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Strategies?
DONT waste one of your chances just to see
what the exam is like.
Think carefully about ticking the boxes,
Language Analysis particularly when youre not 100% sure.
BA: complete StEOP necessary for
Lecture 11 Beyond the prfungsimannente Kurse + VO-Prfungen
clause 2 Lehramt (Alt) Pdagogik-StEOP (+ subject
StEOP) necessary for prfungsimannente
Kurse + VO-Prfungen in that subject

Existential there (1-3)

(1) a. A dog is in the garden.
b. There is a dog in the garden.
Online evaluation (2)There + be + indefinite NP (+
place or time adjunct)
12th May 26th May
be, seem, appear, follow, remain
(reminder email)
(3) Theres (1) a leak there. (2)
introducing new information

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Existential there (4-6)
(4) Once upon a time there were
three bears
(5) A man goes into the pub.
Theres a bear sitting in the
corner
(6) There are three basic rules to
consider in planning a farm
enterprise:
It-extraposition (10-12)
(10)a. It is surprising that J. went to P.
b. That J. went to P. is surprising.
(11)a. It is a great pleasure to teach
her.
b. To teach her is a great pleasure.
(12) It is claimed that security
measures are not tight enough.
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Indirect object shift (7-9)
(7) a. John gave Mary the key.
b. John gave the key to Mary.
(8) a. What did John give to Mary?
b. Who did John give the key to?
(9) a. Wheres the key? *John
gave Mary it.
b. What did you say about Mary?
- ?John gave the key to her.
Raising (13-15)
(13)a. It is a pleasure to teach her.
b. She is a pleasure to teach.
(14)a. It is tough to argue with him.
b. He is a tough man to argue
with.
(15)a. It is certain that Mary will win.
b. Mary is certain to win.
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Extraposition from NP
(16-17) Inversion (18-21)
Also called: discontinuous NP Subject-verb inversion
(16)b. The time had come to Literary/poetic style
decorate the house for Xmas. With fronted adjuncts (place)
(17)a. A rumour that he was secretly Reporting verbs
engaged to Mary circulated Subject-auxiliary inversion
widely.
With negative/restrictive adjuncts
b. A rumour circulated widely
that he was secretly engaged
to Mary.

Subject-verb inversion Subject-verb inversion

(18) (19)
Literary/poetic style: With fronted adjuncts (of place)
(18)Especially remarkable was her (19)a. On one long wall hung X
oval face. b. On the horizon is a field
c. Here comes the first question.
d. In comes Count Dracula.

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Subject-verb inversion
(20)
Reporting
(20) Please go away, said the child.
Subject-complement
switch (22-23)
(22)a. Monet is the best known of the
French Impressionists.
b. The best known of the French
Impressionists is Monet.
(23)a. The best place for it was inside
the clock.
b. Inside the clock was the best
place for it.
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Subject-auxiliary inversion
(21)
With negative/restrictive adjuncts
(21)a. Never before has a gvt
shown such incompetence.
b. On no account should visitors
feed the animals.
c. Rarely do we see so much
neglect of young children.
Subject-complement
switch
Impressionism has had a considerable influence
on modern painting. In the first half of the 20th
century this style found many followers. ....
Claude Monet was born in Paris on 14
November 1840. His career as a painter took
off when he was introduced to the practice of
painting in the open air by Eugene Boudin.
However, it was not until his famous Water-lily
Pond that he finally found his own style. ...
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Cleft constructions (24)

a. A broken window caused the trouble. (basic s.)
b. It was a broken window that caused the trouble.
Focus strategies It-cleft
c. What caused the trouble was a broken window.
Wh-cleft (Basic pseudo cleft)
d. A broken window was what caused the trouble.
Reversed wh-cleft (Reversed pseudo cleft)

It-cleft (25) It-cleft (26)

(25)a. John wore a white suit at (26)It was the butler who killed
the dance last night. (basic) him, not the gardener.
b. It was John who wore
c. It was a white suit (that)
John wore Basic sentence: The butler killed him.
d. It was last night (that) J
e. It was at the dance that J

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Wh-cleft (basic pseudo cleft)

It-cleft (27)
(27)What I need is a holiday.

Basic sentence = I need a holiday.

Basic sentence = I
hate the washing up,
not the fighting.

Reversed wh-cleft (28-29) Fronting (30)

(28) A holiday is what I need. (30) a. Naughty children he cant stand.
b. Selfish he is not.
(29) Theres a lot more darkness in
this second TV series compared
with the last one but darkness
is what comedy is all about.

Basic sentence = Comedy is all

about darkness.

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Left-dislocation &
right-dislocation (31-32)
(31) a. Racial prejudice, I dont like it.
b. I dont like it, racial prejudice.
basic sentence = I dont like
racial prejudice.
(32) a. My sister, shes going to T.
b. Shes going to T, my sister.
basic sentence = My sister is
going to Taiwan.
Practice pg. 90 (2)
4. Mary, I haven't seen her for ages.
Left-dislocation (I havent seen
Mary for ages.)
5. What really counts is the effort.
Wh-cleft (The effort really counts.)
6. It was in Rome that I met her.
It-cleft (I met her in Rome.
two
clauses out of one)
NOT it-extraposition
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Practice pg. 90 (1)
1. It is impossible to deal with him.
It-extraposition (To deal with
him is impossible.)
2. There are 3 dogs in our garden.
Existential there (Three dogs are
in our garden.)
3. In came Count Dracula.
Inversion (C.D. came in.)
Practice pg. 90 (3)
7. That this would happen was obvious.
Non-extraposition
8.They're all the same these politicians.
Right-dislocation (These politicians
are all the same.)
9. A book is what you need to read.
Reversed wh-cleft (You need to read
a book.)