,120
evidence was used to identify the cause of the 0.735
SAP. The steps taken to prevent the occurrence of
3-1/2 3.500 7.70 N-80 0.216 3.068 2.943 4.250 SAP in new wells and7,878 to8,640
remedy the problem in0.914
130,140
existing wells are described.
SPE 96337:9.20
3-1/2 3.500
"Want
9.30
to MakeN-80
Tree0.254
Operations Safer?
2.992 2.867 4.250 4.500
Industry
4.180
practice 10,530
for the10,160
design and operation 0.870
159,090 207,220
of
Why Not Use the DHSV as a Barrier?" oil and gas producing wells incorporates a two-
barrier policy, and defines an integrity envelope
3-1/2 3.500 10.20 N-80 0.289 2.992 2.797 4.250 for environmental12,120protection and safe operations.
11,560 185,100 0.829
SPE 94427: "Northern Sahara Aquifers Protection: Well construction reliability is always of great
Casing
4
Corrosion
4.000 9.50
ProblemsC-75
and0.226
Defining New Well
3.548 3.423 4.750
importance especially
6,350
when it is about drilling in
7,420 135,010 1.223
Construction Performance ObjectivesCase Study: an arid region that contains strategic
Hassi Messaoud Oilfield in Algeria" groundwater reserves. This is the case of Hassi
C. Arenas Messaoud and satellite oilfields (HMDs) Pgina
in Algeria49
where aquifers of the Northern Sahara System
(NSAS) Spread out. Problems closely related to
well construction such as casing corrosion,
cementing lack and also those of post-
abandonment are encountered by Sonatrach and
SPE 91399: "Microannulus Leaks Repaired with Sustained casing pressure is a serious problem
Pressure-Activated Sealant" that is prevalent in most of the oil producing
regions of the world. Annular pressure can be a
significant safety hazard and, on a number of
Terminacin occasions,de Pozos has resulted in blowouts. Sustained
casing pressure results from the migration of
fluids in the annulus. The most common path for
migration of fluids is through channels in the
annular cement. To safely and economically
4 4.000 11.00 C-75 0.262 3.476 3.351 5.000 eliminate sustained casing
8,410 8,600pressure on a well in
230,750 1.174