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HSC Course
maths
Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
maths
Margaret Grove
Text 2010 Grove and Associates Pty Ltd
Illustrations and design 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
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v
Contents
PREFACE viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii
CREDITS viii
FEATURES OF THIS BOOK viii
SYLLABUS MATRIX ix
STUDY SKILLS x
Chapter 1: Geometry 2 2
INTRODUCTION 3
PLANE FIGURE GEOMETRY 3
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 16
COORDINATE METHODS IN GEOMETRY 21
CIRCLE PROPERTIES 25
TEST YOURSELF 1 43
CHALLENGE EXERCISE 1 45
Answers 562
viii
PREFACE
This book covers the HSC syllabus for Mathematics and Extension 1. It follows the same style as the Year 11
Preliminary course, and provides a thorough coverage of the HSC syllabus. The extension material is easy
to see as it has purple headings and there is purple shading next to all extension questions and answers.
The syllabus is available through the NSW Board of Studies website at www.boardofstudies
.nsw.edu.au. You can also access resources, study techniques, examination technique, sample and
past examination papers through other websites such as www.math.nsw.edu.au and www.csu.edu
.au. Searching the Internet generally will pick up many websites supporting the work in this course.
Each chapter has comprehensive fully worked examples and explanations as well as ample sets
of graded exercises. The theory follows a logical order, although some topics may be learned in any
order. Each chapter contains Test Yourself and Challenge exercises, and there are several practice
assessment tasks throughout the book.
If you have trouble doing the Test Yourself exercises at the end of a chapter, you will need to
go back into the chapter and revise it before trying them again. Dont attempt to do the Challenge
exercises until you are confident that you can do the Test Yourself exercises, as these are more difficult
and are designed to test the more able students who understand the topic really well.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks go to my family, especially my husband Geoff, for supporting me in writing this book.
CREDITS
Istockphoto: p 105
Margaret Grove: p 3, p 25, p 92, p 94, p 144, p 195, p 231, p 234, p 235, p 260, p 265, p 266, p 267,
p 268, p 269, p 274, p 322, p 414, p 415, p416, p 497, p 508, p 519, p 520, p 535, p 541
Shutterstock: p 21, p 251, p 301, p 335, p 514
SYLLABUS MATRIX
This matrix shows how the syllabus is organised in the chapters of this book.
Mathematics (2 Unit)
Logarithms and exponential functions (12.1 12.5) Chapter 4: Exponential and logarithmic functions
Applications of calculus to the physical world (14.1 14.3) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world
Extension 1
Velocity and acceleration as a function of x (14.3E) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world
x
Simple harmonic motion (14.4E) Chapter 6: Applications of calculus to the physical world
STUDY SKILLS
You may have coasted through previous stages without needing to rely on regular study, but in this
course many of the topics are new and you will need to systematically revise in order to build up your
skills and to remember them.
The Preliminary course introduces the basics of topics such as calculus that are then applied in
the HSC course. You will struggle in the HSC if you dont set yourself up to revise the preliminary
topics as you learn new HSC topics.
Your teachers will be able to help you build up and manage good study habits. Here are a few
hints to get you started.
There is no right or wrong way to learn. Different styles of learning suit different people. There
is also no magical number of hours a week that you should study, as this will be different for every
student. But just listening in class and taking notes is not enough, especially when learning material
that is totally new.
You wouldnt go for your drivers licence after just one trip in the car, or enter a dance competition
after learning a dance routine once. These skills take a lot of practice. Studying mathematics is just
the same.
If a skill is not practised within the first 24 hours, up to 50% can be forgotten. If it is not practised
within 72 hours, up to 8590% can be forgotten! So it is really important that whatever your study
timetable, new work must be looked at soon after it is presented to you.
With a continual succession of new work to learn and retain, this is a challenge. But the good
news is that you dont have to study for hours on end!
xi
In the classroom
In order to remember, first you need to focus on what is being said and done.
According to an ancient proverb:
If you chat to friends and just take notes without really paying attention, you arent giving
yourself a chance to remember anything and will have to study harder at home.
If you have just had a fight with a friend, have been chatting about weekend activities or myriad
of other conversations outside the classroom, it helps if you can check these at the door and dont
keep chatting about them once the lesson starts.
If you are unsure of something that the teacher has said, the chances are that others are also not
sure. Asking questions and clarifying things will ultimately help you gain better results, especially
in a subject like mathematics where much of the knowledge and skills depends on being able to
understand the basics.
Learning is all about knowing what you know and what you dont know. Many students feel like
they dont know anything, but its surprising just how much they know already. Picking up the main
concepts in class and not worrying too much about other less important parts can really help. The
teacher can guide you on this.
Here are some pointers to get the best out of classroom learning:
Note taking varies from class to class, but there are some general guidelines that will help when you
come to read over your notes later on at home:
Write legibly
Use different colours to highlight important points or formulae
Make notes in textbooks (using pencil if you dont own the textbook)
Use highlighter pens to point out important points
Summarise the main points
If notes are scribbled, rewrite them at home
xii
At home
You are responsible for your own learning and nobody else can tell you how best to study. Some
people need more revision time than others, some study better in the mornings while others do better
at night, and some can work at home while others prefer a library.
There are some general guidelines for studying at home:
If you are given exercises out of a textbook to do for homework, consider asking the teacher if you
can leave some of them until later and use these for revision. It is not necessary to do every exercise
at one sitting, and you learn better if you can spread these over time.
People use different learning styles to help them study. The more variety the better, and you will
find some that help you more than others. Some people (around 35%) learn best visually, some (25%)
learn best by hearing and others (40%) learn by doing.
Here are some ideas to give you a variety of ways to study:
Read through and ensure you know how many questions there are
Divide your time between questions with extra time at the end
Dont spend too much time on one question
Read each question carefully, underlining key words
Show all working out, including diagrams and formulae
Cross out mistakes with a single line so it can still be read
Write legibly
And finally
Study involves knowing what you dont know, and putting in a lot of time into concentrating on
these areas. This is a positive way to learn. Rather than just saying, I cant do this, say instead, I cant
do this yet, and use your teachers, friends, textbooks and other ways of finding out.
With the parts of the course that you do know, make sure you can remember these easily under
exam pressure by putting in lots of practice.
Remember to look at new work
today
tomorrow
in a week
in a month
Some people hardly ever find time to study while others give up their outside lives to devote all their
time to study. The ideal situation is to balance study with other aspects of your life, including going
out with friends, working and keeping up with sport and other activities that you enjoy.
Answers
Chapter 1: Geometry 2 8. +OCA +OCB 90 (given)
OA OB (equal radii)
Exercises 1.1 OC is common
1. +ABE 180
+ABD (straight angle 180 ) ` by RHS, $OAC / $OBC
+CBE 180
+CBD (straight angle) ` AC BC
180
+ABD (+ABD +CBD given) (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
+ABE ` OC bisects AB
2. +DFB 180
(180
x) (+AFB is a straight angle) 9. +CDB +BEC 90 (altitudes given)
x +ACB +ABC (base angles of isosceles $)
` +AFC x (vertically opposite angles) CB is common
+CFE 180
(x 180
2x) ` by AAS, $CDB / $BEC
(+AFB is a straight angle)
` CE BD
x (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` +AFC +CFE
` CD bisects +AFE 10. AB AD (given)
BC DC (given)
3. +WBC +BCY 2x 115 65
2x
AC is common
180
` by SSS, $ABC / $ADC
These are supplementary cointerior angles.
` +DAC +BAC
`VW < XY
(corresponding angles in congruent $s)
4. x y 180 (given) So AC bisects +DAB
` +A +D 180 Also +BCA +DCA
These are supplementary cointerior angles. (corresponding angles in congruent $s)
` AB < DC ` AC bisects +DCB
Also +A +B (similarly)
These are supplementary cointerior angles. 11. (a) +NMO +MOP (alternate angles, MN < PO)
` AD < BC +PMO +MON (alternate angles, PM < ON)
` ABCD is a parallelogram. MO is common
` by AAS,
5. +ADB +CDB 110 (given)
$ MNO / $ MPO
+ABD +CBD (BD bisects +ABC)
(b) +PMO +MON (alternate angles, PM < ON)
BD is common
MN NO (given)
` by AAS,
+MON +NMO (base angles of isosceles $)
$ ABD / $ CBD
` +PMO +NMO
i.e. +PMQ +NMQ
6. (a) AB AE ( given)
+B +E ( base angles of isosceles $) (c) MN NO (given)
BC DE ( given) PM NO
(corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` by SAS, $ ABC / $ AED
` PM MN
(b) +BCA +EDA
(corresponding angles in congruent $s) +PMQ +NMQ (from (b))
MQ is common
+ACD 180
+BCA (BCD is a straight angle)
` by SAS, $PMQ / $NMQ
180
+EDA
+ADC (d) +MQN +MQP
` since base angles are equal, $ ACD is isosceles (corresponding angles in congruent $s)
But +MQN +MQP 180 (+PQN straight angle)
7. DC BC ( given)
` +MQN +MQP 90
+B +D 90 ( given)
1 12.
DM AD ( given)
2
1
and BN AB
2
` DM BN
` by SAS, $MDC / $NBC
` MC NC
(corresponding sides in congruent $s)
ANSWERS 563
13.
Let ABCD be a rectangle
AD BC (opposite sides in < gram)
+D +C 90
DC is common
` by SAS, $ ADC / $ BCD
$ ADC / $ ABC (see question 12) ` AC DB
` +ADC +ABC (corresponding angles in congruent $s) (corresponding sides in congruent $s)
Similarly, by using diagonal BD we can
prove +A +C 20.
` opposite angles are equal
22.
17. AB CD (given)
+BAC +DCA (given)
AC is common
` by SAS, $ABC / $ADC
` AD BC
(corresponding sides in congruent $s)
Since two pairs of opposite sides are equal, Construct BE < AD
ABCD is a parallelogram. Then AD BE (opposite sides of < gram)
But AD BC (given)
Then BE BC
18. (a) AE EC ` +BCD +BEC (base angles of isosceles $)
(diagonals bisect each other in < gram)
Also, +ADC +BEC (corresponding angles, AD < BE)
+AEB +CEB 90 (given)
` +ADC +BCD
EB is common
` by SAS, $ ABE / $CBE 23. AD AB (given)
` AB BC DC BC (given)
(corresponding sides in congruent $s) AC is common
` by SSS, $ADC / $!"C
(b) +ABE +CBE
(corresponding angles in congruent $s)
` +ADC +ABC
(corresponding angles in congruent $s)
564 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
3. OC OA (equal radii)
+XYZ +XYO +ZYO
+COD +AOB (given)
+YXO +YZO
OD OB (equal radii)
` +XOZ 2 (+YXO +YZO)
` by SAS, $OCD / $OAB
10. Let +BAE y and +DAE x
` CD AB
Then +BAD xy
(corresponding sides in congruent $s)
+BDC y (+s in same segment)
+DBC x (similarly)
4. AB CD (given)
` +BCD 180
(x y) (+ sum in $ BCD)
OA PC (equal radii)
180
+BAD
OB PD (similarly)
` by SSS, $ AOB / $CPD
` +AOB +CPD
(corresponding +s in congruent $s)
566 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
18. +OXE +OYE 90 (given) 23. AB < DC and AD < BC so ABCD is a parallelogram.
OE is common +A 180
+C
AB CD (given) (opposite +s of cyclic quad.)
` OX OY +A 180
+B (cointerior +s, AD < BC)
(equal chords are same distance from centre) ` 180
+C 180
+B
` by RHS, $ OXE / $ OYE ` +C +B
But +C +B 180 (cointerior +s, AB < DC)
` +C +B 90
` ABCD is a rectangle
ANSWERS 567
` +ADB +BDC
31. (a) +BAO +BCO 90
Also, BD is common
(tangent = radius)
` by AAS, $ ADB / $CDB
OB is common
AB BC and AD DC
^ equal radii h
`
OA OC
(corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` by RHS, $ OAB / $ OCB
` AB BC AD DC
` ABCD is a rhombus
568 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
51. (a) OA is diameter of the smaller circle (line of centres 4. AB (7
4)2 (
5
1)2
passes through point of contact A). 5
` +OCA 90 (+ in semicircle)
BC (7
1)2 (
5
3)2
+BDC 90 (similarly) 10
+OCA and + BDC are equal corresponding angles.
AC (4
1)2 (
1
3)2
` OC < BD 5
(b) EF2 AE BE Since AB AC x BC, $ ABC is isosceles.
AE (BO OA AE)
AE (3AE) 50
r2
5. h
(AE OA, given and BO OA, equal radii) r
3AE2
6. (a) +ADE 45 (corresponding+s BC < AD)
` EF 3 AE
+EAD 90
45 (+ sumof $)
(c) OC 3.5 cm 45
So $ADE is isosceles.
52. Let +CEG x and +DEF y
Then +BAD x and +ABC y (b) AE DE y (isoceles $)
(+s in alternate segment) CD y (CD DE, given)
+ DCE +CEG x (alternate +s, DC < FG) AB y (opposite sides in < gram)
+BCD 180
+DCE (+BCE straight +) AB < CE (given)
180
x So ABCE is a trapezium.
` +BCD and +BAD are supplementary 1
A h (a b)
+CDE +DEF y (alternate +s, DC < FG) 2
+ADC 180
+CDE (+ ADE straight+) 1
y (y 2y)
180
y 2
` +ADC and +ABC are supplementary 1
y 3y
Since opposite angles are supplementary, 2
ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. 3y2
` A, B, C and D are concyclic points 2
7. +COB 2 (x y)
Test yourself 1
(+ at centre twice + at circumference)
1. (a) AB AC (given) OC OB (equal radii)
So BD EC (midpoints) ` +OCB +OBC (base +s in isosceles $)
+DBC +ECB (base +s in isoceles T) 180
2 (x y)
` +OCB
BC is common 2
`$BEC / $BDC (SAS) 90
(x y)
(b) ` BE DC (corresponding sides in /Ts)
CB CG
8. (a) (equal ratio of intercepts)
2. (a) x 94, y 86 BA GF
(b) +A +D 94 86 CG CD
(similarly)
180 GF DE
These are supplementary cointerior +s. CB CD
`
` AB < DC BA DE
(b) 20.4 cm
3.
4
4
9. m BC 0
1y
2
5
2
4
3
1x mCD 7
2 5
6
3
3
m AD 0
1
6
c2 a2 b2
4
3
x 2 eyo
2
m AB 7
d n
2
1
2 2 BC < AD, CD < AB
x2 y
2
So ABCD is a parallelogram.
4 4
x2 y2 10. +DEB +DBE (base +s of isosceles $)
4 +DEB +CBD (+s in alternate segment)
x2 y2 ` +DBE +CBD
c So BD bisects + EBC.
4
x2 y2
2
570 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
a + a b + b
(a) Midpoint of BD: d , n = (a, 0)
2 2
0 + 2a 0 + 0
Midpoint of AC: d , n = (a, 0)
2 2
` diagonals BD and AC bisect each other at E(a, 0)
BD is vertical and AC is horizontal
`the diagonals are perpendicular
` +OBD +DCB BQ BR
Similarly,
(b) OA OD (equal radii) QA RC
+OAD +ODA 90
x ` QR < AC
(base +s of isosceles $) `PS < QR
+AOD 180
2 (90
x) (+ sum of $AOD)
AP AQ 1
2x (c) (P, Q are midpoints)
PD QB 1
2+DCB
` PQ < DB (equal ratios on < lines)
17. y
x
(b)
2
18. y
(c)
x
4
19. y
(d)
x
1
1
2. x 3. x 0
4
20. y
4. (a) x 1.5 (b) x 1.5 (c) x 1.5
17. d 1, n minimum
1
21. y
2
18. (2.06, 54.94) maximum, ^
20.6,
54.94 h minimum
Exercises 2.3
1. 7x6
10x4 4x3
1; 42x5
40x3 12x2;
x 210x4
120x2 24x; 840x3
240x 24
-2
-1 2. f m(x) 72x7 3. f l(x) 10x4
3x2, f m(x) 40x3
6x
1 d2 h
25. a
1.75 9. g m(4)
10. 26 when t 1
32 dt2
1
3 7 1
26. !0 27. !0 11. x 12. x
2 x x4 18 3
1 1
12. m
6 5. x 2 6. (1, 9) 7. (1,
17) and (
1,
41)
12 3
dy d2 y dy d2 y
1. (a) 0, 0 (b) 0, 0
dx dx 2
dx dx2
dy d2 y dy d2 y
(c) 0, 0 (d) 0, 0
dx dx2 dx dx2
dy d2 y
x (e) 0, 0
dx dx2
dP d2 P
2. (a) 0, 0 (b) The rate is decreasing.
dt dt2
3.
12. y
x 4. (a)
1
12
So 0 for all x ! 0
x4
So the function is concave upward for all x ! 0.
20. (a) ^ 0,
8 h, ^ 2, 2 h
dy
(b) 6x5
15x4 21
dx (d)
dy
At ^ 0,
8 h: 6 ] 0 g5
15 ] 0 g4 21
dx
21
x0
dy
At ^ 2, 2 h: 6 ] 2 g5
15 ] 2 g4 21
dx
27
x0
So these points are not horizontal points of inflexion.
576 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
5. 2
13. (a) a
(b) maximum, as y m 0
3
1
14. m
5 15. a 3, b
9
2
Exercises 2.7
1.
6.
dM d2 M
7. 0, 0
dt dt2
Exercises 2.6
6. Yesinflexion at (0, 3)
4.
7. ^
2,
78 h minimum, ^
3,
77 h maximum
5. 9.
6.
10.
7.
11.
13. 2.
3. y
dy
2
14. x0
dx (1 x) 2
(0, 0)
x
1
-1
2
(-3, -3)
4.
15.
5.
Exercises 2.8
6.
1.
ANSWERS 579
12. y
7.
1
-1,
2
1, - 1
2
8.
13. y
(2.16, 30.24)
x
9.
2 2
( 2.16, 30.24)
14. f(t)
10.
(2.41, 4.83)
t
1
(
0.41,
0.83)
1
11. y
6
5
4
3
2
1
(0.24, 0.66)
x
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1
( 4.24, 0.1)
2
3
4
5
580 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
15. x
6
5
4
3
1
2 0, 2
4
1
h
4
3
2
1 1 2 3 4
1
2 5. Maximum value is 2.
3 1
6. Maximum value is 5, minimum value is
16 .
4 3
5
Exercises 2.9
1. Maximum value is 4.
9. Maximum 3, minimum 1
Exercises 2.10 7.
1. A xy
50 xy
50
` y
x
P 2x 2y
V x (10
2x) (7
2x)
50
2x 2 x (70
20x
14x 4x2)
x
x (70
34x 4x2)
100
2x 70x
34x2 4x3
x
3. xy 20
9.
20
y
x
S xy
20
x
x
4. V r2h
400 r2 h
400
h
r2
S 2 r2 2 rh
400
2 r 2 2 r e o
r2 After t hours, Joel has travelled 75t km. He is
800 700
75t km from the town.
2 r 2
r After t hours, Nick has travelled 80t km. He is
5. (a) x y 30 680
80t km from the town.
` y 30
x d (700
75t)2 (680
80t)2
(b) The perimeter of one square is x, so its side is 490 000
105 000t 5625t2 462 400
1 1
108 800t 6400t2
x. The other square has side y.
4 4 952 400
213 800t 12 025t2
582 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
10. The river is 500 m, or 0.5 km, wide Distance AB: 10. V r2h 54
d
x 0.5 2 2 54
h
x2 0.25 r 2
distance 54
Speed 2
time r
distance S 2r (r h)
` Time
2r d r 2 n
speed 54
x2 0.25 r
t 108
5 2r
2
r
Distance BC: Radius is 3 m.
d 7
x
17 200
distance 11. (a) S 2 r2 (b) 2323.7 m2
Time r
speed
7
x 12. 72 cm2
t
4
So total time taken is: 13. (a) xy 400
x2 0.25 7
x 400
t ` y
5 4 x
A (y
10) (x
10)
xy
10y
10x 100
xc m
10 c m
10x 100
Exercises 2.11 400 400
x x
1. 2 s, 16 m 2. 7.5 km 4000
400
10x 100
x
3. 2x 2y 60 4000
2y 60
2x 500
10x
x
y 30
x (1)
A xy (b) 100 cm2
x (30
x) from (1)
30x
x2 14. 20 cm by 20 cm by 20 cm 15. 1.12 m2
4. (a) A xy 4000 1
17. 301 cm2 18. 160 cm2 19. 1.68 cm, 1.32 cm
4000 6
` y (1)
x 20. d2 (200
80t) 2 (120
60t) 2
P 2x 2y
40 000
32 000t 6400t2
2x 2 c m
4000 14 400
14 400t 3600t2
from (1)
x
10 000t2
46 400t 54 400
8000
2x 24 km
x
21. (a) d ] x2
2x 5 g
] 4x
x2 g (b) unit
(b) 63.2 m by 63.2 m 1
(c) $12 332.89 2
x
2x 5
4x x
2 2
2x2
6x 5
5. 4 m by 4 m 6. 14 and 14 7. -2.5 and 2.5
8. x 1.25 m, y 1.25 m 1 y
22. (a) Perimeter 2x y (2r) where r
2 2
9. (a) V x (30
2x) (80
2x) y
1200 2x y e 2 o
1
x (2400
220x 4x2) 2 2
2400x
220x2 4x3 y
2x y
2 2
(b) x 6 cm
3 y
1200
y
2x
(c) 7407.4 cm3 2
y y
600
x
2 4
2400
2y
y
x
4
ANSWERS 583
1 2 x2 x5
(b) A xy r 2. (a) f (x) 2x3
C (b) f (x)
x3 7x C
2 2 5
2400
2y
y y 2 x2 x3
e oy 1 e o (c) f (x)
2x C (d) f (x)
x2
3x C
4 2 2 2 3
2400y
2y2
y2 y2 3
2x 2
4 8 (e) f (x) C
3
4800y
4y
2y
2 2
y 2
x
3
8 8 3. (a) y x5
9x C (b) y
2x
1 C
4800y
4y2
y2 3
x4 x3 2
8 (c) y
C (d) y
C
20 3 x
(c) x 168 m, y 336 m x4 x2
(e) y
xC
4 3
23. (a) Equation AB:
y mx b
2 x3 x
2
b 4. (a) C (b)
C
xb 3 2
a
1 1 1
Substitute ^
1, 2 h (c)
7x 7
C (d) 2x 2 6x 3 C
b x
6
2 (
1) b (e)
2x
1 C
a 6
b
b
a x4 1
2a
b ab 5. y
x3 5x
6. f (x) 2x2
7x 11
4 4
b ]
1 a g
b ]a
1 g 7. f (1) 8 8. y 2x
3x2 19 9. x 16
1
2a 3
b
a
1 10. y 4x2
8x 7 11. y 2x3 3x2 x
2
24. 26 m x3 x2 1 4x3 1
14. y
12x 24 15. y
15x
14
d 3 2 2 3 3
25. (a) s
t
17. f ] x g x4
x3 2x2 4x
2
x3 2
d 16. y
2x2 3x
4
So t 3 3
s
1500 18. y 3x2 8x 8 19. f ]
2 g 77 20. y 0
s
Cost of trip taking t hours:
C ] s2 9000 g t Test yourself 2
] s2 9000 g
1500 1. (
3,
11) maximum, (
1,
15) minimum
s
9000 1500 1
1500s 2. x 1 3. y 2x3 6x2
5x
33
s
6
c m
9000
1500 s
s
4. (a) -8 (b) 26 (c) -90 5. 50 m
(b) 95 km/h
(c) $2846 6. (0, 0) minimum 7. x
1
(e) 6x C
584 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
11. (a) V r 2 h
375 r 2 h
375
h
r 2
S 2r2 2rh
2r2 2r d n
375
r 2
(b)
750
2r2
r
(b) 3.9 cm
(c)
13. (a)
19. (a) x2 y2 52 25
y2 25
x2
S 2x2 4xh y 25
x2
250 2x2 4xh 1
A xy
250
2x2 4xh 2
250
2x2 1
x 25
x2
h 2
4x
2 (125
x2) (b) 6.25 m2
h
4x
125
x 2 20. (a) (4,
171) minimum, (
6, 329) maximum
h (b) (
1, 79)
2x
V x h2 (c)
x2 d n
125
x2
2x
x (125
x2)
2
125x
x3
2
Challenge exercise 2
20x2
120x
1
1. ;
(4x2 1)4
8(60x
420x
9x 15)
3 2
15. (a) (3, 2) minimum; (
3,
2) maximum
(4x2 1)5
x2 9
(b) y
3x
2.
(c) As x " 0, y " 3
x
As x " ! 3, y "
3
(d)
1
3. x
,x 4
2
4. 16 m2
5. 27; -20.25
17. 4 m 4 m 4 m
586 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
1 b3 b2 a4 a2
18. f (3)
22 19. (a) -2 (b) -1 8. x 2 4x C 9. C 10.
aC
6 3 2 4 2
20. yl 0 at (0, 0); x3
11. x2 5x C 12. x4
x3 4x2
x C
(a) y m 0 on LHS and RHS 3
(b) y m 0 on LHS, y m 0 on RHS x5 x4 x 8 3x 7
13. x6 C 14.
9x C
5 2 8 7
1
21. 21 cm3 22. (a) (0, 1) (b) k 2, 4, 6, 8, . . .
3 x4 x3 x2 x6 x4
15.
2x C 16. 4x C
23. 2 3 2 6 4
3x4 5x3 x
2
19.
4x C 20.
x
3
2x
1 C
2 3 2
4
1 3x 3 x4
21.
7 C 22. C 23.
x3 x2 C
7x 4 4
4x3 x 3 3x 2 3
24. x
2x2 C 25.
10x C 26.
C
1 3 3 2 x
24. minimum 1; maximum
5
1 4 3 7
27.
C 28.
x 2
4 C
25. 87 kmh1 2x2 x 2x 4x
y3 y
6 t4 t3
29. 5y C 30.
2t2 4t C
Chapter 3: Integration 3 6 4 3
Exercises 3.1 2 x3 1 3 3 x4
31. C 32.
C 33. C
3 2t4 4
1. 2.5 2. 10 3. 2.4 4. 0.225 5. (a) 28 (b) 22
6. 0.39 7. 0.41 8. 1.08 9. 0.75 10. 0.65 2 x5 2 x3
34. C 35. xC
11. 0.94 12. 0.92 13. 75.1 14. 16.5 15. 650.2 5 3
(b) C (c) C
5 50
Exercises 3.3 (3y
2)8 (4 3x)5
(d) C (e) C
24 15
1
1. 8 2. 10 3. 125 4. -1 5. 10 6. 54 7. 3
3 (7x 8)13 (1
x)7
(f) C (g)
C
2 2 1 91 7
8. 16 9. 50 10. 52 11. 12. 21 13. 0
3 3 4
(2x
5)3 2 (3x 1)
3
2 1 1 1 (h) C (i)
C
14. 4 15. 1 16. 4 17. 0 18. 2 19. 0 3 9
3 4 3 3
2 1 3 2 1 1
20. 6 21. 101 22.
12 23. 22 24. 2 (j)
3 (x 7)
1 C (k)
C
9 4 4 3 3 16 (4x
5) 2
25. 0.0126 33 (4x 3)4 1
(l) C (m)
2 (2
x) 2 C
Exercises 3.4 16
2 (t 3) 2 (5x 2)
5 7
Exercises 3.7 # ] r2
x2 g dx
r
< r2 x
F
1 2 x3 r
1. 21 units2 2. 20 units 2
3. 4 units2
3 3 3
r
(
r)3
> d r3
n
e
r3
oH
r3
1 1
4. 1.5 units 2
5. 1 units2 6. 2 units2 3 3
4 3
d n
2r3
2r3
2 1 7
7. 10 units2 8. units2 9. 3 units2 3 3
3 6 9 4 r 3
units3
1 3
10. 2 units2 11. 11 units2 12. 60 units2
4
1
13. 4.5 units2 14. 1 units2 15. 1.9 units2
3 Exercises 3.10
(3x
4)8 2 (x 3)3
1. (a) C (b) C
Exercises 3.8 24 3
(x2
9)6 (x2 4x 1)5
1 1 1 (c) C (d) C
1. 1 units2 2. 1 units2 3. units2 12 10
3 3 6 1 3 2x 2
1
(e)
C (f) C
2 5 2 (x2 3x
1)2 2
4. 10 units2 5. 20 units2 6. 8 units 2
3 6 1
(g)
C
9 (x3 1)3
2 2
7. units2 8. 166 units2 9. 0.42 units2
3 3
2. u ax b
2 1 1 du a dx
10. units2 11. units2 12. units2
3 12 3
# (ax b)n dx 1a # (ax b)n a dx
2
13. 36 units2 14. 2 units2 15. (
2) units2 1
3 # un du
a
d nC
1 un 1
a n 1
Problem
1 (ax b)
n 1
e o C
206 a n 1
units3
15 (ax b)n 1
C
a (n 1)
Exercises 3.9
3. x2
4 C
243 485
1. units3 2. units3 (2x 7)5 7 (2x 7)3
5 3
4.
C
10 6
588 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
2 ] x 2 g3 (b)
5.
8 x2 C
3
10 (5
x)3 2 (5
x)5
6. C
3 5
(2x
5)3 5 2x
5
7. C
6 2
(x
2)5
3 5
11. f (x) 1 (c) units3
15 2
1 3
12. (a) Domain: all real x 2
1 16. 36 17. 10.55 18. 85 units2 19. units3
3 5
2
(b) y 4 (2x
1)5 x6
3 20. (a) C (b) C
2 8
6 (x 1)5
Exercises 3.11 (c)
2 (x 1)3 C
5
3 1 15
1. (a) 1 (b) 7
2 (c) 0 (d) (e)
4 8 256
1 Challenge exercise 3
(f) 24.51 (g)
3
3
1 2
1 19 1. (a) units2 (b) units3
2. (a) 63.05 (b) 4 (c)
(d)
12 35
4 72
2 2. (a) Show f (
x)
f (x) (b) 0 (c) 12 units2
(e) 2 2
43 2
4
2
3. 27.2 units3 4. 9 units2 5. (a) 36x3 (x4
1)8
3 1
3. 10.2 units 2
4. units2 5. 65 536 units2
8 4 (x4
1)9
(b) C
36
211 40 2 2
6. units3 7. units3 8. 2 9. 6 units2
15 3 3 5
22x 1 2
6. (a) (b) 7. 7.35 units2 8. units3
(3x2
4)2 8 3
10. 64 units2
1
9. f (0) d
0
Test yourself 3
10. (a)
1. (a) 0.535 (b) 0.5
3x2 5x2 2 x3
2. (a) x C (b)
xC (c) C
2 2 3
(2x 5)8
(d) C
16
1
3. 14.83 4. (a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 2
5
(b) 3.08 units2
5. (a)
17 17 215
11. units2 12. units3
6 6
3x 6 3 (x 2) 2x x 3
13. (a) (b) C
2 x3 2 x3 3
ANSWERS 589
2 2 8.
14. (a) 6 (b) 6
3 3
5 58
15. units2 16. (a) 3 units2 (b) units3
12 15
17. (a)
18. 0 198 96
9. (a) units3 (b) units3
7 5
8a 2
19. (a) units2
3 1
10. 1 units2 11. f l(3) = 20, f m( 2) = 16 12. 68
(b) 2a3 units3 3
13. AB = AC (given)
Practice assessment task set 1 BD = CD (given)
AD is common.
1. ` by SSS ABD / ACD
` +ADB = +ADC
(corresponding +s in congruent s)
But +ADB + +ADC = 180
(+BDC is a straight +)
` +ADB = +ADC = 90
` AD = BC
(3x 5)8 1
22. C 23.
5 24. (1, 1)
24 3
2 2
29. 12 30. 10 units2
3 3
31. +B is common
+BDC +ACB 90 (given)
` $ABC <; $CBD (AAA) Let ABCD be a rhombus with AC x and BD y.
+AEB 90
32. Show f l(x) f m(x) 0 and f m(x) 0 on both LHS and
(diagonals perpendicular in rhombus)
RHS of (0, 0)
1
DE BE y
2 3 2
33. 2 m 34. f (2)
16 35. 9 units2
3 (diagonals bisect each other)
1 1 1
2 (x3
5)3 $ACB has area x y xy
2 2 4
36. C
3 1 1 1
$ADC has area x y xy
2 2 4
37. 119.3 m2 38. f (x) x3
4x2
3x 20
1 1 1
` ABCD has area xy xy xy
39. (0,
1) maximum 4 4 2
AB AG
45. (equal ratios of intercepts, BG < CD)
AC AD
AG AF
(equal ratios of intercepts, GF < DE)
AD AE
AB AF
`
AC AE
2
46. f (2) 1
3
xn 1
47. (a) C
n1
40. +OCA +OCB 90 (given) d
OA OB (equal radii) (b) Since (C) 0, the primitive function
dx
OC is common could include C.
` by RHS $OAC / $OBC
3AB
` AC BC 48.
2
(corresponding sides in congruent $s)
` OC bisects AB 7
49. 1249 units2
1 8
41. 20
2
ANSWERS 591
1
4 (6 6
1) 4. f l(1) 6
e; f m(1) 6
e 5. e 6.
e
5
51. 52. (c), (d) 53. (a), (b) 54. (c) e5
3 7. 19.81 8. ex y 0 9. x e3 y
3
e6 0
55. (d) 56. (b) 57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (d)
10. c
1,
m min
1
60. (b) e
Exercises 4.1
1. (a) 4.48 (b) 0.14 (c) 2.70 (d) 0.05 (e) -0.14
2. (a)
dy d2 y
11. 7ex; 7ex y
dx dx2
dy d2 y
12. 2ex; 2ex
dx dx2
y 2ex 1
` y
1 2ex
d2 y
(b) ` y
1
dx2
Exercises 4.2
1. (a) 7e7x (b)
e
x (c) 6e6x
2 (d) 2xex 1
2
(e) (3x2 5) ex 5x 7
(f) 5e5x (g)
2e
2x (h) 10e10x
3
dy
10. 4e 4x
4e
4 x
dx Exercises 4.3
d2 y
16e4x 16e
4x 1 2x 1 4x 1 5x
dx2 1. (a) e C (b) e C (c)
e
x C (d) e C
2 4 5
16 (e4x e
4x)
16y 1
2x 1 3
(e)
e C (f) e4x 1 C (g)
e5x C
2 4 5
1 2t 1 7x x2
11. y 3e2x (h) e C (i) e
2x C (j) e x
3
C
2 7 2
dy
6e2x
dx
1 5 1 2
d2 y 2. (a) (e
1) (b) e
2
1 2
1 (c) e7 (e9
1)
12e2x 5 e 3
dx2 1 4 2 1 4 1 1
d2 y dy (d) 19
e (e
1) (e) e 1 (f) e2
e
1
2 2 2 2
LHS
3 2y
dx2 dx 1 1
(g) e6 e
3
1
12e
3 (6e2x) 2 (3e2x)
2x
2 2
12e2x
18e2x 6e2x
0 3. (a) 0.32 (b) 268.29 (c) 37 855.68 (d) 346.85
RHS (e) 755.19
d2 y dy 1
`
3 2y 0 4. e4
e2 e2 (e2
1) units2 5. (e
e
3) units2
dx2 dx 4
12. y aebx 6. 2.86 units2 7. 29.5 units2 8. (e6
1) units3
2
dy
baebx 9. 4.8 units3 10. 7.4 11. (a) x (2 x) ex (b) x2 ex C
dx
d2 y 1 x 1 4
12. e 1
C 13. (e
1) 14. e units3
3
b2aebx 3 2
dx2
b2 y 1 4
15. (e
5) units2
2
13. n
15
14.
Exercises 4.4
1. (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1 (e) 2 (f ) 1 (g) 0 (h) 7
5. (a) log3 y x (b) log5 z x (c) logx y 2 4. (a) x y (b) x
y (c) 3x (d) 2y (e) 2x (f ) x 2y
(d) log2 a b (e) logb d 3 (f ) log8 y x (g) x 1 (h) 1
y (i) 2x 1 (j) 3y
1
(g) log6 y x (h) loge y x (i) loga y x
(j) loge Q x 5. (a) p q (b) 3q (c) q
p (d) 2p (e) p 5q (f ) 2p
q
(g) p 1 (h) 1
2q (i) 3 q (j) p
1
q
6. (a) 3x 5 (b) ax 7 (c) 3b a (d) x9 y (e) ay b
(f ) 2y 6 (g) 3y x (h) 10y 9 (i) ey 4 (j) 7y x 6. (a) 1.3 (b) 12.8 (c) 16.2 (d) 9.1 (e) 6.7 (f ) 23.8
(g) -3.7 (h) 3 (i) 22.2 (j) 23
7. (a) x 1 000 000 (b) x 243 (c) x 7 (d) x 2
(e) x
1 (f ) x 3 (g) x 44.7 (h) x 10 000 7. (a) x 4 (b) y 28 (c) x 48 (d) x 3 (e) k 6
(i) x 8 (j) x 64
1 1. (a) 1.58 (b) 1.80 (c) 2.41 (d) 3.58 (e) 2.85 (f ) 2.66
13. (a) 1 (b) (i) 3 (ii) 2 (iii) 5 (iv) (v) -1 (vi) 2
2 (g) 1.40 (h) 4.55 (i) 4.59 (j) 7.29
(vii) 3 (viii) 5 (ix) 7 (x) 1 (xi) e
2. (a) x 1.6 (b) x 1.5 (c) x 1.4 (d) x 3.9
14. Domain: x 0; range: all real y (e) x 2.2 (f ) x 2.3 (g) x 6.2 (h) x 2.8
(i) x 2.9 (j) x 2.4
Exercises 4.7
1 1 3 2x
1. (a) 1 (b)
(c) (d)
x x 3x 1 x2
4
15x2 3 5 10x2 2x 5
(e) (f) 2x
5x 3x
9
3
5x 1 5x 1
1 8 6x 5
(g) 6x 5 (h) (i)
x 8x
9 (x 2) (3x
1)
4 2
30
(j)
4x 1 2x
7 (4x 1) (2x
7)
10. c e, m maximum
1
3. (a) 0.5 (b) 0.7 (c) 1.6 (d) 3. 1 (e) 0.5
e
4. loge 3
loge 2 loge 1.5 units2 5. loge 2 units2
11. (a)
6. (0.5 loge 2) units2 7. 0.61 units2
1 2
12. (a) RHS
x3 x
3
1 (x
3)
(x 3) (x
3)
(b) 2 (x 3)
(x 3) (x
3)
x
3 2x 6
x2
9
3x 3
2
x
9
LHS
3x 3 1 2
` 2
x
9 x3 x
3
(b) loge (x 3) 2 loge (x
3) C
(c)
5
13. (a) RHS 1
x
1
x
1 5
x
1 x
1
x
6
x
1
LHS
x
6 5
` 1
x
1 x
1
(b) x
5 loge (x
1) C
2
12. 13. (a) 3x ln 3 (b) 10x ln 10
(2x 5) loge 3 3 2x
1
(c) 3 ln 2 23x
4 14. C 15. 1.86 units2
2 loge 3
e2 1 4 6 1 x
4. 3x
y 3 0 5.
6. e (e
1) units2 10. e
1
C
3
e 1
2
2 3
6 6
7. e (e
1) units3 d 2 3x
6 11. (x loge x) x (1 2 loge x); 18 loge 3 12. C
dx loge 3
8. (a) 0.92 (b) 1.08 (c) 0.2 (d) 1.36 (e) 0.64
13. (a) (1, 0) (b) x
y
1 0; x
loge 10 $ y
1 0
9. e (e2
1) units2
1
(c) f 1
p units 14. 0.645 units2
10. (a) 2.16 units2 (b) x ey (c) 2.16 units2 loge 10
3 6
12. (a) (e2
1)
2
1 17. y ex e
x
(b) ln 10
3 dy
1 ex
e
x
(c) 8 3 ln 2 dx
6 d2 y
ex
(
e
x)
dx2
13. e4 x
y
3e4 0 ex e
x
y
14. 0.9
(e2x x) 2 2
4. (a) 2.8 (b) 1.8 (c) 2.6
9 c 4e4x
1 m 4x
5. (e loge x) 8 6. 0.42 units2
x
2
7.
8. 12 units3 9. 5x loge 5
2x
3
1 x
22. y e
2
2
596 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
6. (a) 0.34 (b) 0.07 (c) 0.06 (d) 0.83 (e)
1.14 3 4 1
(f) 0.33 (g)
1.50 (h) 0.06 (i)
(j) 0.16 6. (a)
(b) 2nd (c)
4 4 4 2
4
Exercises 5.2
5 6 1
7. (a)
(b) 2nd (c)
1. 6 6 6 2
6
3 4 6
1 1 7 8
3 8. (a)
(b) 4th (c)
1
sin 4 4 4
2 2 2
2
1 1 3 4
cos
2 2 2
4 3 1
1 9. (a) (b) 3rd (c)
3 3 3 2
tan 3 1
3
3
cosec 2 2 2
5 6 3
3 10. (a)
(b) 4th (c)
3 3 3 2
2
sec 2 2 2
3 3
1 3 1 1
cot 1 3 11. (a)
1 (b) (c)
3 (d)
(e)
3 2 2 3
13 12 3
1 1 3 3 4 3 2 31 12. (a) (i) (ii) 1st (iii)
2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 0 (f) 6 6 6 2
3 2 8 3 2
2
22 3
2 2 2 3 6
(g) 2
3 (h) (i) (j)
2 2 2 1 1 1 3
(b) (i) (ii) 3 (iii)
(iv) (v)
2 2 3 2
1 6
2 3 1
3. (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 1 (e) 4
4 4 2 4 5 5 7 5 4 5 7
13. (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) , (e) ,
3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 6 6
6 2
4. (a) (b) 3
2
4 14. (a) sin (b)
tan x (c)
cos (d) sin x (e) cot
ANSWERS 597
2 3 5 3
1 2 ( 3
1) Exercises 5.5
15. (a) (b)
6 4 12 12 2 2 4
6
9 3 2 125
75
1. (a) 8 cm2 (b) m (c) cm2
2 (cos
sin ) 4 3
sin 3 cos cos
sin
16. (a) (b) 3 (
3) 49 (
2 2 )
2 2 2 (d) cm2 (e) mm2
4 8
1
tan x cos y
3 sin y cos 3 sin
(c) (d) (e)
1 tan x 2 2 2. (a) 0.01 m2 (b) 1.45 cm2 (c) 3.65 mm2 (d) 0.19 cm2
(e) 0.99 m2
17. (a) sin2 (b) sin (c) tan d n
3 3 9
3. 0.22 cm2 4. (a) cm (b) cm2 (c) 0.07 cm2
(d) cos2
sin2 cos 2 (e) tan 7 14
4 3 5
18. cos x
; sin x 5. 134.4 cm 6. (a) 2.6 cm (b) cm (c) 0.29 cm2
5 5 6
9. (a) 77 22l (b) 70.3 cm2 (c) 26.96 cm2 (d) 425.43 cm2
20. (a) x 2n p (b) x n
(c) x n (
1)n
3 4 3
n
(e) x n ^
1 h , 2n
10. 9.4 cm2
(d) x n p
6 2
11 121 396
121
(f) x n , n (
1) , n
(
1)n
n
11. (a) cm (b) 22
cm2
2 2 9 18 18
(g) x 2n p 11 11 (18 )
6 (c) 22 cm
9 9
Exercises 5.4 1 1
2. 3.
4 3
3 2 125 3
(a) sin d x n sin cos x cos sin x
1. (a) 8 cm2 (b) m (c) cm2 (d) cm2
2 3 4 4.
3 3 3
49
(e) mm2 3 1
8 cos x sin x
2 2
2. (a) 0.48 m2 (b) 6.29 cm2 (c) 24.88 mm2 (d) 7.05 cm2 3 1
Z 1 x
(e) 3.18 m2 2 2
1
( 3 x)
4 7 49 2
3. 16.6 m2 4. 4 5. 6 m 6. (a) cm (b) cm2
9 6 12
6845
7. mm2 8. 75 cm2 9. 11.97 cm2
8
10. , r 3 cm
15
598 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
(c)
(b) cos d
x n cos cos x sin sin x
y
4 4 4
1 1 2
cos x sin x
2 2
1 1
Z 1 x
2 2
1
1 2
( 1 x)
2 2
2
( 1 x) x
2
3 2
2 2
tan x tan
(c) tan d x n
4 -1
4
1
tan x tan
4
(d) y
tan x 1
1
tan x 1
x 1
Z 3
1
x
Exercises 5.7
1. (a) y 1
x
3 2
1 2 2
(e) y
x
3 2
2 2
3
-1
x
(b) y 3 2
2 2
-3
2
(f) y
x
3 2
2 2 4
-2
x
3 2
2 2
-4
ANSWERS 599
(g) y (b) y
4
3
2 x
3 5 3 7 2
1 4 2 4 4 2 4
x
3 2
2 2
(h) y (c) y
1
5
x
3 2 x
2 4 5
2 2 2
3 3 3 3
1
(i) y
(d) y
3
3
x
3 2
2 2 x
3 5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
(j) y 3
(e) y
1 6
x
3 2
2 2 x
2 4 5 2
3 3 3 3
-6
(f) y
2. (a) y
1
x
2
x
3 5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
-1
600 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
(g) y 3. (a) y
1
x
2 4 5 2
3 3 3 3
x
- 3
- 3 - 2 -
4 4 2
4 4
(h) y -1
(b) y
7
3
x
x - 3 - -
3
-
3 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
2 2 -7
(c) y
-3
(i) y
x
- 3 - 3
- -
4 2 4 4 2 4
2
(d) y
x
3 2
2 2
5
2
x
- 3 3
- - -
4 2 4 4 2 4
-5
(j) y
(e) y
4
2
x
3 2 x
- 3 - 3
2 2 - -
4 2 4 4 2 4
-4 -2
ANSWERS 601
4. y (e) y
8
2
x x
2 3 4 3 2
2 2
-8 -2
(f) y
5. (a) y
4
1
x
3 5 3 7 2
x 4 2 4 4 2 4
3 2
2 2
-4
-1
(g) y
(b) y
1
x x
3 2 3 5 3 7 2
2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4
-1
(c) y (h) y
x 1
3 2
2 x
2 3 5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
-1
(d) y
(i) y
3
x 2
3 2 1
2 2
x
-3 3 2
-1 2 2
602 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
(j) y 8. (a) y
5 5
4
4
3
3 2
y = 2 cos x
2 1
x
1 3 2
1 2 2
x 2 y = 3 sin x
3 2
3
-1 2 2
4
5
6. (a) y
(b) y
1 5
4
3
x
-2 -1 1 2 2
1
-1 x
3 2
1 2 2
(b) y 2
3
3 4 y = 2 cos x + 3 sin x
5
x
-2 -1 1 2
9. y
-3
2 y cos 2x - cos x
7. (a) y
1
x
y = sin x 3 2
1
2 2
x -1
3 2
-1 2 2 -2
y = sin 2x
(b) y
x
3 2
-1 2 2
-2
ANSWERS 603
3
2
2
y = cos x + sin x
1 1
x
3 2
x -1 2 2
3 2
2 2 x
-2 y = sin x - sin
-1 2
-3
-2 -4
(b) y
Exercises 5.8
1. (a) y
2
y = sin 2x sin x y= x
2
1
1
x
3 2
2 2
1 x
1 2 3 4 3 5 6 2
2 2
2 y = sin x
-1
(c) y
There are 2 points of intersection, so there are
2 solutions to the equation.
(b) y
2 y = sin x + 2 cos 2x
x
y=
2
1
1
x
3 2 y = sin x
2 2
1 x
P P
-P -3 -2 - -1 1 2 3
2 2
2
-1
3
(d) y
There are 3 points of intersection, so there are
3 solutions to the equation.
3
2 y =3 cos x cos 2x
x
3 2
1 2 2
2
3
4
604 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
7. (a) Period 12 months, amplitude 1.5 (b) 5.30 p.m. tan2 7x
8. (a) 1300 (b) (i) 1600 (ii) 1010 2. 4 cos2 x sin3 x
sin5 x
(c) Amplitude 300, period 10 years sin3 x (4 cos2 x
sin2 x)
9. (a) 18 3. 12 4. 6 3 x
12y 6
3 0
16
sin x 2 2 3
14 5.
tan x 6.
12
cos x 3 3 9
10
8 7. sec2 xetanx 8. 8 2 x 48y
72 2
2 0
6
4 9. y 2 cos 5x
2
dy
0
10 sin 5x
January February March April May June July August dx
(b) It may be periodic - hard to tell from this data. d2 y
50 cos 5x
Period would be about 10 months. dx2
(c) Amplitude is 1.5
25 (2 cos 5x)
25y
10. (a) 4
10. f (x)
2 sin x
3.5
f l(x)
2 cos x
3 f m(x) 2 sin x
2.5
f (x)
2
d
11. LHS [loge (tan x)]
1.5 dx
sec2 x
1
tan x
0.5 tan2 x 1
0 tan x
tan2 x 1
am
am
m
am
am
pm
am
pm
5p
5p
0a
5p
8p
0
0
.55
.55
.55
.48
.48
tan x tan x
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.1
.4
11
11
11
11
11
11
tan x cot x
(b) Period 24 hours, amplitude 1.25 (c) 2.5 m RHS
d
Exercises 5.9 ` 7 loge (tan x) A tan x cot x
dx
1. (a) 4 cos 4x (b)
3 sin 3x (c) 5 sec2 5x
(d) 3 sec2 (3x 1) (e) sin (
x) (f) 3 cos x 12. d , 3
n maximum,
(g)
20 sin (5x
3) (h)
6x2 sin (x3) 3 3
5 5
(i) 14x sec2 (x2 5) (j) 3 cos 3x
8 sin 8x d ,
3
n minimum
3 3
(k) sec2 ( x) 2x (l) x sec2 x tan x
ANSWERS 605
13. (a) sec2 x (b) sin x (c) cos x 1 1
180 60 900 (b) sin 2x + x + C
4 2
14. y = 2 sin 3x 5 cos 3x
1
dy 14. (a) (1 cos 2x) (b) ( 2) units3
= 6 cos 3x + 15 sin 3x 2 8
dx
d2 y 15. y = 2 sin 3x
= 18 sin 3x + 45 cos 3x
dx2
= 9 (2 sin 3x 5 cos 3x)
Exercises 5.11
= 9y
1 1 1 1 x3
1. (a) sin 2x x + C (b) x sin 2x + +C
15. a = 7, b = 24 4 2 2 4 3
3 7x 1
(c) sin 2x + C (d) x sin 2x sin x + C
Exercises 5.10 4 2 2
7x 7 1
1. (a) sin x + C (b) cos x + C (c) tan x + C (e) + sin 2x + tan 7x + C
2 4 7
45 1 1
(d) cos x + C (e) cos 3x + C (f) cos 7x + C 1 5x
3 7 (f) sin 2x + sin x + +C
4 2
1
(g) tan 5x + C (h) sin (x + 1) + C 1 1 1
5 (g) cos 2x x + sin 2x + C
2 2 4
1 1
(i) cos (2x 3) + C (j) sin (2x 1) + C 1 1
2 2 (h) tan x + x sin 2x + C
2 4
(k) cos ( x) + C (l) sin (x + ) + C
2 x 1 1 1 1 1
(m) tan 7x + C (n) 8 cos +C (i) sin 3x + x + sin 2x + C (j) x + sin 4x + C
3 2 4 2 8
7 2
x 3 (2 + 3 )
(o) 9 tan + C (p) cos (3 x) + C 2. (a) (b) (c) (d)
3 4 2 8 3
1 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 3
2. (a) 1 (b) 3 = (c) = 2 (d) (e) =
3 3 2 3 12 8 24
1 1 3 1
(e) (f) (g) (h) 2
2 4 5 3. ( 2) units3 4. units2
8 8
1 2 1 1
3. 4 units2 4. = units2 5. 0.86 units2 5. (3 + 8) units3 6. (a) (x sin 6x) + C
3 2 6 4 2 6
= cos2 x (1 cos2 x) 1 1 1
(c) ( sin 4 ) + C (d) x cos 2x + C
= 2 cos2 x 1 8 4 2
1 1
c sin 3 + 3 sin m + C
cos 2x + 1 = 2 cos2 x
(e)
1 4 3
(cos 2x + 1) = cos2 x
2
1
10. (a) (2 2 3 1) units2 (b) (2 3 ) units3
2 4
5 25
1. (a) cm (b) cm2 (c) 0.295 cm2
6 12
3 3 1
2. (a) 3 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
3 7 5
3. (a) x , (b) x ,
4 4 6 6
4. (a)
(b) x 0.6
3
2 (
6 3 3 )
16. (a) units2 (b) units3
2 24
20. (a)
(b)
1 2 3 4
3 3
7. (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 12 12
3
8. 3x 2 y
1
0
4
9. x cos 2t
dx
2 sin 2t
dt
5. (a) y
sin 3x
d x
2
4 cos 2t d2 y
dt2
(b) LHS 9y
4x dx2
9 sin 3x 9 (
sin 3x)
1 9 sin 3x
9 sin 3x
10. units2 11. units3 12. (a) 5 (b) 2 0
2 3
RHS
8
13.
3 3 14. (a) cm2 (b) 0.12 cm2
7
ANSWERS 607
5 9 13
20. d , 0 n, d , 0 n, d , 0 n, d , 0n
6.
8 8 8 8
1 1 2
1
21. (a)
units2 (b) ( 6
3 3 ) units3
2 2 2 24
cos3 x
22. x n (
1)n , n p (
1)n 23.
cos x C
2 4 3
19. y e 4x
dy
4e 4 x
dx
4y
20. S 2e2t 3
dS
2 (2e2t )
dt
2 (2e2t 3
3)
2 (S
3)
608 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
1. (a) 8x 3
(b) 54x 2
(c)
6x 3 (d) 10e2x
(e)
sin x 5
36. (a) tan
D
2. (a) 297 (b) 4e 4
(c)
6084 (d) 3 ln 4 3 (e)
20
D tan 5
5
6 6 5 D
3. 3 2 4. 5.
6. 426 7. 289 8. 44 tan
2 17 9
dD 5
(b)
1 d sin2
9. 1 10. 6 11. 8100 mm s 3 -1
12. 0.287 mm s 3 -1
4 (c) -39 (decreasing by 39 radians/hour)
13. 205.84 cm2s-1 14. 159.79 cm3s-1 (d) No, the angle will reach zero after a few seconds.
15. 40 units per second 16.
34 560, i.e. decreasing at the Exercises 6.3
rate of 34 560 mm3s-1 1. (a) 80 (b) 146 (c) 92 days
(d)
17. -614, i.e. decreasing by 614 radios per week
22. 1.02 cms-1 23. 2.14 houses per year 24. 0.92 mh-1
1 2
26. (a) A x sin 60
2
x2 3 2. (a) 99 061 (b) 7 hours
2 2
3 x2 3. (a) When t 0, M 100
4 ` M 100e
kt
When t 5, M 95
2
(b) cms-1 ` 95 100e
5k
3
0.95 e
5k
27. (a) 663.5 mm2s-1 (b) 29 194.2 mm3s-1 ln 0.95
5k
0.01 k
28. 0.66 mm2s-1 29. 0.57 mm3s-1
So M 100e
0.01t
30.
30.48, i.e. decreasing at the rate of 30.48 cm2s-1 (b) 90.25 kg
(c) 67.6 years
31.
0.52 ms-1, i.e. moving down at the rate of 0.52 ms-1
4. (a) 35.6 L (b) 26.7 minutes
32. 458 kmh-1 33. 2.6 ms-1
5. (a) P0 5000 (b) k 0.157 (c) 12 800 units
34. Rate of volume decrease is proportional to surface area.
(d) 8.8 years
dV
i.e.
kS 6. 2.3 million m2 7. (a) P 50 000e0.069t (b) 70 599
dt
(c) 4871 people per year (d) 2040
k (4 r2)
4 8. (a) 65.61 C (b) 1 hour 44 minutes
V r3
3
dV 9. (a) 92 kg (b) Reducing at the rate of 5.6 kg per hour
4 r2
dr (c) 18 hours
dr 1
`
dV 4 r2 10. (a) M0 200; k 0.00253 (b) 192.5 g
dr dr dV (c) Reducing by 0.49 g per year (d) 273.8 years
dt dV dt
1 11. (a) B 15 000e0.073t (b) 36 008 (c) 79.6 hours
k (4 r2)
4 r2
12. 11.4 years 13. (a) 19% (b) 3200 years
k
` radius will decrease at a constant rate of k
ANSWERS 609
Aekt Q
dv
8. (a)
kAe
kt
dt
k (P Ae
kt
P)
Exercises 6.4
k (v
P)
(b) t 6.27
610 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
e e
C N
P
kt 1
Aekt N
P
P Aekt N
Exercises 6.5
1. (a) v a
(b)
t t
(b) v a
3 5 3
5. (a) , , , (b) 0, , , ,
4 4 4 2 2
Exercises 6.6 (c) The particle is on the RHS of the origin, travelling to
the right and accelerating.
1. (a) 18 cms (b) 12 cms
-1 -2
(c) When t 0, x 0; after 3 s
(d) After 5 s 9. (a) v 5
10t (b)
95 ms
1 (c) a
10 g
13. (a)
(e) 10 m
12
8 2
dx 19. ms-1
At rest: 0 3
dt
6t2
6t 42 0 2
3 5
20. (a)
1 cms-1 (b) cm (c) , , ,...s
t2
t 7 0 8 4 4 4
b2
4ac (
1) 2
4 (1) (7) Exercises 6.8
27
0 2 t 14
1. (a) x 8t 2 (b) x
(c) x
4t
1 7
So the quadratic equation has no real roots.
2
So the particle is never at rest. (d) x
(e) x 3 24t 8
3
24t
1
3 5 9t
61
17. (a) 0 cm (at the origin) (b) , , ,...s (c) p12 cm 2. x 10t 1 3. 0.93 m 4. x 3
4 4 4 2
Exercises 6.9
(b) v
2 sin t
1. v 2x2 10x 9
2. v 2x4 4x2 2x 68
8. 0.37 m
(x2
3) 5 79
10. v
5
(b) v 5 cos t
614 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
6. (a) x 7 cos 5t
ox
35 sin 5t
px
175 cos 5t
25 (7 cos 5t)
3
25x
(b) t 0, , , , 2 , . . . ; x p 4
2 2 2 3 2
(b) t 0, , , , . . . ; x p7 (c) Period
(c) v
8 sin 2t 5 5 5 5
7. (a) x 3 sin 4t
ox 12 cos 4t
px
48 sin 4t
16 (3 sin 4t)
16x
3 5
(b) t , , ,... (c) x p3; px p48
8 8 8
8. (a) px
36x
(b) 12 ms-1
(d) v 0
(c) t 0, , , , . . . ; ox p12 ms
1
(e) a
16 cos 2t 6 3 2
(d) v p 144
36x2
9. (a) x 2 cos b t l;
4
ox
2 sin b t l ; px
2 cos b t l
4 4
x, ` SHM
5 9
(b) t , , ,... (c) 2 (d) x p2
4 4 4
19. (a) px
an2 sin nt
bn2 cos nt This is in the form px
n2 (x
x0) so SHM.
n2 (a sin nt b cos nt)
n2 x Exercises 6.11
2 15 2 t 15 2 t
(b) Amplitude a2 b2 ; period (c) n a2 b2 1. (a) (i) x (ii) y
5t2
n
2 2
5 3 3 2
20. (a)
cms
1 (b) s
6 2
5 2
(b) cms
2
9 2. (a) 6 3 s (b) 540 m 3. (a) 2.3 s (b) 5.8 m
22. (a) Second stone is first by 1.46 s (b) Particle is 28 m to the left of the origin, travelling at
(b) 1st stone: 15 ms
1 to the right, with 18 ms
2 acceleration (to the
x 10t right), so the particle is speeding up.
10 (2 3 )
11. (a) t1, t3, t5 (b) t2, t4 (c) t3 and after t5
20 3 m
(d) (i)
2nd stone:
x 10 3 t
10 (10 3 (2))
20 3 m
Test yourself 6
1. -2 ms-1
12. (a) 48.2% (b) 1052.6 years
2. (a) 0 m, 0 ms-1, 8 ms-2 (b) 0, 0.8 s (c) 0.38 m
5 13 17 5 7 11
13. (a) , , , ,...s (b) , , , ,...s
3. (a) T 25 Ae
kt 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3
dT 1
kAe
kt (c)
ms
2
dt 2
k (Ae
kt 25
25) 14. (a) 15 m (b) 20 m (c) 4 s
k (T
25)
15. (a) 16 941 (b) 1168 birds/year
(b) A 295, k 0.042 (c) 108.4c
(c) 18.3 years
(d) 97 min or 1 h 37 min
16. 0.0193 mms-1
4. -76 m, -66 ms-2 5. 39.6 years
17. (a) (i)
6. (a) 6 cms
1 (b) 145 855.5 cms-2
(c) x 2e3t
ox 6e3t
px 18e3t
9 (2e3t )
9x
7. 1m
(ii)
8. x 2 sin 3t
ox 6 cos 3t
px
18 sin 3t
9 (2 sin 3t)
9x
9. (a) 2, 6 s
(b) (i) 16 cm
(ii) 15 cms
1
(b) t1, t3
(iii)
18 cms
2
(c) Particle is 16 cm to the right of the origin, travelling 2
18. (a) Period (b) 7 ms
1
at 16 cms
1 to the right. Acceleration is
18 cms
2 (to the 7
left), so the particle is slowing down. 5 13 17
(c) , , , , . . . seconds
21 21 21 21
10. (a) (i) 18 ms
2 19. 80 58l, 16 38l 20. 55 033 m
(ii) 15 ms
1
(iii) -28 m
ANSWERS 617
Challenge exercise 6 7. (a) 36 208 (b) 67 795 bacteria per hour (c) 32 000
V g V 2 V V k2 N0 (k
bN0) e
kt
When t ,y
f p f p
7 bN0 (k
bN0) e
kt A
g 2 2 g 2 2 g 2 2
e o
1 V2
4 g k2 N0 7 bN0 (k
bN0) e
kt A
7 bN0 (k
bN0) e
kt A
1 2
x [from (1)]
4
bk2 N20
` range is 4 times maximum height
7 bN0 (k
bN0) e
kt A
2
5. 0.25 cms -1 k2 N0
bN0 (k
bN0) e
kt
6. (a) x 2 sin c 4t m 3 cos c 4t m 2
2 2 kN0
bf p
ox 8 cos c 4t m
12 sin c 4t m bN0 (k
bN0) e
kt
2 2
kN
bN2
px
32 sin c 4t m
48 cos c 4t m
2 2
16 = 2 sin c 4t m 3 cos c 4t m G
2 2
16x
1
22. (a) 1.77 (b)
x loge 3
e2 4
23. (e
1) units3
2
This is not in the form px
n2 x, so the particle is not in 31. (a) 1.60 cm2 (b) 0.17 cm2
SHM.
32. 15 months
36 3
Practice assessment task set 2 33. (a) 1.2 s (b) Z 12.5 m (c) 1.8 m
5
1. 3.2 years 2. 1.099 3. 27 m 4.
2
34. x 2n p
1 4
5. x ey, x 3.42 6. 3x2 2e2x 7. x p
2
35.
16 cm3 s
1, i.e. decreasing by 16 cm3 s
1
8. (a) 47.5 g (b) 3.5 g/year (c) After 9.3 years
5 25
9. (a) 0 cms
1 (b) a
18 sin 3t
9x 36. (a) cm (b) cm2
6 12
10. (a) 7750 L (b) 28 minutes
37. ex
3
C
2
12
11. 622.1 units 3
12.
4x 3
38.
1
13. loge (3x2 3x
2) C
3
14. (a) 100 L (b) 40 L
(c)
16 L per minute, i.e. leaking at the rate of 16 L per
minute
(d) 12.2 minutes
1 4x 1
2x
18. e xC 19.
4 e 2x
20.
2 39. 1 40. cot x 41. 5e5x sec2 (e5x 1) 42. 3
21. (a) k 0.101 (b) 2801 (c) 20 days
ANSWERS 619
sec2 (loge x 1)
62.
x
5
63. 3x
2 ln x
C
x
(b) 2 units2
1 5x 1
64. 8.32 units3 65. e cos x C
44. 0.348 5
4x
47. 29 Z 5.4 ms 1
8
49. ln 8
ln 3 ln 50. 6 m 12 m
3
51. (a) 5500 (b) 9.5 years 69. (e2
1) units2 70.
1
3
52. 85 25l, 15 54l 53. units3
2 71. f (1) 0.519
54.
72. (a) # x sin c x2
2 m dx
21 cos c x2
2 m C
3
(b) x
2
73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (a)
Exercises 7.1
3
55. 6x
y
1
0
2 1. y 3x 2. y
x 3. f
1 (x) 5x 4. y x3
3 3
x
56. 3
units2 5. y 6. f
1 (x) x
1 7. y x5
3 3 7
1
8. f
1 (x) x
3 9. y 3 x or y x 3
57. 3ex sin2 (ex) cos (ex) 1
10. f
1 (x) log2 x 11. y 4x 12. y 5
x or y x 5
58. (a) x sin 2t x
ox 2 cos 2t 13. f
1 (x) x 9 14. f
1 (x) 5
x 15. y
3
px
4 sin 2t
4x 16. y ! x 17. y x7 18. y ex 19. y 9x
3
(b) t 0, , , ,...s 20. y ! 8 x -
2 2
(c) v p2 cms
1
620 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
Exercises 7.2 x
1 x
1
(c) (i) y 4 (ii) y
4
x x3 2 2
1. y 2. y 3. y 3 x
5 (d) (i) y x 8 3 (ii) y
x 8 3
5 2
2 (e) (i) y x 7
2 (ii) y
x 7
2
4. f
1 (x) 7 x 1 5. y x3 2 6. y
x
3 Exercises 7.5
7. y
5 8. y 2x
1 9. f
1 (x) x2
2
x
1. (a) f
1 [f (x)] f
1 (x 7)
9 x
1
10. y x 7
3
11. y 2 12. y 3
(x 7)
7
x 5
x
x2 (x
5)2 x3
27 f [f
1 (x)] f (x 7)
13. y 5 14. f
1 (x) 15. y
3 4 54 (x
7) 7
ln x x
16. y ln x 17. y 18. y ex 19. y ex
1
2
(b) f
1 [f (x)] f
1 (3x)
ln (x
1) x 3x
20. f
1 (x) 21. y p x 22. y p 4
3 2 3
x
23. y p x
5 24. y p 6 x 3 25. y p x 16
4
f [f
1 (x)] f d n
x
3
26. y p 4
x 2 27. y p x
2 1
3d n
x
3
28. y p x 26
5 29. y p x 12 3
x
30. y p x 47
6 (c) f
1 [f (x)] f
1 ^ x h
^ xh
2
Exercises 7.3
x
1. Yes 2. No 3. No 4. Yes f [f
1 (x)] f (x2)
5. Yes 6. No 7. Yes 8. No (x 2 )
x
9. No 10. No 11. Yes 12. No
(d) f
1 [f (x)] f
1 (ex)
Exercises 7.4 ln (ex)
x ln e
1. (a) f
1: y 3 x ; domain: all real x, range: all real y x
x2
(b) f
1: y ; domain: all real x, range: all real y f [f
1 (x)] f (ln x)
3
(c) f
1: y ln x; domain: x 0, range: all real y eln x
2 x
(d) f
1 (x) ; domain: all real x x 0, range: all real y x 0
x (e) f
1 [f (x)] f
1 (3x 1)
1
(e) f
1: y
1; domain: all real x x 0, range: all real (3x 1)
1
x
y x
1
3
x
2. (a) y ; domain: x r 0, range: y r 0 3x
2
3
(b) y x
2 ; domain: x r 2, range: y r 0 x
(c) y x 3; domain: x r 0, range: y r 3 x
1
f [f
1 (x)] f d n
(d) y x 1 1; domain: x r
1, range: y r 1 3
x
1
(e) y 6 x ; domain: x r 0, range: y r 0 3d n 1
3
(f) y
1
x ; domain: x b 1, range: y b 0 x
(g) y 4 x 1 ; domain: x r
1, range: y r 0
2. (a) Domain: all real x x 1, range: all real y x 0
1
(h) y
; domain: x 0, range: y 0 2
x (b) f
1 (x) 1
x
3. (a) x r
3 (c) Domain: all real x x 0, range: all real y x 1
(b) y x 9
3; domain: x r
9, range: y r
3
(c) x b
3 3. (a)
(d) y
x 9
3; domain: x r
9, range: y b
3
x1
4. (a) y
x (b) y
(c) f 1 (x)
4 x 2
3
3 2
(d) y
(e) y
4
x x
5. (a) (i) y x 1 1 (ii) y
x 1 1
(b) (i) y 4
x2 (ii) y
4 x 2
ANSWERS 621
1 1
(b) y ex 2. (a) 0 (b)
1 (c) (d) (e)
2 2 2
(c) y ln x domain: x 0, range: all real y;
y ex domain: all real x, range: y 0 3
(f) 3 (g) 0 (h)
3 (i) (j)
1
1
2
4. (a) (i) 5x4 (ii) x y 5
3. (a) 0.41 (b) 1.04 (c) 0.97
dx 1
4 dy
dx 1 (d)
0.64 (e)
1.31
(iii) x (iv) 5x4 x
4 1
dy 5 dx dy 5
4. (a) 0.67 (b)
0.14 (c) 1.64
1 1
(b) (i)
(ii) x (d) 0.97 (e)
0.90
x2 y
dx dy dx 1 5. (a)
(iii)
x2 (iv)
2 (
x2) 1
dy dx dy x
1
(c) (i) (ii) x ey
1
x1
dx dy dx 1
(iii) x1 (iv) (x 1) 1
dy dx dy x 1
(d) (i)
e
x (ii) x
ln y
dx 1 dy dx
(iii)
x
ex (iv)
e
x (
ex) 1
dy e dx dy
1 (b)
(e) (i) (ii) x y2 3
2 x
3
dx
(iii) 2 x
3
dy
dy dx 1
(iv) 2 x
3 1
dx dy 2 x
3
x
1
5. (a) (i) x 3y 1 (ii) y
3
1 dy dx 1
(iii) (iv) 3 (v) 3 1 (c)
3 dx dy 3
1 4
1 x
5
(ii) y d n d n
x 5
(b) (i) x 3y5 (iii)
3 15 3
4 4 4
dy 1 x
5
(iv) 15 d n d n 15 d n 1
x 5 dx x 5
(v)
3 dx dy 15 3 3
2 2 2
(c) (i) x (ii) y
3 (iii)
y3 x x2
x2 dy dx 2 x2
(iv)
(v)
2
1 (d)
2 dx dy x 2
1
(d) (i) x y3
7 (ii) y 3 x 7 (iii)
3 3 (x 7) 2
(iv) 3 3 (x 7) 2
dy dx 1
(v) 3 3 (x 7) 2 1
dx dy 3 3 (x 7) 2
ln x
1 1
(e) (i) x e5y 1 (ii) y (iii)
5 5x
dy dx 1 (e)
(iv) 5x (v) 5x 1
dx dy 5x
Exercises 7.6
1. (a) (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) (e)
2 6 4
(f)
(g) (h) (i)
2 2 4 6
5
(j)
(k) (l) (m)
3 4 6 6
622 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
(f) (l)
(g) (m)
(h) (n)
(i)
6. (a)
1 b x b 1 (b)
1 b x b 1 (c)
bxb
4 4
4 3 5
8. (a) (b) (c)
5 5 12
3
(d) (e) (f)
(j) 58 4 4
24
9. (a) 2 sin cos (b)
25
1 18. (a)
(d) LHS cos
1 c
m
2
2
3
1
RHS
cos
1
2
3 3
sin
1 cos
1
3 7 7 2
2
3 2
1
(e) sin
1 e
o
(b) sin
1 d
5
n
0.589
2 4 9
1
e sin
1 o
sin
1 d
5
n
2 9
2 5 8 Exercises 7.7
15 (a) n
(b) , ,
3 3 3 3 1 2 1
1. (a)
(b) (c)
1
x 2
1
x 2 1 x2
16. (a) x 2 n p 1.53 (b) x n (
1)n 0.39
3 8 2x
(c) x n 0.92 (d) x n
(
1)n 1.04 (d)
(e) (f)
(e) x n
0.75 (f) x 2 n p 1.80 1
9x 2
1
4x 2
1
x4
2 1
(g)
17. (a) and (b) 1 (2x
1)2 2x2
2x 1
y
40 1 2
(h)
(i)
(j)
1
64x2 9
x2 4 x2
y = cos-1 x 3
3 1
(k) (l) (m)
36
x2 2 x (1
x) 49
x2
15 15
(n)
1
(3x 2) 2
9x
12x
3
2
y = sin-1 x + cos-1 x 2
x 5
(o) cos x
1
(p) (tan
1 x 1)4
1
x2 1 x2
1
x 2. (a)
1 (b) 1 (c)
-1 1 x 1
(loge x)2
ex 1
(d) (e)
1 e 2x 1
x2 sin
1 x
y = sin-1 x
- 1
1
(f)
(g)
1
x2 6 1 (cos
1 x 1)2 @
2 (1 x2) (tan
1 x)2
1 1 1
(h)
(i)
1 x2
x 2
4x
2 1
d 1n
2
x
2
ecos
1
x
(j)
1
x2
624 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
d 1
1
6. (a) (sin
1 x cos
1 x) Exercises 7.8
dx 1
x2 1
x2
0 1. (a) sin
1 x C (b) 2 cos
1 x C or
2 sin
1 x C
1 x
(b) sin x cos x
1
1 (c) tan
1 x C (d) tan
1 C
2 3 3
d x 5 x
` d n0 (e) sin
1 C (f) tan
1 C
dx 2 2 2 2
3 1 x
d x (g) sin
1 x C (h) sin
1 C
7. (a) (x sin
1 x) sin
1 x 2 5 4
dx 1
x2 1 x x
(i) tan
1 C (j) sin
1 C
dy 3 3 5
For 0,
dx
x 1 x 1
sin
1 x 0 2. (a) tan
1 C (b) sin
1 2x C
1
x 2 6 6 2
x t 1
sin
1 x (c) sin
1 C (d) tan
1 3x C
1
x2 3 3
x 0 satisfies this equation
(e) sin
1 d n C (f) tan
1 d n C
1 5 x 1 4x
When x 0, y 0 sin
1 0 5 2 4 3
0
(g) sin
1 d n C (h)
2t 5
tan
1 ( 5 x) C
` (0, 0) is a stationary point 5 5
(b) Domain:
1 b x b 1, range: 0 b y b
tan
1 e oC cos
1 d n C
2 3 3x 2 3x
(i) (j)
(c) 6 2 15 5
3. (a) (b) (c)
2 4 3
(d) (e) (f)
12 6 3
3
(g) (h) (i)
9 28
(j)
3 5
1
9. sin
1 x3 C
3
5
10. y sin
1 d n
x
3 14
ANSWERS 625
3
12. LHS cos
1 e
o
1 1
11. (a) RHS (b) 0.48
1 x2 4 x2 2
4 x2 1 x2
(1 x2) (4 x2) 6
2x2 5
cos
1 e o
3
(1 x2) (4 x2) 2
LHS RHS
2
12. units3
12 13. (a) Domain: all real x x
2; range: all real y x 0
1
(b) e 1
o units2
3 (b) f
1 (x)
2
13. (a) cos
1 x x
6 2
(c) Domain: all real x x 0; range: all real y x
2
14. d
1 n units2
2 14. (a) units2 (b) 1.73 units3
6
15. v 2 tan
1 x 4
15. (a) (b)
2 3
1 3 10
3. (a) (b) (c)
1
x2 1 9x 2 1
25x2
5 17. 4 3 x
18y
6 3 3 0
4. units2
12
18. (a) x 2 (b) f
1 (x) x4 2
3
x
5. f
1 (x) 19. (a) 2 (b) 10.5
2
7
20. (a) (b)
3 14
6. 2n p
4
Challenge exercise 7
ln (x
1)
7. f
1 (x)
3 1. (a) y
1
x2 , domain: 0 b x b 1, range:
8. (a) 0
1 b y b 0
d
(b) sin
1 x cos
1 x and d n0 (b) y
1
1 ; domain: x 0, x b
1,
2 dx 2 x
range: y b 0, y x
1
x
9. tan
1 x
1 x2 x
1
x2 sin
1 x
2. ; no: x x 0
x 2
1
x2
10. (a) Domain: all real x r 1; range: all real y r 0
(b) f
1 (x) x2 1 Domain: all real x r 0 1
3. tan
1 (x2) C
2
11.
626 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
4. (a) 9.
4 5
LHS tan
1 tan
1
5 4
2
2
10. (a) 0.9 units3 (b) units3
RHS
(b) 0
(c) Chapter 8: Series
Exercises 8.1
1. 14, 17, 20 2. 23, 28, 33 3. 44, 55, 66
Exercises 8.2
3 1 3
3
6.
units2 1. (a) T1 3, T2 11, T3 19 (b) T1 5, T2 7, T3 9
6 2 6
(c) u1 5, u2 11, u3 17 (d) T1 3, T2
2, T3
7
7. Let sin
1 x (e) t1 19, t2 18, T3 17 (f) u1 3, u2 9, u3 27
x (g) Q1 9, Q2 11, Q3 15 (h) t1 2, t2 12, t3 58
Then sin
1
1 (i) T1 8, T2 31, T3 70 (j) T1 2, T2 10, T3 30
n 50 n 9
1 with d 3.
(e) / k2 (f) / (
n) (g) / 3.2k (h) /
k 3 n 1 k 0 n 0 2n (b) 50 3
n n
(i) / a (k
1) d (j) / ar k
1
28. 26 29. 122b 30. 38th term
k 1 k 1
3. (a) 590 (b) -850 (c) 414 (d) 1610 (e) -397 4. (a) 4850 (b) 4225
6. (a) Tn 8n 1 (b) Tn 2n 98 (c) Tn 3n 3 6. (a) 700 (b)
285 (c)
1170 ] 18 terms g
(d) Tn 6n 74 (e) Tn 4n
25 (f) Tn 20
5n (d) 6525 (e)
2286
n6
(g) Tn (h) Tn
2n
28 (i) Tn 1.2n 2 7. 21 8. 8 9. 11 10. a 14, d 4
8
3n
1
(j) Tn
4 11. a
3, d 5 12. 2025 13. 3420
7. 28th term 8. 54th term 9. 30th term
14. 8 and 13 terms 15. 1010
10. 15th term 11. Yes 12. No
16. (a) (2x 4)
(x 1)
13. Yes 14. n 13 15. n 30, 31, 32 . . . (3x 7)
(2x 4)
x3
16. -2 17. 103 18. 785 (b) 25 (51x 149)
2 n 2
15. 2146
] g
1 n
1
(g) Tn 4 n
1
(h) Tn 1000
10
4
4 n
2
]
10 gn 2 Puzzles
1 2 n
1
(i) Tn
3 ]
3 gn
1 (j) Tn d n 1. Choice 1 gives $465.00. Choice 2 gives
3 5
]
3 gn $10 737 418.23!
2. 382 apples
4. (a) 1944 (b) 9216 (c) -8192
64 Exercises 8.8
(d) 3125 (e)
729 1 4
1.(a) Yes LS 13 (b) No (c) Yes LS 12 (d) No
2 5
5. (a) 256 (b) 26 244 (c) 1.369 25
(e) Yes LS 3 (f) Yes LS (g) No
3 32
(d) -768 (e)
1024 5 3
(h) Yes LS
1 (i) No (j) Yes LS 1
22 7
6. (a) 234 375 (b) 268.8 (c) -81 920 2 2 7
2. (a) 80 (b) 426 (c) 66 (d) 12 (e) (f) 54
2187 3 3 10
(d) (e) 27 2 9 16
156 250 (g)
10 (h) (i) 48 (j)
7 20 39
7. (a) 3 219 (b) 719 (c) 1.0420 7 4 1 1 3645
3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
12 27 12500 64 4096
(d) d n 21 (e) d n
1 1 19 1 3 20
1 2 1 1 2
4 2 2 4 4. (a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2 (e) 3 (f) 5 (g)
4 5 48 2 5
8. 1149 9. 6th term 1 4 5
(h)
5 (i) 1 (j)
3 5 6
10. 5th term 11. No 2 3 7 1
5. a 4 6. r 7. a 5 8. r 9. r
5 5 8 4
12. 7th term 13. 11th term 2 2 1
10. r
11. a 3, r and a 6, r
3 3 3
14. 9th term 15. n 5 16. r 3 1 3
12. a 192, r
, LS 153
4 5
17. (a) r
6 2 2 3
13. a 1, r , LS 3, a
1, r
, LS
(b)
18 3 3 4
3
14. a 150, r , LS 375
1 2 5
18. a , r p2 19. n 7 20. 208
10 7 2 2 1 2 3
15. a , r , LS 1 16. a 3, r and a 2, r
5 3 5 5 5
21 2 3
Exercises 8.7 17. x 18. (a)
1 1 k 1 1 (b)
(c) k
32 5 4
1. 1 1 5 1
(a) 2 097 150 (b) 7 324 218 19. (a)
1 p 1 (b) (c) p
2 2 7 14
2. (a) 720 600 (b) 26 240
a a ^ 1
r nh
20. LS
Sn
32 769 1
r 1
r
3. (a) 131 068 (b)
65 536 a
a ^ 1
r nh
55 1
r
4. (a) 7812 (b) 35
64 a
a ar n
(c) 8403 (d) 273 (e) 255 1
r
ar n
364
5. (a) 255 (b) (c) 97 656.2 1
r
729
127
(d) 1 (e) 87 376
128
Exercises 8.9
6. (a) 1792 (b) 3577 1. (a) 210 (b) 13th (c) 57
16. (a) 74.7 cm (b) 75 m 24. (a) $14 281.87 (b) $9571.96
(c) No, they will only have $23 853.83.
17. (a) 4.84 m (b) After 3 years
25. $813.16
18. 300 cm 19. 3.5 m 20. 32 m
2. (a) $2007.34 (b) $2015.87 (c) $2020.28 6. (a) $592.00 (b) $39 319.89
14. (a) $13 251.13 (b) $374.07 (c) $20 199.77 Step 3: Prove true for n = k + 1
Prove 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8 5 k + 1 ? 3 g
= ]k + 1 g]4 5k + 1 ? + 1 g
15. (a) $1835.68 (b) $9178.41
i.e. 5 + 11 + 19 + + ] 8k 3 g + ] 8k + 5 g
Exercises 8.13 = ] k + 1 g ] 4k + 5 g
So 1 k
1 2 d 1
k n
1 1 1 1 Prove 2 5 8 ] 3k 1 g ] 3 5 k 1 ? 1 g
2 4 2 2 3 (k 1)2 (k 1)
2
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
i.e. 2 5 8 ] 3k 1 g ] 3k 2 g
Prove 1 k
1 k 1
1 2 d 1
k 1 n
1 1 1 1 1
3(k2 2k 1) (k 1)
2 4 2 2 2
2
i.e. 1 k
1 k 2 d 1
k 1 n
1 1 1 1 1
3k2 6k 3 k 1
2 4 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 3k2 7k 4
LHS 1 k
1 k
2 4 2 2 2
2d1
k n k
1 1
2 2 LHS 2 5 8 ] 3k 1 g ] 3k 2 g
3k2 k
1
2
2 k k
1 ] 3k 2 g
2 2 2
1 3k2 k 2 (3k 2)
2
k
2 2 2
1 2 3k k 6k 4
2
2
k
2 2 2 2
2 3k2 k 6k 4
2
k1
2 2
1 3k2 7k 4
2e1
k1 o
2 2
RHS RHS
n
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
7. / (5r) (5 1) (5 2) (5 3) . . . (5 n) Prove
2
4
6
2k
2 ] k 1 g
] k 1 g ] k 1 1 g
r 1
5 10 15 . . . 5n i.e.
2
4
6
2k
2 ] k 1 g
] k 1 g ] k 2 g
Step 1: Prove true for n 1 LHS
2
4
6
2k
2 (k 1)
LHS 5 1
k (k 1)
2 (k 1)
5
k 2
k
2k
2
5
k 2
3k
2
RHS (1) (1 1)
2
] k 2 3k 2 g
5
]k 1g]k 2g
2 RHS
2
5 So the statement is true for n k 1.
LHS RHS The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
n 2.
So the statement is true for n 1. It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
Step 2: Assume true for n k
5 9. Step 1: Prove true for n 1.
So 5 10 15 5k k (k 1)
2 LHS 5 ] 1 g 4
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 9
Prove 5 10 15 5k 5] k 1 g 5(1)2 13 (1)
RHS
5 2
(k 1) (k 1 1)
2 18
2
i.e. 5 10 15 5k 5 ] k 1 g
5
(k 1) (k 2) 9
2
LHS RHS
LHS 5 10 15 5k 5 ] k 1 g So the statement is true for n 1.
k (k 1) 5 ] k 1 g
5
2 Step 2: Assume true for n k
5k2 13k
So 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g
5 5 (k 1) 2
k (k 1)
2 2 2
5 5
k (k 1) $ 2 (k 1) Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
Prove 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g ] 5 5 k 1 ? 4 g
2 2
5
[k (k 1) 2 (k 1)] 5(k 1)2 13(k 1)
2
5 2
(k2 k 2k 2)
2 i.e. 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g ] 5k 9 g
5 5(k2 2k 1) 13k 13
(k2 3k 2)
2 2
5 5k2 10k 5 13k 13
(k 1) (k 2)
2 2
RHS 5k2 23k 18
So the statement is true for n k 1. 2
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for LHS 9 14 19 ] 5k 4 g ] 5k 9 g
n 2. 5k2 13k
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on. ] 5k 9 g
2
The statement is true for all integers n r 1. 5k2 13k 2(5k 9)
2 2
8. Step 1: Prove true for n 1 5k 13k 10k 18
2
LHS
2 ] 1 g 2 2
2 5k2 13k 10k 18
RHS
1 ] 1 1 g 2
2 5k2 23k 18
LHS RHS 2
RHS
So the statement is true for n 1.
So the statement is true for n k 1.
Step 2: Assume true for n k. The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
So
2
4
6
. . .
2k
k ] k 1 g n 2.
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
ANSWERS 633
n
Step 2: Assume true for n k
10. / (3r) 32 33 34 . . . 3n
4 6 (
2)k
1 @
So 4 8 16
4 ]
2 g k 1
r 2
9 27 81 . . . 3n 3
Step 1: Prove true for n 2 Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
LHS 32 Prove 4 8 16
4 ]
2 g k 1
4 ]
2 g k 1 1
9 4 6 (
2) k 1
1 @
9 (32
1
1)
RHS 3
2 i.e. 4 8 16
4 ]
2 gk 1 4 ]
2 gk
9(3
1) 4 6 (
2) k 1
1 @
2
3
9(2)
LHS
4 8
16
4 ]
2 gk 1
4 ]
2 gk
2
4 6 (
2)k
1 @
9
4 ]
2 gk
LHS RHS 3
So the statement is true for n 2. 4 6 (
2)k
1 @ 3 4 (
2)k
3 3
Step 2: Assume true for n k
4 (
2)
4 12 (
2)k
k
9(3k
1
1)
So 9 27 81 . . . 3k 3 3
2 4 (
2)k
4
12 (
2)k
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 3
9(3k 1
1
1)
8 (
2)k
4
Prove 9 27 81 . . . 3k 3k 1
2 3
9(3k
1) 4
2 (
2)k
4
2 3
4 (
2)k 1
4
LHS 9 27 81 3k 3k 1
3
9(3k
1
1)
3k 1 4 6 (
2)k 1
1 @
2
9(3k
1
1) 2 (3k 1) 3
RHS
2 2
So the statement is true for n k 1.
9 3
9 2 3k 1
k
1
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
2
n 2.
32 3k
1
9 2 3k 1
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
2
The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
3k 1
9 2 3k 1
2 12. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
3 3k 1
9
LHS 12
2
9 3k
9 1
RHS 1 ] 1 1 g (2 1 1)
2 1
9(3k
1) 6
]2 g]3g
1
2
RHS 6
So the statement is true for n k 1. 1
LHS RHS
The statement is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3.
So the statement is true for n 1.
It is true for n 3 so it must be true for n 4 and so on.
The statement is true for all integers n r 2. Step 2: Assume true for n k
k ] k 1 g ] 2k 1 g
1
11. Step 1: Prove true for n 1 So 12 22 32 . . . k2
6
LHS
4 ]
2 g1 1
4 ]
2 g0
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
4 Prove 12 22 32 . . . k2 (k 1) 2
4 6 (
2)1
1 @ (k 1) ] k 1 1 g ] 2 5 k 1 ? 1 g
1
RHS 6
3
4 5
2
1 ?
i.e. 12 22 32 . . . k2 (k 1) 2
] k 1 g ] k 2 g ] 2k 3 g
1
3
6
4 (
3)
3
4
LHS RHS
So the statement is true for n 1.
634 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 It is true for n 3 so it must be true for n 5 and so on.
Prove 5k 1
1 is divisible by 4 The statement is true for all odd positive integers.
i.e. 5k 1
1 4q where q is an integer
19. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
5k
1 4p
51 31 5 3
` 5 5k
1 h
^ 5 4p
8 which is divisible by 2
5k 1
5 20p
So the statement is true for n 1
5k 1
5 4 20p 4
5k 1
1 20p 4 Step 2: Assume true for n k
4 ^ 5p 1 h So 5k 3k is divisible by 2.
4 q where q is an integer i.e. 5k 3k 2p where p is an integer
So the statement is true for n k 1. 5 k 2p
3 k
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
n 2.
Prove 5k 1 3k 1 is divisible by 2
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
i.e. 5k 1 3k 1 2q where q is an integer
The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
5k 1 3k 1 5 5k 3 3k
17. Step 1: Prove true for n 2 5 ^ 2p
3k h 3 3k
2 ]2 2 g 2 ]4 g
10p
5 3k 3 3k
8 which is divisible by 4 10p
2 3k
So the statement is true for n 2. 2 ^ 5p
3k h
2q where q is an integer
Step 2: Assume true for n k where k is even So the statement is true for n k 1.
So k ] k 2 g is divisible by 4. The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true for
i.e. k2 2k 4p where p is an integer n 2.
It is true for n 2 so it must be true for n 3 and so on.
Step 3: Prove true for n k 2 (the next even integer) The statement is true for all integers n r 1.
Prove ] k 2 g ] k 2 2 g is divisible by 4
i.e. ] k 2 g ] k 4 g 4q where q is an integer 20. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
] k 2 g ] k 4 g k 2 4k 2k 8 71 31 7 3
k2 2k 4k 8 10 which is divisible by 10
4p 4k 8 So the statement is true for n 1
4^ p k 2h Step 2: Assume true for n k where k is odd
4q where q is an integer So 7k 3k is divisible by 10.
So the statement is true for n k 2. i.e. 7k 3k 10p where p is an integer
The statement is true for n 2 so it must be true for 7k 10p
3k
n 4. Step 3: Prove true for n k 2 (next odd integer)
It is true for n 4 so it must be true for n 6 and so on. Prove 7k 2 3k 2 is divisible by 10
The statement is true for all even positive integers. i.e. 7k 2 3k 2 10q where q is an integer
7k 2 3k 2 72 7k 32 3k
18. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
49 7k 9 3k
49 ^ 10p
3k h 9 3k
1 3 4 which is divisible by 4
So the statement is true for n 1.
490p
49 3k 9 3k
Step 2: Assume true for n k where k is odd 490p
40 3k
So k ] k 2 g is divisible by 4. 10 ^ 49p
4 3k h
i.e. k k 2 4p where p is an integer 10q where q is an integer
2k 2 4p So the statement is true for n k 2.
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true
Step 3: Prove true for n k 2 (the next odd integer)
for n 3.
Prove 2 ] k 2 g 2 is divisible by 4
It is true for n 3 so it must be true for n 5 and so on.
i.e. 2 ] k 2 g 2 4q where q is an integer
The statement is true for all odd integers n r 1.
2k 4 2 4q
2k 6 4q 21. Step 1: Prove true for n 1
2k 6 2k 2 4 LHS 12
4p 4 1
4^ p 1h RHS 1
5
4q where q is an integer
4
So the statement is true for n k 2. LHS > RHS
The statement is true for n 1 so it must be true So the statement is true for n 1.
for n 3.
636 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
S15 S14 T15 30. (a) / 5(3)r 5(3)1 5(3)2 5(3)3 . . . 5(3)n
r 1
(e) n 16 15 45 135 . . . 5] 3 gn
Step 1: Prove true for n 1
13
3. (a) 11 125 (b) 1 LHS 5 ] 3 g1
140
15
(c) 3 985 785 (d) 34 750 15 (31
1)
1 RHS
(e) 2
2 15 (2)
4. (a) Each slat rises 3 mm so the bottom one rises up 2
30 3 mm or 90 mm. 15
(b) 87 mm LHS RHS
(c) 90, 87, 84, . . . which is an arithmetic sequence So the statement is true for n 1.
with a 90, d
3 Step 2: Assume true for n k
(d) 42 mm (e) 1395 mm
15 (3k
1)
So 15 45 135 5 ] 3 gk
5. $3400.01 2
6. (a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (i) (d) (iii) Step 3: Prove true for n k 1
(e) (i) (f) (ii) (g) (ii) (h) (i) Prove 15 45 135 5 (3) k 5 (3) k 1
(i) (i) (j) (i) 15 (3k 1
1)
2
7. n 108 LHS 15 45 135 5 (3) k 5 (3) k 1
15 (3k
1)
8. (a) $24 050 (b) $220 250 5 (3) k 1
2
9. a
33, d 13 15 (3k
1) 2 5 (3) k 1
2 2
10. (a) 59 (b) 80 (c) 18th term
15 (3
1) 10 (3) k 1
k
11. (a) x 25 (b) x p 15 2
15 3k
15 10 3k 1
4 13 19
12. (a) (b) (c) 1 2
9 18 33
5 3 3k
15 10 3k 1
13. x 3 2
5 3k 1
15 10 3k 1
14. (a) 136 (b) 44 (c) 6 2
15 3k 1
15
1
15. 121 16. $8066.42 2
2
15 (3k 1
1)
17. (a) Tn 4n 1 (b) Tn 1.07n
1
2
1 1 RHS
18. (a)
1 x 1 (b) 2 (c) x
2 3
Step 2: Assume true for n k 3. (a) 2 097 170 (b) -698 775
k (3k 5)
So 4 7 10 ] 3k 1 g 4. (a) $40 (b) $2880
2
9 33
2. (a) (b) (c)
4 4 4
ANSWERS 639
n
3e 3 x 3e3x
18. / xr
1 x1
1 x2
1 x3
1 xn
1 5.
r 1 1 (e3x 1) 2 e6x 2e3x 2
1 x x2 xn 1
1
xn 6. 0.73
To prove 1 x x2 xn
1
1
x
7. (a)
Step 1: Prove true for n 1
LHS x1 1
1
1
x1
RHS
1
x
1
LHS RHS
i.e. 3 6 12 . . . 3 ] 2k g 3 ] 2k 1 g 3 ] 2k 2
1 g
324
4.
625
640 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
9841a
23. 24. 2.4 m
6561
1
25.
x 7 1 (loge x 1) 2 A
1
x 7 (loge x) 2 2 loge x 2 A
(b)
tan
1 d n C
2 3x
26.
3 2
27. (a) 3 000 000 (b) 3 000 336 (c) 146 insects per day
(c)
29. (a)
(d)
8
45. 46. $180.76
45
256
Since AC2 AB2 BC2,
39. Step 1: Prove true for n 5
$ ABC is right angled at +B.
LHS 25
1
31 5
RHS 5 ] 5 g 2
48. x
6
27
n
LHS RHS 49. / 3r 30 31 32 3n
So true for n 5 r 0
1 3 32 3n
Step 2: Assume true for n k Step 1: Prove true for n 0
2k
1 5k 2 LHS 30
i.e. 2k 5k 3 1
Step 3: Prove true for n k 1 30 1
1
RHS
Prove 2k 1
1 5 ] k 1 g 2
2
3
1
i.e. 2 k 1
1 5k 7
2
2 k 1
5k 8
2
2k 1 2 ^ 2k h
2
2 ] 5k 3 g 1
10k 6 LHS RHS
5k 8 So true for n 0
2 2
43.
3 k 1
1 2 (3 k 1)
2
3 (3 k 1)
1
2
3k 2
1
2
RHS
So it is true for n k 1.
Since it is true for n 0, then it is true for n 1.
If true for n 1, then it is true for n 2 and so on.
44. (a) v
12 sin 4t (b) a
48 cos 4t (c) 3 cm So it is true for all n r 0.
3 5
(d) t 0, , , . . . s (e) 3 cm (f) t , , ,... s
4 2 8 8 8
642 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
2 5 3
52. (a) x 0, , 2 (b) x , ,
3 6 6 2
4
(c) x ,
3 3
63. (a) 12.6 mL (b) 30 minutes
53. 450 cm 2
64. (a) A 24 000, k Z 0.038 (b) 37.4 years
54. (a) 12 ms (b) 48e ms
1 4
2
65.
9 cms
1
(c) x 3e4t 2
. 66. (a)
x 12e4t
..
x 48e4t
4 (12e4t )
.
4x
(d)
1
(b) units2
2
67. (a) n (
1) n (b) n
6 6
1 73. (a)
57.
10
74. (b), (d)
58. (a) Square 46.3 m 46.3 m, rectangle 30.9 m 92.7 m
(b) $8626.38 75. (d) 76. (a)
59.
77. (c)
78. (c)
80. (d)
ANSWERS 643
5. (a) f ] 0 g 0, f ] 1 g 0
(b) 0.379
6. (a) f ]
2 g 0, f ]
1 g 0
(b) x Z
1
(c) x Z
1.18
9. (a) 1.74 (b) 3.33 (c) 2.76 (d) 1.91 3. (a) f ] 6 g
0.09 0
f ] 6.5 g 0.06 0
10. x Z 2.31; no since f ] 2.31 g Z 9.2 11. x Z 1.34
So the root lies between x 6 and x 6.5.
(b) f ] 6.25 g
0.01 0
12. x Z 1.99 13. x Z 0.42 14. (a) x 2 and x 3
So the root lies between x 6.25 and x 6.5.
(b) x Z 2.75
f ] 6.375 g 0.027 0
15. x Z 0.74 So the root lies between x 6.25 and x 6.375.
(c) x 6.253
Test yourself 9
1. x 1.39 2. x 1.87 3. (a) f (2)
1, f (3) 49
Chapter 10: The binomial theorem
(b) x 2.05
Exercises 10.1
4. (a) f (
2) 9, f (
3)
5 (b) x
2.75
1. (a) 5040 (b) 40 320 (c) 6 (d) 120 (e) 1
5. (a) (f) 3 628 798 (g) 72 (h) 3600 (i) 72 576 (j) 1680
9
(a) c m
9!
3.
5 (9
5)!5!
9!
4!5!
9
c m
9!
4 (9
4)!4!
9!
5!4!
9 9
So c m c m
(b) x 1,
0.9, 4.4 6. x 1.375 7. x 1.34 5 4
7!
(b) C2
9. (a) f ] 0 g 1, f ] 1 g
1
7
8. (a) x 1.61 (b) x 1.58 (7
2)!2!
1 7!
(b) f (1) 0 (c) x (d) x 0.25
3 5!2!
7!
7
C5
10. (a) x 2.25 (b) x 2.3 (7
5)!5!
7!
Challenge exercise 9 2!5!
So 7 C2 7C5
1. (a)
12
(c) c m
12!
5 (12
5)!5!
12!
7!5!
12
c m
12!
7 (12
7)!7!
12!
5!7!
12 12
So c m c m
5 7
(b) x Z
0.17,
3.21 (c) x Z
3.21 (d) x Z
3 11!
(d) C3
11
(11
3)!3!
2. P ] x g x3 a 11!
Pl(x) 3x2 8!3!
P (b) 11!
x1 b
11
C8
Pl(b) (11
8)!8!
b3
a 11!
b
3b2 3 !8 !
3b 3 b 3
a So 11 C3 11 C8
3b 2 3b2
3b 3
b 3 a
3b2
2b a
3
3b2
ANSWERS 645
10! 7!
(e) 10 C1 (h) 7
C5
(10
1)!1! (7
5)!5!
10! 7!
9!1! 2!5!
10! 6! 6!
10
C9 6
C4 6 C5
(10
9)!9! (6
4)!4! (6
5)!5!
10! 6! 6!
1 !9 ! 2!4! 1!5!
So 10 C1 10 C9 5(6!) 2(6!)
9 2!5! 2!5!
c m
9!
(f) 5(6!) 2(6!)
7 (9
7)!7!
9! 2 !5 !
7(6!)
2!7!
8 8 2 !5 !
c m c m
8! 8!
6 7 (8
6)!6! (8
7)!7! 7!
8! 8! 2!5!
2!6! 1!7! 7 C5
8! 8! 10
cm
10!
(i)
2!6! 7! 6 (10
6)!6!
8! 7 8! 2 10!
2!6! 7 7! 2 4!6!
7(8!) 2 (8!) 9 9
c m c m
9! 9!
2!7! 2 (7!) 5 6 (9
5)!5! (9
6)!6!
7(8!) 2 (8!) 9! 9!
2! (7!) 2!7! 4!5! 3!6!
(since 2! 2) 6(9!) 4(9!)
7(8!) 2 (8!) 6(4!5!) 4(3!6!)
6(9!) 4(9!)
2!7!
9(8!) 4!6! 4!6!
10(9!)
2 !7 !
9! 4!6!
10!
2 !7 !
9 4!6!
c m 10
7 c m
6
11
cm
11!
(g) 7
c m
7!
6 (11
6)!6! (j)
3 (7
3)!3!
11!
7!
5!6!
4!3!
10 10
c m c m
10! 10!
6 6
c m c m
6! 6!
5 6 (10
5)!5! (10
6)!6!
2 3 (6
2)!2! (6
3)!3!
10! 10!
6! 6!
5!5! 4!6!
4!2! 3!3!
6(10!) 5(10!)
3(6!) 4(6!)
6(5!5!) 5(4!6!)
3(4!2!) 4(3!3!)
6(10!) 5(10!)
3(6!) 4(6!)
5 !6 ! 5 !6 !
4!3! 4!3!
11(10!)
7(6!)
5!6!
4!3!
11!
7!
5 !6 !
4!3!
11
c m 7
6 c m
3
n
c m
n!
4.
k (n
k)!k!
n
c m
n!
n
k [n
(n
k)]!(n
k)!
n!
(n
n k)!(n
k)!
n!
k!(n
k)
n
c m
k
646 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
15. c m
n!
k (n
k)!k!
n
1 n
1 (n
1)! (n
1)!
c mc m Exercises 10.3
k
1 k [n
1
(k
1)]!(k
1)! (n
1
k)!k!
/ c 12 m 612
k (5x) k / c 18 m a18
k (
b) k
18
(n
1)! (n
1)! 12
1. (a) (b)
(n
k)! (k
1)! (n
1
k)!k! k0 k k0 k
24
(c) / c m (3y) 24
k 2k / c 16 m x16
k (
2y) k
24 16
k(n
1)! (n
k) (n
1)! (d)
k k
k (n
k)! (k
1)! (n
k) (n
1
k)!k! k0 k0
12 12
k
(e) / c m 6
12
k (n
1)! (n
k) (n
1)! (5x) k
k0 k
(n
k)!k! (n
k)!k!
(k n
k) (n
1)!
2. (a) a4 4a3 x 6a2 x2 4ax3 x4
(n
k) !k! (b) a6 6a5 x 15a4 x2 20a3 x3 15a2 x4 6ax5 x6
n(n
1)! (c) a5 5a4 x 10a3 x2 10a2 x3 5ax4 x5
(n
k)!k! (d) 8a3 12a2 6a 1
n! (e) x7 14x6 84x5 280x4 560x3 672x2 448x
128
(n
k)!k! (f) 256x8 768x6 864x4 432x 81
n
c m (g) 729 2916x 4860x2
4320x3 2160x4
k
576x5 64x6
(h) 64a3 240a2 b 300ab2 125b3
Exercises 10.2 (i) 32 240m 720m2 1080m3 810m4 243m5
(j) 1
16x 112x2
448x3 1120x4
1792x5
1. (a) (i) (1 x) 3 1 3x 3x2 x3 (ii) 8 (iii) 4
3
1792x6
1024x7 256x8
(iv) (1 x) 3
/ 3
Ck x k
k0 3. (a) (i) (a x) 3 (ii) a3 3a2 x 3ax2 x3
(b) (i) (1 x) 1 4x 6x2 4x3 x4
4
(ii) 16 (iii) 5 (b) (i) (3x
2) 5
4
(iv) (1 x) 4 / 4 Ck xk (ii) 243x5 810x4 1080x3 720x2 240x 32
k0 (c) (i) (x 2y) 6
(c) (i) (1 x) 7 (ii) x6 12x5 y 60x4 y2 160x3 y3 240x2 y4
1 7x 21x2 35x3 35x4 21x5 7x6 x7 192xy5 64y6
7
(ii) 128 (iii) 8 (iv) (1 x) 7 / c m xk
7
(d) (i) (2a 5b) 4
k0 k (ii) 16a4 160a3 b 600a2 b2 1000ab3 625b4
(d) (i) (1 x) 6 (e) (i) (x y) 7
1 6x 15x2 20x3 15x4 6x5 x6 (ii) x7 7x6 y 21x5 y2 35x4 y3 35x3 y4 21x2 y5
6 7xy6 y7
(ii) 64 (iii) 7 (iv) (1 x) 6 / 6 Ck xk (f) (i) (4p
3q) 3 (ii) 64p3 144p2 q 108pq2 27q3
k0
15. (a) 1215 (b) 40 (c) 65 625 (d) 314 928 (e) 103 680 21. (a) 672 (b) p80 (c) 78 732 (d) 1792 (e) 11 547 360
16. (a) 1120 (b) 280 (c) 8960 (d) 326 592 (e) 1215
Exercises 10.5
15 10 10 14
17. (a) c m6 (b)
c m 55 45 (c) c m 29 35 1. (a) 2 040 714
5 5 5
5 5
(b) c m c m 20
9 4 5 20 15 5
(d)
c m 3 5 (e)
c m 7 5
5 5 3 2
2 8 2 8 2 8
(c) c m c m c m c m c m c m 120
8 12 6 0 3 1 2 2 1
18. (a) c m x8
k 5k (b) c m (2a) 12
k 3k (c) c m(5a) 6
k (
b) k
k k k 4 7 4 7 4 7 4 7
(d) c m c m c m c m c m c m c m c m 165
15 21 0 3 1 2 2 1 3 0
(d) c m (4x) 15
k
(
y) (e) c m (3a)
k 21
k
(
2b) k
k k
6
2. From (1 x)6 , the coefficient of x2 is c m .
9 5 2
19. (a) c m 210
k xk
1 (b) c m (5x) 6
k (2y) k
1 From (1 x)3 (1 x)3 , the coefficient of x2 is
k
1 k
1
3 3 3 3 3 3
c mc m c mc m c mc m.
8 13
(c) c m 39
k (
2d) k
1 (d) c m m14
k (
6n) k
1
k
1 k
1 0 2 1 1 2 0
20 6 3 3 3 3 3 3
(e) c m (3a) 21
k (
2b) k
1 ` c m c mc m c mc m c mc m
k
1 2 0 2 1 1 2 0
3 3 3 3
6 9 2 c mc m c mc m
20. (a) c m 38
k xk
2 (b) c m a11
k 2k
2 0 2 1 1
k
2 k
2
6 18
(c) c m 58
k (3a) k
2 (d) c m 320
k (
4x) k
2
10
3. Coefficient of x4 from (1 x)10 is c m.
k
2 k
2 4
9 9
(e) c
8
m (3x2) 10
k (
2y) k
2 Coefficient of x4 from (1 x) (1 x) 9 is c m c m .
k
2 4 3
10 9 9
` c m c m c m
21. 1 5 sin x 10 sin2 x 10 sin3 x 4 sin4 x sin5 x 22. 34 4 4 3
n1
Exercises 10.4 4. Coefficient of xk from (1 x) n 1 is cm.
k
22 680y8 Coefficient of x from (1 x) (1 x) is
k n
21 879
1. 2.
448x12 3. n n
x3 32 c mc m.
k k
1
243 405 n1 n n
4. (a)
x
270x3 90x7 15x11 x15 (b) 405 `c mc m c m
x5 k k k
1
648 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
Substitute x 6 3 n
n n n n
1 n n
2
c ma c ma c ma
n
(1 6)n / n Ck 6k 0 1 2
k0
n n
3 n
c ma ... c m
n
7
n
/ n Ck 6k 3 n
k0
n n
k
/ c ma
n n
(b) (1 x)n / n Ck xk
k0 k0 k
Substitute x 2 n n n
n (c) (a x)n c m an c m an
1x c m an
2x2
(1 2)n / n Ck 2k 0 1 2
n n
3 3 n n
c ma x . . . c mx
k0
n
3n / n Ck 2k 3 n
k0 Substitute x
1
n n n
(a
1)n c m an c m an
1 (
1) c m an
2 (
1)2
n
(c) (1 x)n / n Ck xk 0 1 2
k 0
n n
3 n
c m a (
1) . . . c m (
1)n
Substitute x 3 3
n
3 n
(1 3)n / n Ck 3k n n
k
/ (
1) c m a
n
k 0 k
n
k
4n / n Ck 3k k0
n n n
(d) (a x)n c m an c m an
1 x c m an
2 x2
k 0
n
0 1 2
(22)n / n Ck 3k n n
3 3 n
c m a x . . . c m xn
k 0
n
3 n
22 n / n Ck 3k Differentiating:
k 0
n n
n (a x)n
1 c m an
1 c m an
2 2x
n 1 2
9. (1 x)n / n Ck xk n n
3 2 n
k 0 c m a 3x . . . c m nxn
1
n n n n n 3 n
c m c m x c m x2 c m x3 . . . c m xn n n
1 n n
2
0 1 2 3 n c ma 2 c ma x
Differentiating: 1 2
n n
3 2 n
n n n n
n(1 x)n
1 c m c m 2x c m 3x2 . . . c m nxn
1 3 c m a x . . . n c m xn
1
1 2 3 n 3 n
n n
k k
1
/ k c ma x
n
Substitute x 1
n n n k
n(1 1)n
1 c m c m 2 (1) c m 3 (1) 2
k 1
/ c 2kn m 1k
2n
(1 1) 2n
k0
Test yourself 10
/ c 2kn m
2n
2 2n
k0
/ c 12 m x12
r c m
3
12 r
2n
4 /c m
2n
1.
n
r 0 r x
k0 k
2n 2n 2n
(b) (1 x)2n c m c m x c m x2 2. Differentiating: LHS n (1 x) n
1
0 1 2 n n n n
2 n 2n RHS c m c m 2x c m 3x2 . . . c m nxn
1
... c m x 1 2 3 n
2n Let x 1: LHS n (1 1) n
1 n 2n
1
Differentiating: n n n n n
RHS c m c m 2 c m 3 . . . c m n / r c m
n
2n 2n 2n
2n(1 x) 2n
1 c m 2 c m x . . . 2n c m x2n
1 1 2 3 n r 1 r
1 2 2n
Let x 1 3.
6048
2n 2n 2n
2n(1 1) 2n
1 c m 2 c m 1 . . . 2n c m 12n
1
8
Coefficient of x3 in (1 x)8 c m
1 2 2n
4.
2n
) / kc m
2n
3
2n(2 2n
1
k 1 k Coefficient of x3 in (1 x)3 (1 x)5
3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5
/ k a 2 n k n . 2 2n c mc m c mc m c mc m c mc m
2n
`
k 1 k 3 0 2 1 1 2 0 3
n4n
5. (a) Let x 0 (b) Let x
1 6. 924 7. 152
n
# (1 x)n dx # / c r m xr dx
n
n
14. 8. Coefficient of xk in (1 x)n c m
r 0 k
(1 x) n 1 n xr 1 Coefficient of xk in (1 x) (1 x) n
1
C1 / c m
n
C2
n1 r0 r r1 n
1 n
1
(1 x) n 1
n xr 1
c mc m
/c m
n
k k
1
` C
n1 r0 r r1
Let x 0: 9. 32x5 240x4 y 720x3 y2 1080x2 y3
n 0r 1 810xy4 243y5
/c m
1 n
C
n 1 r 0 r r 1 4 5 4 5 4 5 4 5
1 10. c m c m c m c m c m c m c m c m 84
` C 3 0 2 1 1 2 0 3
n 1
(1 x) n 1 n xr 1 11. 960 740 352 12. 15 360 13. a 3, b
4
/c m
n
1
`
n 1 r 0 r r 1 n 1
(1 x) n 1 10
k 1
14. (a)
/ c nr m x 1
n r 1
`
k
r 0 r 1 n 1 n 1
(b) 295 245
(1 x) n 1
1
n1 15. n 8 16. 105 17. 489 888
Let x
1
(
1)r 1 (1
1)n 1
1 18. (a) 243 810p 1080p2 720p3 240p4 32p5
/ c nr m
n
(b) 2889
1292 5
r 0 r 1 n 1
1 54 108 81
(c) x4
12x 2
5 8
n 1 x x x
n (
1)
r (d) 8a3
12a2 b 6ab2
b3
` /c m
n
1
(e) 184 592
130 728 2
r 0 r r 1 n 1
650 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 HSC Course
k 1 k 0 4 1 3 2
n n n
(c) (a x) n c m an c m an
1 x c m an
2 x2
(a) LHS xn (1 x) n c 1 m
1 n
0 1 2 2.
x
n n
3 3 n n
c ma x . . . c mx < x(1 x) c 1
1 n
mF
3 n x
Integrating both sides:
< (x x2) c 1 m F
1 n
LHS # (a x)n dx x
(a x)n 1 (x 1 x2 x)n
C1 (x2 2x 1)n
n 1
n n 6 (x 1)2 @ n
RHS # c m an c m an
1 x (x 1)2n
0 1
n n RHS
c m an
2 x2 . . . c m xn dx 2n
2 n (b) Coefficient of xn in (1 x) 2n is c m.
n n n n
1 x2 n
c ma x c ma
Coefficient of xn in xn (1 x) n c 1 m
0 1 2 1 n
n n
2 x3 n xn 1 x
c ma ... c m C2 comes from the terms independent of x in.
2 3 n n 1
(1 x)n c 1 m .
1 n
(a x) n 1 n n
C1 c m an x c m an
1
x2 x
So
n 1 0 1 2 n n n n n n n n
n n
2 x3 n xn 1 i.e. c m c m c m c m c m c m . . . c m c m
c ma ... c m
0 0 1 1 2 2 n n
C2
2 3 n n 1 2n n 2 n 2 n 2 n 2
` c m c m c m c m ... c m
(a x) n 1
n n n 0 1 2 n
C3 c m an x c m an
1
x2
n 1 0 1 2
n n
2 x3 n xn 1 3. Coefficient of xn in (1 x) n (1
x) n is
c ma ... c m
n n n n n n
c m (
1)n c m c m (
1)n
1 c m . . . c m (
1) 0 c m .
2 3 n n 1
Substitute x 0: 0 n 1 n
1 n 0
(a 0) n 1 n 2
n 2
n 2
i.e. (
1)n c m (
1) n
1 c m . . . (
1)0 c m
n n
C3 c m an 0 c m an
1
02
n 1 0 1 2 n n
1 0
n n
n n
2 03
c ma ... c m
n 0n 1 since c m c m
2 3 n n 1 k n
k
ANSWERS 651
/ c nr m xr dx
2
/ (
1) k c nk m
n 2 2 n
i.e. 6. #0 (1 x) n dx #
0 r 0
k0
2
n
( 1 x) n 1
= G =/ c m
n xr 1 2
G
n
(1
x2) n / (
x2) k
k0 n 1 0 r 0 r r 1 0
For the coefficient of xn n 2r 1 n 0r 1
/c m
/c m
3n 1 1n 1 n n
(
x2) k xn n 1 n 1 r 0 r r 1 r 0 r r 1
i.e. 2k n 3n 1
1 n 2r 1
/c m
n
n n 1 r 0 r r 1
k
2
If n is odd, k is not an integer. n(n
1) (n
2) . . . (n
k 1)
` there is no coefficient of xn if n is odd 7. S(n) n Ck for 1 b k b n
1 2 3 ... k
n 2
` / (
1)k c m 0
n