Book2 Module 5

.
... * .. * ....
*
* * ..

COMPUTERS
FIBRE OPTICS
ESDs
FLIGHT
'
INSTRUMENTS

Licence By Post

The staples in this book can catch

fingers. Not suitable for small
children. Care when handling.

Licence By Post Copyright B 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.10 5.12 5.13 ISSUE 3 61
CONTENTS

SUBJECT PAGE

Computer structure 1
Microprocessor structure and operation 8
Data buses 10
Fibre optics 27
Electrostatic sensitive devices 33
Software management control 40
Flight instrument displays 41
HSI 41
ADI 44
HOW TO TACKLE THIS BOOK

As with book 1, take things slowly. Fully understand the overall layout of an
aircraft that is transmitting large amounts of data to and from LRU's {line
replacement units) and LRM's {line replacement modules).

This book is mainly written for the B 1 and B2 technician, the A line
mechanic needing to study a small section of the syllabus to level 1 standard
only.

The B2 technician needs to study this book in its entirety with all subjects to
level 2. The B 1 technician needs to study most of the book with some
subjects at level 1 and some at level 2.

All students should refer to JAR 66 for the subjects to be studied and the
knowledge level required.

Flight instruments have been included {the ADI and HSI) because electronic
instrument displays are part of the syllabus {in book 3). Modern ADis and
HSis are displayed on CRTs or flat screen displays, but before that they were
mechanical. We have introduced the mechanical instruments in this book so
you will have some understanding of them before dealing with the electronic
side of the indicating systems.
 BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE

A basic computer consists of the following: Central Processing Unit (CPU),

Memory, Address Bus, Control Bus, Data Bus, Input/Output ports and
power connections. Figure 1 shows the basic layout.

INPUT/OUTPUT INPUTS
MEMORY PORTS
OUTPUTS

ADDRESS BUS

CPU
DATA BUS
1-----

Fig. 1 . BASIC COMPUTER LAYOUT

These elements are known as the hardware elements of a computer.

The computer's function is to execute the instructions in the program. The

program, it's procedures, and documentation is known as the software. On
aircraft this will be mainly in the form of pre-loaded programs but in some
systems the program is on disc, which can be changed eg,' Flight
Management System Navigational Data Base.

Central Processing Unit

This executes the individual instructions that are in the program and may
also be called a microprocessor. This is a single integrated circuit on a chip.
It's components include:

* The register section

* Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
* Timing and Control Section

The Register Section

The register section consists of a number of storage locations (shift registers)

where a piece of data is kept, or one of the registers used by the
microprocessor in carrying out the different operations.
r
;

- 1-
A special memory in the microprocessor is called the status register. This is
normally made up of single bit indicators (called flags). Typically the flags
would include:

(a) ZERO FLAG - is the result zero?

(b) SIGN FLAG - is the number plus or minus?
(c) CARRY FLAG- did a carry occur?
(d) PARITY FLAG - check whether the total number of bits is odd or
even.

These storage elements or temporary memory store hold a single byte or

word, a BYTE is typically an 8 bit (binary digit) word eg, 10011101.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

This unit performs the arithmetic and logical operations. All calculations are
performed in binary, including addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. Adders can be made using a number of logic gates where the basic
principles of addition apply (refer book 1 in this module) ie,

O+O=O
1 + 0 =1
0 + 1=1
1 + 1 = 1 carry 1

For subtraction the following method using "two's complement" may be

used.

To obtain the two's complement of a number (in binary form):

(i) invert the binary number ie, change all the 'O' s to 'l' s
and all the 'l's to 'O's
(ii) then add 1

Example: Subtract 5 from 9 using a word length of 4 bits.

QUESTION: Write down in binary form the equivalent of denary 5 and 9. (5

mins) (revision from book 1)

ANSWER: 510 = 0101 910 = 1001

QUESTION: Subtract denary 5 from denary 9 (5 mins)

-2 -
 ANSWER: Binary 5 is O101
Invert gives 1010
Add 1 1
Gives 1011 this is the two's complement.

Now we ADD the two's complement of 5 to binary 9

9 1001
-5 1011
(1}0100

Using a word length of four bits [the cany one (1) is ignored], the
answer is O100 which is decimal 4.

Multiplication can be achieved by repetitive adding:

A x B = A + A + A + A ...... A, B times.

Division is achieved by repetitive subtractions:

B + A = B - A - A - A - A ...... A until the remainder is zero or a smaller

number than A.

Timing and Control Section

This co-ordinates the internal operation of the microprocessor and controls

the operation of the ALU and registers to the desired action specified when
an instruction is performed. The clock in this section is a crystal controlled
oscillator producing pulses typically 120MHz to 200MHz (200,000,000 pulses
per second). The program counter within the section counts the pulses and
,,,..._ initiates the next step in the program and points to the address of the next
~ instruction.

The microprocessor communicates with the memory to access, store and

transfer data to the data highway or bus.

Memories

As we have already seen the CPU has memory storage devices but these are
of a temporary nature. For many aircraft systems a considerable amount of
data needs to be stored. So within the computer is a memory or memories.

-3 -
This memory consists of a number of locations where a binary word is stored
with each location having an address. In the microprocessor the memory is
usually of two types:

* Random Access Memory (RAM)

* Read Only Memory (ROM)

RAM

Is sometimes called a read/write memory. It can have information written

into and read out-of each location. There are two types of RAM, static and
dynamic. The static RAM (SRAM) has bistable switches (flip-flops) whose
contents are fixed until the memory cell us written into or power is switched
off. The dynamic RAM (DRAM) memory cells are very small capacitors, which
in fact use the stray capacitance between the gate and source of a MOSFET.
A.
~,~

A charged capacitor represents logic 1 and a discharged capacitor logic 0.

The only problem with this is that the cells have to be given a 'refreshening'
charge frequently as the capacitor tends to leak it's charge away. This
'refreshening' charge is typically every 1mS. These charges are stored in and
read out from memory cells stored in rows and columns eg, 128 rows and
128 columns can store 16,384 bits. Figure 2 shows an 8 x 8 bit DRAM.

ROW DECODER
ROW
I
ADDRESS
0 7.0
0 000 . +
1 001

2 010 .......
3 011
4 100
5 101
8 110
7 111

WRITEr L THRESHOI.D
AMPLIFIER

WOROAOORESS:::.:::::......1....,..i------~............
REAOIWRITE CONTROL
-r-------, L
DATA IN
DATA OUT

COLUMN
DATA IN DECODER
----.i
DATA OUT
.-~~-L..-.---~~~_...J
~ ~ ~ ~
sti;~
0 .- N t'I

COLUMN ADDRESS
-., II)
-......-
0 -
COWMN101
(5,J

RAM SET-UP SINGLE CELL SET-UP

Fig. 2 8 x 8 DRAM

-4-
There is a row decoder to signal the row address and a column decoder to
signal the column address. In the example shown row address 3 (011) and
column address 5 (101) are selected. So all the MOSFET's on that row are
turned on, the column line charge the capacitors when writing and detect
the charge when reading. In this example the charge on the capacitor on line
5 will be 'read' out ie, one bit of information has been transferred to the data
out line. As already stated, to prevent data being lost the threshold amplifier
in the data lines refreshes this charge.

The DRAM has the advantages that it:

(1) Has a larger storage capacity for a given chip area.

(2) Operates faster.
(3) Consumes less power.
(4) Is cheaper to manufacture due to the fact that MOSFET's only
need 1 transistor per memory cell whereas the SRAM needs two.

It does have the disadvantage of needing the refreshening charge of the

capacitors.

A RAM is generally a volatile memory ie, it loses its stored data when power
is switched off.

ROM

The Read Only Memory has permanent data in it and would contain the
program for the system. When in use, data can only be read out of the
memory, new data cannot be written in. It is a non-volatile memory ie, the
stored information is not lost when the power is switched off.

Figure 3 shows a ROM with a decoder and a diode matrix.

If the decoder input is 101 ie, 510 the number 5 line will go logic 0. So the
two diodes connected to this line will conduct as their cathodes are at logic
0. Current will flow through the resistors to the diodes causing lines Yand
W to go to logic 0. X and Z remain at logic 1.

So at the address location 101 the word 1001 is stored and read out of the
memory.

As already stated the programme in this ROM cannot be changed, however,

to provide flexibility there are programmable ROM's.

-5 -
 +V

PULL-UP
RESISTORS
ADDRESS
0
INPUT

1 C
2
ONE OF
3
O B EIGHT
DECODER 4

5
1 A
(LSB) 6
7

Z Y X W (LSB)
0 0 1
OUTPUT

Fig. 3 ROM

The Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)

It is designed so that it can be programmed to suit a specific application. As

we have already seen the ROM can be made up of a matrix of diodes. In this
case each diode has a fuse in series with it. With the fuse intact the diode is
at 'logic l '. The programmer (a person with considerable computer skills) will
use computer control to insert the programme by 'blowing' the relevant fuses
to insert 'logic O' as required.

1 0 0

FUSE

DIODE
MATRIX

Fig. 4 ROM DIODE & FUSE ARRANGEMENT

-6 -
Again, once the program is inserted it cannot be erased.

However another type of PROM is the erasable programmable read only

memory (EPROM). The program is held by charging memory cells or not
charging memory cells within the matrix. However, the information
programmed into the EPROM can be erased by exposing the top surface of
the IC package to ultraviolet radiation through a special window which
causes all memory cells to be discharged. (Normally the window is covered
by a uv light-proof sticky patch.) A new programme can be stored, this would
be inserted via a PROM programmer.

Another type of PROM is the Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only

Memory (EAROM). The advantage of this type over the EPROM is, whereas in
the EPROM all cells were discharged to logic 0, the EAROM can have
individual cells discharged to logic O without affecting the others. This is
done by applying a reverse polarity voltage to any individual cell in the
matrix.

Bubble Memory

This is a magnetic solid state memory in which data is stored as microscopic

cylindrical regions (the bubbles), that can drift in a thin film of garnet. These
bubbles are generated by pulses through an aluminium loop over an
insulating film on top of the garnet. Presence off a bubble is logic l, no
bubble is logic 0. These 'bubbles' can move around in the material in a
controlled manner to form a shift register type memory. This is a non volatile
memory.

Storage Capacity

An eight bit word is called a BYTE. The symbol K (capital K) is used to

represent 1024 bits (210). The number of addressable locations in a memory
is dependant on its number of input/ output lines. A memory with 8 input
lines has 2s or 256 locations, one with 16 input lines has 216 or 65,536
locations. The memory capacity in the second case assuming 8 bits (byte)
per location is then a 64K memory (64 kilobytes).

Highway Structure

Figure 5 shows the highway structure, there are three buses, the address
bus, the data bus and the control bus.

As we have already seen the memory consists of a number of locations, each

individually identified by an ADDRESS.

-7-
 INPUTS

MEMORY
INPUT/OUTPUT
PORTS

OUTPUTS

CPU
. DATA BUS

CONTROL BUS

Fig. 5 HIGHWAY STRUCTURE

The address bus is therefore used to specify the memory location or

input/output port involved in the transfer. It is a one way bus and may have
anything from 4 to 32 lines depending on the number of memory addresses
there are, 8 lines give 2s =256 addresses. The data bus is a bi-directional
bus and is used to carry the data being transferred to and from the memory
or input and output transfer.

The control bus comprises input and output lines which synchronise the
microprocessor's operation with that of the external circuitry eg, read/write
controls, timing signals, input/ output selection. This is also a bi-directional
bus.

MICROPROCESSOR (CPU) STRUCTURE AND OPERATION

Figure 6 shows a block diagram of a microprocessor used in an aircraft

system. The function of the components is as follows:

Accumulator - This is a specially defined register that holds the result of

any arithmetic or logic operation.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - Performs arithmetic or logic operations on

data held in the accumulator.

Buffer Register - Temporarily stores data.

-8 -
 DATA BUS

DATA BUS
BUFFER/LATCH

INTERNAL DATA BUS

ACCUMULATOR INSTRUCTION
REGISTER
REGISTERS

PROGRAM COUNTER

ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTION
LOGIC DECODER
UNIT

. AOOR ESS BUFFER

TIMING
ANO AOORESS BUS
CONTROL

Fig. 6 MICROPROCESSOR BLOCK DIAGRAM

Timing and Control - Contains the clock for timing pulses and also carries
out a large number of functions eg:

(a) Providing read/write pulses for registers, memories and

input/ output devices via a control bus.
(b) Incrementing and decrementing the program counter.

Instruction Decoder - The binary word held in the instruction register is

identified by the decoder, thus enabling the control unit to send out correct
timing and control pulses.

Instruction Register - This register holds in binary form the opcode byte of
the current instruction which the microprocessor is executing.

Program Counter - This register/ counter holds the address of the location in
the memory where the next instruction in the program sequence is to be
found. The contents of the counter can be incremented or decremented by
special control pulses.

Registers - Perform a wide variety of functions, eg temporary storage

information and specific programming operations.

-9 -
Instructions

Each microprocessor has its own unique set of instructions.

These instruction words normally consist of one, two or three bytes. The first
byte is referred to as the operation code (opcode), this tells the
microprocessor the type of operation to be performed. The remaining bytes
can be data or an address indicating where the data is stored, this is known
as the operand.

An example of a single byte instruction would be to move the contents of

register B to register A so the instruction would be an eight bit word which
would indicate to the microprocessor that this is required ie, the opcode.

A two-byte instruction will have an opcode (8 bits) and an operand, telling

the microprocessor what the data is, or the address in the memory where it
can be found. So this instruction will tell the microprocessor to do something ~
'""'ff
with the data eg, move it into a particular register.

A three-byte instruction would again make byte 1 the opcode and bytes 2
and 3 the operands, the second and third bytes each of 8 bits contain either
data or an address of a 16 bit word. The second byte may hold the least
significant bits and byte three the most significant bits. It should be noted in
some microprocessors this may be the other way round. So the instruction
here might be, "the content of the memory location whose address is
specified by byte 2 and 3 is moved to a register".

Fetch-execute cycle

The microprocessor operates in a two phase mode, during the first phase,
the fetch cycle, the next instruction is fetched from the memory and then in
the second phase or execution cycle the microprocessor performs (executes)
the action specified by the instruction (opcode). The program counter points
to the next sequential instruction to be fetched and executed. Thus during a
typical instruction cycle, the next instruction to be executed is read from the
memory location indicated by the contents of the program counter. While
this instruction is being executed, the contents of the program counter are
incremented to point to the next instruction.

DATA BUSES

From the computers within the aircraft, systems information has to be

transmitted to the components, this may be in the form of electrical or fibre
optic signals and are known as data buses.

- 10 -
 Aeronautical Radio Incorporated (ARINC) is a corporation made up of
,,.... scheduled airlines, transport companies, aircraft manufactures and foreign
r flag airlines. One primary activity of ARINC is to produce specifications and
reports for the purpose of:

(1) Indicating to manufacturers the group opinion concerning

requisites of new equipment.
(2) To channel new equipment designs in a direction which will result
in maximum standardisation.

There are many ARINC specifications in existence for example:

ARINC 573 - Specification for digital flight data recording systems

ARINC 561 - Specification for the Inertial Navigation System

ARINC 429 - Specification for transfer of digital data between avionic

Components

ARINC 629 - An improvement on the ARINC 429 system

The Arinc 429 System

First of all we are going to consider the ARINC 429 Specification for data
transfer. As an example let us consider the Air Data Computer which will
have on its output side an ARINC 429 transmitter (TX). One of its outputs
(among many) on the data bus will be altitude information which will be
picked up by the ARINC 429 Receiver (RX) in the Digital Altimeter.

DIGITAL
ADC ALTIMETER

ARINC 429 DATA BUS

2 1--+-~~~~~~~~~~~~-t-~ 2
9 9
TX RX

TO OTHER
COMPONENTS

Fig. 7 SIMPLIFIED ARINC 429 SYSTEM

- 11 -
 _.,
lWISTED PAIR

TRANSMITTING
SYSTEM RECEIVING
~~~~~~~c::::~::=::~~~~CX:S~~ SYSTEM

SHIELDING
Fig. 8 DITS DATA BUS

The data bus is a pair of twisted wires with shielding.

The ARINC 429 Digital Information Transfer System (DITS) is a self-clocking,

self-synchronising system called "bipolar return to zero". The data is
transmitted in binary bit form. The 'l's and 'O's are represented by high
voltage levels (+ 1Ov) and low voltage levels (-1 Ov) respectively for one half of
the clock cycle ie, each pulse returns to zero in the middle of a clock pulse.

Figure 9 shows the principle of this transmission. The data is transmitted in

groups of 32 bits in serial fashion ie, one bit at a time. Some data buses are
designated as LOW SPEED (12-14k bits/sec) or HIGH SPEED (lOOk
bits/sec). Signals only flow in one direction on the bus.

I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 II 10 I 11 N BIT NUMBER /
-d.)
....,,,,,,
I
I I I
I I I
+ 10V :
I I
HI I I
NULL Bl-POLAR AZ
LO:
-10V ~

I
I
I
I1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 DATA
Fig. 9 DITS TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS

- 12 -
Word Format

This 32 bit word has five basic parts:

(1) LABEL
----------
(2) SOURCE/DESTINATION IDENTIFIER (SDI)
(3) DATA FIELD
(4) SIGN STATUS MATRIX (SSM)
(5) PARITY BIT (P)

OC~AL
P SSM DATA SDI LABEL
MSB LSB
I
32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 I
DIGITAL DATA WORD 32 BITS

SDI= SOURCE/DESTINATION IDENTIFIER SSM = SIGN STATUS MATRIX

P = PARITY LSB = LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT MSB = MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT

Fig. 10 ARINC 429 DIGITAL DATA WORD

The LABEL. The first eight bits of the word (octal coded), identifies the
information contained in the data eg, airspeed, exhaust gas temperature etc.
There are a large number of words being transmitted on the bus and the
Receiver decodes the labels and selects only those words it requires.

The SOURCE/DESTINATION IDENTIFIER. This is used to identify the source

or destination of a word and are bits 9 and 10 in the word ie, which of a
number of installations the word is coming from or needs to be directed to.

The DATA FIELD contains the specific data related to the label eg, how many
knots for airspeed, value of exhaust gas temperature etc. For a binary word
this is contained in bits 11-28 and for a binary coded decimal (BCD) word it
is in bits 11-29. Any bits not used are filled with logic O's these are known as
pad bits and have no data significance.

The SIGN STATUS MATRIX, bits 29,30,31 for a binary word and 30,31 for a
BCD word identifies the characteristics of the word eg, north or south,
positive or negative, east or west and it's status eg, no computed data,
failure warning or functional test or normal operation.

The PARITY BIT. Arinc 429 uses odd parity ie the total number of logic '1 's in
the word must be an odd number, if it is not an odd number, the parity bit is
set to 1. This is used in the system to check for errors, if on receiving a
signal it does not contain an odd number of '1 's then there is something
wrong with the transmission and a fault signal would be generated.

- 13 -
 /
//
I

To enable the receiver to identify the beginning of a transmission, the data

word is synchronised by a minimum 4 bit time gap. Figure 11 shows two - I

examples of an ARINC 429 transmission, one using binary and the other -
BCD.

Binary Word Example

J2 l 1 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 212019 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 l 2 1
11 2 41 11 2 4111 21
I I I O 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 OOOOPPP P O O 0 I I 0 0 0 0 1
'-..,--/' v 'Y' v
I

INORMAL 1425 KNOTSI . (Alli !LABEL 206 C~puted

OPERATIONI A1npeedl

BCD Word Example

J2 JI 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 212019 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
11 2 4111 2 4111 21
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 I O O I 0 1 PPPPPPP P O O 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 I
~\
v
1'-...,-1\ I
v
(NORMAL 565 KNOTS !Alli . Tiut
OPERA TIONI !LABEL 230 AIISpeedl
Fig. 11 DITS DATA INTERPRETATION

The transmitters of the system, which are embedded in the system

equipment, are capable of interfacing with up to 20 receivers.

MIL - STD - 15538

This is a United States Military Standard and has been adopted as a NATO
standard (STANAG 3838). It is a multiple source data transmission system
in that transmission can from more than one source. It is a half duplex
system in that data transfer can take place in either direction on a single line ~
but not in both directions on that line simultaneously. ~ v
The basic configurij.tion is shown in the following diagrams. The data bus
may be a twisted pair or fibre optic cable with a maximum length of lOOm.

Control of the bus is effected by a Bus Controller (BC) which is connected to

a number of Remote Terminals (RT), up to a maximum of 31, via the data
bus. These remote terminals are connected to the aircraft subsystems. Data
is transferred at a rate of 1 MHz using the Manchester bi-phase digital format
(see ARINC 629).

The data word size is 20 bits, with an actual word size of 16 bits, with
SYNCH waveform and parity taking up four bits.

Between the Bus Controller (BC) and Remote Terminals (RT) there are
various transfer formats.

- 14 -
 - - ~ - - 1 - - - . - ~ ~ ~ ~ - i - - . - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . - - ~ ~ ~ - + - - , - ~ ~ ~TA
: ;

BUS REMOTE REMOTE

CONTROLLER TERMINAL TERMINAL ETC
(BC) (RT) (RT)

SSIFU

::]
~ :'oolooo':
:"'UH~
~ :'0000000':
i
L. .... .J L..... .J L..... .J
SUBSYSTEMS

Fig. 12 1553B DATA BUS LAYOUT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
I I I I I I I I I J J J I J I J J J I I J
p

FLAG

Fig. 13 1553B WORD FORMATS

However, we shall look at transfer of data from RT to BC.

1) BC sends a transmit signal to RT.

2) RT replies after a short time with a status word, this is followed
immediately with one or more data words up to a maximum of 32.
3) Transmission of one word takes 70s.

Transfer from one RT to another RT:

1) BC sends command to one RT.

2) Transit command sent to other RT.
3) The sending RT sends a status word followed by the data word up to a
maximum of 32 words.
4) The receiving RT sends a status word to the BC.

- 15 -
 TRANSMIT
COMMAND
STATUS DATA
RT. WORD WORD

RT. TO B., TRANSFER

!T. . .
B, I RECEIVE I
. COMMAND . COMMAND
TRANSMIT : : : : : :T1
STATUS DATA i-.-....--..---------.
RT. WORD WORD
: ......... .
RT1 STATUS i. . ..........
~

WORD

RT. TO RT1 TRANSFER

Fig. 14 15538 TYPICAL DATA TRANSACTION

ARINC 629 has been developed from the MIL-STD-1553B the BC being
replaced by the Data Autonomous Transmission and Communication
(DATAC) where each LRU has a serial interface module which controls the
timing of the LRU data onto the bus when the LRU's are not transmitting.

ARINC 629

In the ARINC 429 system data only flows in one direction so if we wish to
send data back to the receiving element another data bus is required. Also
with the advent of more digital systems on aircraft another data
transmission system was required which was faster and bidirectional. The
ARINC 629 fulfils these requirements and is currently used, as well as
ARINC 429, on the Boeing 777.

The ARINC 629 data bus is an unshielded, twisted pair of wires bonded and
terminated at both ends. Data is sent and received at a rate of 2 megabits
per second. The system has three parts:

(a) Data bus cable

(b) Current mode coupler

(c) Stub cable

- 16 -
 LRU N-1

TERMINATION
RESISTOR'-,..

tf:::'!'
r

Fig. 15 ARINC 629 - B777 - GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

Data Bus Cable

Up to 120 terminals can be connected to the bus which can be up to 100

metres long. The bus operates a 2MHz which allows 100,000 20 bit words to
be transmitted each second, The cable is 20 AWG (American Wire Gauge)
twisted pair of wires bonded together continuously along their length, at the
end of each bus cable are 130 ohm impedance matched resistors.

Many LRU's receive data at the same time. Communication is bidirectional

on the 777 and the maximum number of LRU's on one bus is 46. All the
data on the bus is available to all LRU's on the bus. Each LRU has a serial
interface module and a terminal controller which controls the timing of its
LRU data onto the bus when other LRU's are not transmitting.

Current Mode Coupler

This connects the data bus cable to the stub cable. These are found in
panels in the electronics compartment arranged in rows so that the bus
cable can run through them.

- 17 -
Figure 16 shows a coupler, which uses the inductive principle ie,
transformer coupling, as can be seen the coupler has two parts, the lower
part in which the data bus cable is carefully positioned through the wire
guides to give controlled routing and protection. The upper part has the
electronics for putting data on and taking data off the bus and sending via
the receptacle to the LRU stub cable. The housing is waterproof. The
diagram shows a typical current mode coupler panel.

QUARTER-TURN
FASTENER

RECEPTACLE
RECEPTACLE
WIRE
GUIDE

E-CORE

COUPLING
SLOT
CAPTIVE SCREWS
CFOUR PLACES)
COUPLER-AMPHENOL <TYPICAL) COUPLER-SCI (TYPICAL)
Fig. 16 CURRENT MODE COUPLER

INSTALLED DATA BUS

CABLE (TYPICAL)

TERMINATION
RESISTOR (TYPICAL)

Fig. 17 CURRENT MODE COUPLER PANEL

- 18 -
Stub Cables

The stub cables are for bidirectional data movement between LRU and
current mode coupler. The stub cables also supply power from the LRU's to
the current mode couplers. The stub cable has four wires, two to transmit
and two to receive. These cables are in the normal aircraft wiring bundles.

Figure 18 shows the arrangement and layout of a stub cable. These cables
can be up to 40 metres long.

All the data bus cables on the 777 are inside the current mode coupler
panels except the left and right bus cables. The diagrams show the basic
layout.

ARINC 600
CONNECTOR
(TYPICAL)

STAl'fCff?Ol't
DISCONNECT
LRU TRAY

~------]
ARINc 629 CURRENT-MOPE couPLER
Fig. 18 ARINC 629 STUB CABLE

These long runs of cables will have production break splices done at the
factory, and you can see the coupk:r connector to the coupler panel.

Data Structure

The data is transmitted in groups called messages. Messages are comprised

of word strings and up to 31 word strings can be in a message. Word strings
begin with a label followed by up to 256 data words. Each label and data
word is 20 bits. Figure 21 shows the complete structure of the ARINC 629
message.

- 19 -
 TEFLON SKIN
-"'
CONDUCTOR

FOAM

CROSS-SECTION 9E AWIRE
9[ APATA BUS CABLE
(TYPICAL)

TERMINATION
RESISTORS
PANEL DATA BUS CABLE
CTYPlCAL>

TERMINATION
RESISTORS

SYSTEMS DATA BUS CABLE WITH PRODUCTION BREAK

<TYPICAL>
Fig. 19 GENERAL - ARINC 629 DATA BUS CABLE

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: UNSHIELDED LOW LOSS CONTROLLED

IMPEDANCE TWISTED PAIR.

CONDUCTOR SIZE: No 20 AWG 19 STRANDS No 32 Of& INCH SILVER

Pl.ATED (.040 NOM DIAi-

lNSULATION MATERJAL: LOW DIELECTRIC CONSTANT TEFLON

EXPANDED PTEIPTFE JACKET.

SPECIAL.CONSTRUCTION: PAIR CONTINUOUSLY BONDED AT POINT OF

CONTACT. IDENTIFICATION
LABEL

PAIR IS CONTINUOUSLY
BONDED AT POINT OF CONTACT
INSULATION LAYER

PRIMARY CONDUCTOR
LENGTH 3"
DIA 518"

NOTE 1: LAY DIRECTION REFERS TO LEFT OVER RIGHT OR

CLOCKWISE TWIST FACINQ THE ENO OF 1liE CABLE AS SHOWN ABOVE.

Fig. 20 BUS CABLE

- 20 -
 ONE WOAD STRING

D. . _,_.n.
WOADMTERNS

.1.1 .. " ....77 ...... w

1..... :-;-;-" ." .. 1~_,_. . . ..rr1
_lil..i.4'
_
HLSYNC LHSYNC BITS LHSYNC

20 IIITSM10AD (H BITS CATA)

Fig. 21 COMPLETE ARINC 629 MESSAGE STRUCTURE

ARINC429 DATAC

LABEL PARAMETER LABEL WORD PARAMETER

POSITION

AIR DATA

230 TRUE AIRSPEED 230 TRUE AIRSPEED

231 TOTAL AIR TEMP 2 TOTAL AIR TEMP

233 STATIC AIR TEMP 3 STATIC AIR TEMP

234 BARO CORRECTION (MB) #1 4 BARO CORRECTION (MB) #1

235 BARO CORRECTION (IN OF HG) #1 5 BARO CORRECTION (IN OF HG) #1

,..._ AIR DATA

l i
~- 323 FLIGHT PATH ACCEL 330 FLIGHT PATH ACCEL

330 BODY YAW RATE 2 BODY YAW RATE

331 BODY LONGITUDINAL ACCEL 3 BODY LONGITUDINAL ACCEL

332 BODY LATERAL ACCEL 4 BODY LATERAL ACCEL

333 BODY NORMAL ACCEL 5 BODY NORMAL ACCEL

362 ALONG TRACK HRZ ACCEL 6 ALONG TRACK HRZ ACCEL

364 VERTICAL ACCEL 7 VERTICAL ACCEL

363 CROSS TRACK HRZ ACCEL 8 CROSS TRACK HRZ ACCEL

DATA IDENTIFICATION/RECOGNITION
COMPARISON TABLE - EXAMPLE

- 21 -
A particular parameter is defined by its position in the labelled word string
and it is the responsibility of the system designer to define labels and ,_/
parameters. The table above compares the ARINC 429 to the ARINC 629 data
word. ARINC 429 requires a different word for each type of information it
sends.

ARINC 629 uses a word string that has a label followed by information that
can have up to 256 types of data ie, more information on the bus hence
faster transmission.

ARINC 629 deals with standards for this bus and it is also referred to as the
Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communication (DATAC) bus.

To keep the data bus to a twisted pair of cables it was necessary for the
databus to be self-clocking. Manchester bi-phase is the form of self clocking
used in ARINC 629

The principle is that of:

(1) Sending a clock "pulse" in between each data bit

(2) 0 and 1 not being represented by presence or absence of a
transition from one level to another.

For example if there is no transition it corresponds to logic O and if there is

transition it corresponds to logic 1. Spaced equally between these data
transmissions are the clock pulse transitions. Figure 22 shows the principle.

"TIMING"

i i i i i '
TRANSITIONS

'
...
''
' ' ~

~
'
'...
.
' .. .
t.. t 1 1... DATA
TRANSITIONS

TRANSITION
PRESENTt
.
I
t
t t
I

I
TRANSffiON I
I
ABSENTO I
I

0 0 DATA

Fig. 22 MANCHESTER BIPHASE ENCODING PRINCIPLE

- 22 -
 The data buses between LRU's and LRM's (line replacement modules) may be
of different types and data maybe transferred at different speeds. For
example:

ARING 629 sends and receives data at 2 megabits per second.

ARING429 one way buses data sends and receives data at low speed (12 kilobits per second and
14 kilobits per second) and high speed (100 kilobits per second)

ARING453 is a one way bus that sends data at 1 megabit per second.

ARING 717 is a one way bus that sends and receives data at 128 words per second.

ARING 618 is a one way bus that sends and receives data at 128 words per second.

RS-422 is a one way bus that sends and receives data at 9600 bits per second.

RS-232 is a one way bus that sends and receives data on a casual wire at 20 kilobits per
second.

' 10 base T

RS-485

10 base 2
two way bus that sends and receives signals at 1O megabits per second.

two way bus that sends and receives signals at 1O megabits per second.

two way bus that sends and receives signals at 10 megabits per second.

ARING 636 fibre optic data bus sends and receives signals at 100 megabits per second.

As you can see there is a considerable amount of data being sent and
received at varying speeds and using a variety of data bus systems. You do
not need to remember all these data bus systems but you should appreciate
the layout of a bus system on a modem aircraft.

Protocol

This is the formal code of behaviour of a computer/ data bus system. It

governs the sequence which computers/terminals write data onto the data
bus.

In basic terms it means that when one computer/terminal is writing data

onto the bus the rest are quiet and, if necessary, reading that data off the
bus.

It can be either Basic Protocol (BP) or Combined Protocol. The BP can be

operated in periodic mode or aperiodic mode. We shall consider the BP
modes.

- 23 -
Timing

All operations on a data system are governed by a timing signal. On the

ARINC 629 system the timing of messages is such as to ensure that the
required repetition rate is maintained and there are no collisions between
messages. Three timers are used to ensure periodicity, collision free access
and equal access opportunity, these are:

* Transmit Interval (Tl). This is common to all terminals and can

be set in the range of 0.5 to 64 milliseconds. TI controls the
minimum interval between periodic transmissions.

* Terminal Gap {TG}. Each terminal has a unique time value

assigned to it. This is in the range from 4 to 128 microseconds.
The TG is the parameter which ensures clash free access.

* Synch Gap (SG}. This is common to all terminals and is set to a

value larger than the largest TG. SG is the basic parameter
which ensures that all the terminals have equal access
opportunity.

Periodic Mode

Figure 23 shows the operation in periodic mode. This is used when there is a
sufficient bus data rate to allow all messages to be transmitted at the same
rate (the highest rate). The TI is set to the inverse of the TG to allow collision
free access. There is spare time on the TI and the terminals generally
transmit in a set order. The SG does not feature in this mode.

TERMINAL n
FIRST TO
START OTHER TERMINALS IN START..lJP SEQUENCE
TERMINAL m
LAST TO
START
CYCLE
REPEATING
.
l TGn I !.d
~

TRANSMIT INTERVAL
i
\
SG
. ... "SPARE' TIME
..
Fig. 23 BUS ACTIVITY - PERIODIC MODE

- 24 -
 Aperiodic Mode

r- If there is insufficient bus capacity for all the messages to be transmitted at

the maximum rate then the aperiodic mode is used.

Each terminal is given an equal opportunity to transmit one message on the

bus during a defined period. This is achieved by assigning to each terminal a
unique terminal gap (TG) value and by determining a Synchronisation Gap
(SG) that is longer than the longest TG.

Figure 24 shows the operation of a simple three terminal system. The

terminal with the shortest TG starts to transmit (terminal 1). All other
terminals reset their timers. When the first terminal has finished
transmitting it will have to wait until the bus has been quiet for the duration
of the SG before it is given the opportunity to transmit again.
---
;i /
NOT TO SCALE - ONLY ELAPSED TIMES SHOWN

TERMINAL 1
MINOR FRAME

Fig. 24 BUS ACTIVITY - TIMING

I""
~ So effectively now the terminal with the shortest TG that has not transmitted
it's information is terminal 3 (looking at figure 24, terminal 3's TG is shorter
than terminal 2's TG so terminal 3 will transmit.)

This process will repeat itself until all the terminals have transmitted in
order of their shortest TG.

When all terminals have transmitted the bus goes quiet while SG timers
operate, and the cycle will start again with the shortest TG terminal
transmitting first.

This cycle time is called a Minor Frame (MIF) and the shortest MIF possible
(equal to the synchronisation gap, and the sum of the messages and their
terminal gaps) is the Minimum Frame Time (MFT).

- 25 -
 -./

~
LRU X TRANSMIT/RECEIVE

LRU Y LRUC S)
O=O
LRU X LRU Y

RECEIVE ONLY ONE-WAY DATA BUSES TWO-WAY DATA BUSES

ARINC 429 10 BASE T
ARINC 453 RS-485
ARINC 717
ARINC 618
LRU Z XXX ARINC 629 BUS RS-422
RS-232 COAXJALWIRE
AR !NC 629

00 . [HJ
LRU X LRU Y LRU X LRU Y LRU X LRU Y

ARlNC 636 DATA BUS 10 BASE 2 DATA eus

FIBRE OPTIC COAXIAL WIRE

Fig. 25 DATA BUSES

"""""""

- 26 -
 FIBRE OPTICS
,....._
r, Principle

This is transmission of data via an optical fibre which has a central core with
low optical transmission loss (eg pure silicon). It has an outer cladding with
a lower refractive index than the core. The transmission of light along any
optical fibre depends on complete internal reflection (for more detail of this
refer to the module 2 physics books in this series). The data buses use a
single mode fibre. The transmitter may be a diode laser or a light emitting
diode LED (cheaper but slower), and the receiver will be a photo transistor.

+V

ENERGY ABSORBING LOW REFRACTIVE

+V
LIGHT INDEX GLASS COVERING
EMITTING
DIODE

.
..........................................................................
"'' '. . . u-;---- PHOTO TRANSISTOR

OPTIC FIBRE OF LOW LOSS HIGH

REFRACTIVE INDEX GLASS RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER

Fig. 26 LIGHT TRANSMISSION

The transmission of digital data lends itself to using fibre optics and aircraft
have been using it to some degree for a number of years. The Boeing 777 has
I"" a communications network using fibre optics.

~ Fibre optic data transmission as the following advantages:

a) Smaller size and weight than coaxial or copper cable buses.

b) Immune to all forms of electromagnetic interference therefore no
special precautions necessary.
c) No cross talk between fibres.
d) Electrical isolation ie, electrical effects of lightning strike in the
vicinity of a fibre will not be coupled to the transmitter and
receiver.
e) Fast operation - large bandwidth.
f) Suitable for multiplexed signals.
g) High data rate () 1OG bits using single mode fibre).

- 27 -
The disadvantages are:

a) Connectors have to be of a very high integrity.

b) No de power transmission.
c) Minimum bend radius.
d) Care when handling - no excessive pulling, no pinching or
crimping.

Construction of the Cable

Each fibre optic strand is 0055 inches in diameter this is covered with
several layers of material, cladding (to keep light in) primary buffer (protects
glass fibre during manufacture), secondary buffers are coloured to permit
identification of each fibre optic strand. The strand is now 035 inches in
diameter.

ARAMID SECONDARY
YARN PRIMARY BUFFER
BUFFER

FILLER
STRAND (2) OPTICAL F!BER
STRAND (5) OPTICAL
FIBER
STRAND
FIBER OPTIC CABLE OPTICAL FIBER STRAND
(END VIEW) (END VIEW)

~+lhiEQ@m ,nmws.,,., FILLER

STRANDS

~r" ) ~ TAPE OPTICAL

FIBER
FIBER OPTIC CABLE STRANOS

OPTICAL
FIBER CABLE
< MINIMUM BEND
=====R=AD:IU=S=1=.5=IN=CH=E=S.:::;:;;

Fig. 27 FIBRE OPTIC CABLE

The cable itself can have three or five fibre optic strands, a number of black
filler strands may be used to make up the cable these are also 035 inches in
diameter. A polyester tape covers the strands, it makes the cable more
flexible. A woven aramid yarn protects the optical fibres from damage. The
outer jacket is a purple thermoplastic.

- 28 -
!"""' Connectors
r
Type A- these are used at production breaks that are not regularly
connected and disconnected. This is a multi-channel, in line (butt type)
connector which has very low light loss between the fibre optic components.

ALIGNMENT KEY CS)

RECEPTACLE

START START
THREAD (3) THREADS (3)
GUIDE PIN/ GUIDE PIN/
CAVITY (2) CAVITY (2)

TYPE A CONNECIYB FACE TYPE ACONNECTOR FACE

CS-FIBERS (3-F !BERS)
START
THREAD (3) BALL LENS (5)
PROTECTIVE
WINDOW--\\---\

TYPE B CONNECTOR FACE

<S-F !BERS)

Fig. 28 CONNECTORS

1. .

;,<. The connector has alignment keys on the plug and alignment grooves on the
receptacle to accurately align the optical components, guide pins in the plug
fit into cavities in the receptacle; these pins touch the bottom of the cavities
so you cannot overtighten the connector.

The coupling nut on the plug barrel has a yellow band, the receptacle barrel
has a red and yellow band. When the red band on the receptacle is at least
50% covered by the coupling nut the connection is correct. Three start
threads on the plug make sure of a straight start on first joining. The plug
and receptacle have ceramic contacts that touch when connected. The light
signal goes through the holes in the end of the ceramic contacts when they
are in direct physical contact with each other.

- 29 -
Type B Connector

This type of connector is used to connect to LRU's and is therefore more

frequently connected and disconnected. It is a multi-channel, expanded
beam (ball lens) connector, light loss is low but not as good as the Type A
connector. It has the similar alignment keys and guide pins as the Type A.

The connector has a miniature ball lens at the end of each fibre behind a
protective window. This lens, expands and focuses the light through the
protective windows of the plug and receptacle to another ball lens which
narrow the light and sends it into a fibre.

EXPANDED BEAM TERMINUS

FIBRE LENS INTERNAL

\iQ
TERMINUS

PROTECTIVE
GLASS
\ OUTER JACKET CRIMP
PROTECTIVE COUPLING OPTICAL FIBRE
WINDOWS NUT
PLUG BARREL
RECEPTACLE BARREL
PROTECTIVE BALL LENS (5)
WINDOW
YELLOW RED
BAND BAND

Fig. 29 TYPE B CONNECTOR

Some maintenance points with these connectors are:

1) Before examining, ensure equipment is switch off, light from the optical
fibre could damage your eyes.
2) Only use approved procedures to clean the connectors and lenses.

Applications in Aircraft Systems

The Boeing 777 uses a fibre optic communications network called OLAN
(Onboard Local Area Network) this is divided into two parts:

1) Avionics local area network (LAN).

2) Cabin LAN.

- 30 -
The Avionics LAN connects the following LRU's:

a) Left and right AIMS (Aircraft Information Management System).

b) MAT (Maintenance Access Terminal).
c) First Officers Side Display.
d) Captains Side Display.
e) Brouter.

The Brouter receives and sends signals to LRU's and connects signals to the
P MATS (portable maintenance access terminals).

The cabin LAN connects the following LRU's:

1) ZNTU 1,2,3 (Zone Network Controller/Telephone Distribution Network).

2) CFS (Cabin File Server).

ZNTU 3
llO.III.E&
AYJQNJCS LAN CAQJN LAN

Fig. 30 OLAN - GENERAL LAYOUT

ARINC 636 is a fibre optic databus, one strand of fibre optic per bus. The
two strands provide a primary (PRI) and secondary (SEC) bus. Fibre optics is
also used in other areas on aircraft, for example, in a radiation pyrometer
system.

- 31 -
 I ' INNER CORE
I TURBINE AIR

I
!
~ T~
........_ ENGINE CASING
BY-PAS~
AIR y----1
========:::). FIBRE OPTIC CABU.

Fig. 31 FIBRE OPTIC LINK - RADIATION PYROMETER

The system is used to provide a signal of actual turbine blade temperature

for engine temperature and exhaust gas measurement. The pyrometer head ~
and its sighting tube are mounted as shown to measure the temperature of
the blades by radiation (radiation emitted by a body, at any wavelength is a -....I
function of temperature). This radiated signal is fed via the fibre optic link to
a photo-cell in the detector where it is then fed to an amplifier and then to
the indicator, or engine monitoring system.

Fibre Optic Testing

The simplest way to check a fibre optic cable for continuity is to point a
commercially available flashlight (torch) at one end and check that light
emits from the other (the torch may have to be moved slightly to see the light
at the other end). Of course, disconnect the cable at both ends first, and fit
dust caps to the equipment connections.

If light is not seen, change the cable and retest system.

On the Boeing 777 systems there are 5 optical fibres in each fibre stub cable,
but only 4 are used. If one fibre only is dark, then the connector can be
changed so that the dark fibre corresponds to position E in the connector.

This procedure is stated in the B777 manual.

""""

- 32 -
 ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES

In many of the LRU's of the modern aircraft fault diagnosis will involve
changing printed circuit boards. These boards will contain many
components which are extremely vulnerable to static discharge.

THE TRIBOELECTRIC SERIES

MATERIAL

AIR INCREASINGLY POSITIVE

HUMAN HANDS
ASBESTOS
RABBIT FUR
GLASS
MICA
HUMAN HAIR
NYLON
WOOL
LEAD
SILK
ALUMINIUM
PAPER
COTTON
STEEL INCREASINGLY NEGATIVE
WOOD
AMBER
SEALING WAX
HARD RUBBER
NICKEL COPPER
BRASS SILVER
GOLD PLATINUM
SULFUR
ACETATE RAYON
POLYESTER
CELLULOID
ORLON
SARAN
POLYURETHANE
POLYPROPYLENE
PVC (VINYL)
KEL-F (CTFE)
SILICON
TEFLON

- 33 -
What is an Electrostatic Discharge?

Static electricity (an electrical charge at rest) is stored on non-conductive

where an electrical discharge will take place. The static charge is generated
whenever any two materials are rubbed together, or pulled apart.

The most common conception of static electricity and it accompanying

discharge, is the miniature lightning shock we receive when we walk across
a nylon carpet and touch a door handle or light switch.

We find from experience that if we first touch the metal fittings with a key,
the discharge can be seen but not felt. This phenomenon is especially acute
in modem office blocks and hotels that are air conditioned.

The discharge occurs because different materials receive different levels of

charge and the accompanying list (known as the Triboelectric Series) shows
the different level of charge with respect to cotton, the reference material. ~

The higher up, or lower down the table, the greater is the charge and hence -.....,1
the greater discharge when the two materials are bought together. The
second table shows typical electrostatic voltage that can occur. (Note the
importance of humidity).materials until it comes into contact with the first
available ground potential,

TYPICAL ELECTROSTATIC VOLTAGES

The following table shows the sort of voltages that can occur between two
surfaces/objects
ELECTROSTATIC VOLTAGES
MEANS OF STATIC GENERATION
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
10 to 20% 65 to 90%

WALKING OVER CARPET 35,000 1,500

WALKING OVER VINYL FLOOR 12,000 250

WORKER AT BENCH 6,000 100

VINYL ENVELOPES FOR WORK INSTRUCTIONS 7,000 600

COM MOM POLY BAG PICKED UP FROM BENCH 20,000 1,200

WORK CHAIR PADDED WITH POLYURETHANE 18,000 1,500

FOAM

- 34 -
 The next table lists some static sensitive devices and the voltages that can
cause damage. The damage can vary from a slight degradation of
performance, giving rise to intermittent and spurious indications; to
complete destruction, giving rise to total system failure. The amount of
damage varies with the amount of energy that strikes them.

The less obvious kind of damage can cause considerable and expensive
maintenance headaches which may lead to lack of confidence in the
equipment.

Static Sensitive Device Sensitivity Range where

damage can occur

Field Effect Transistor (MOS/FET} 150 - 1000 volts

CMOS 250 - 1000

Bipolar Transistors 4,000 - 15000

Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCR} 4,000 - 15000

Thin-Film Resistors 150 - 1000

Today, digital systems and micro-electronics have already established a

foothold in the control and operation of transport aircraft. The benefits
include high "Mean Time Between Failure" rates (MTBF}, low maintenance
costs, improved performance and reduced weight.

In order to realise these advantages, the maintenance engineer will be

required to handle these devices in such a way as to avoid known and
. .,
'1

preventable causes of component failure.

The following procedures show how to identify ESDS (Electro Static

Discharge Sensitive) LRU's and the precautions for handling the units and
printed circuit boards within the units.

The diagram shows the ESDS symbols in common usage which include
military, commercial and international symbols. The international symbol is
the most common but other symbols may be used on some LRU'S.

- 35 -
 INTtlMATIONAI.
CIOUN4i>

CAUTION CAUTION CAUTION

OISIIVI ,11CAUTlOIIS /\ THIS ASSEP\BLT / \ OBSERVE PRECAUTIONS
~ ~
,01 MAIIDLlMG
ELECTROSTATIC
SENSITIVE
!~
{.j_
CONTAlNS
ELECTROSTATIC
SENSITIVE
L1~ FOR HANDLING
ELECTROSTATIC
SENSITIVE
DEVICES DEVICES DEVICES

CAUT ON ( ~
~ shfif
SfllSITIV
J
/)ossERVE PRECAUTION
I\ FOR HANDLING
!~ELECTROSTATIC
,,{.J__.~-~ SENSITIVE ( itlfiC
SNSIT1Vf
)
DV

Fig. 32 TYPICAL ESDS DECALS

Removal and Installation of ESDS Printed Circuit Boards

The equipment and supplies needed will include:

* Conductive bags - 3M 2100 series.

* Wrist straps - 3M P /N 2064, 2066, 2067.
* 100% cotton twin- commercially available.
* ESDS Labels (JEDIC international label - multisource
3M P/N 7102)
* Light source.

Removing PCBs with ESDS decals.

1 Check with the AMM for any special instructions required.

2 Remove system electrical power and tag.

- 36 -
 WARNING: USE ONLY WRIST STRAPS WITH A GROUNDING LEAD
RESISTANCE OF GRATER THAN 1 MEGOHM.
INADVERTENT CONTACT BETWEEN THE WRIST STRAP
AND A HIGH VOLTAGE IS A SHOCK HAZARD.

3 Connect wrist strap assembly to a convenient ground on

component containing the PCB and to skin of person removing
PCB.
4 Gain access to PCB.
5 Inspect inside the unit checking in particular for clearance
between the PCB to be removed and the equipment/PCBs either
side.
6 Disconnect any PCB free-end connectors and label if necessary.
7 Remove printed circuit board using extractors provided, taking
care that it slides out smoothly. If it feels obstructed, do not pull
too hard, but check for possible obstruction and clear.
8 Immediately insert into a conductive bag and identify with an ESD
label and identification label. Use an ESDS label or 100% cotton
twine to close conductive bag.

CAUTION: DO NOT USE STAPLES OR ADHESIVE TAPE TO CLOSE

CONDUCTIVE BAG. DAMAGE TO BAG MAY EXPOSE
PCB TO ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE.

9 Close and secure aircraft unit unless replacement PCB is to be

installed immediately.
10 Disconnect wrist strap from ground and operator.
11 Place bagged PCB in a rigid container to maintain integrity of
conductive bag during transportation.
12 Record work done in log book and sign.

r, Installing PCB With ESDS Decals

1 Check that system electrical power is off.

2 Check AMM for details of procedure to be adopted.

WARNING: USE ONLY WRIST STRAPS WITH A GROUNDING LEAD

RESISTANCE GREATER THAN 1 MEGOHM INADVERTENT
CONTACT BETWEEN A HIGH VOLTAGE IS A SHOCK
HAZARD.

3 Check documentation on "new'' PCB such as JAA form 1 etc to

ascertain that it is the correct one - check IPC. Check that part
and serial numbers are correct and that the documents are
signed and come from an approved supplier.

- 37 -
 4 Connect wrist strap assembly to convenient ground on unit
where the PCB is to be installed and to wrist of person installing
PCB.
5 Gain access to receptacle that PCB is to be installed into.
6 Inspect the inside of the receptacle to make sure that the PCB
slideways are clear and that fixed end connectors are clear and
not damaged. Check for adequate clearance. Check all other
PCBs and equipment inside unit as far as possible for security,
damage, clearance and signs of contamination and burning.
Renew any suspect items, investigate the reasons for the
damage and test the system.
7 Remove "new" PCB from conductive bag.

CAUTION: DO NOT TOUCH CONNECTOR PINS OR OTHER EXPOSED

CONDUCTORS. DAMAGE TO COMPONENTS CAN RESULT.

8 Inspect the PCB for damage and verify that it is the correct part
number and make a note of the serial number.
9 Install PCB into position using extractors provided. Lock
extractors. Make sure that PCB slides easily into position and
visually check that there is clearance between the PCB and
adjacent components. Remove extractors.
10 Fit any free-end connectors.
11 Close and secure unit.
12 Disconnect wrist strap.
13 Reinstate power and carry out a functional check/BIT check in
accordance with the AMM.
14 Record all work done in the log book and sign.

Removal and Installation of Metal-Encased ESDS LRU's

Metal-encased ESDS units can be either rack mounted, panel mounted or

bolted on. ~

Equipment and Material

Dust caps.

Conductive or anti-static dust caps should be used when available. If

conductive or anti-static dust caps are not available, non-conductive dust
caps may be used but with caution since they do not provide complete ESDS
protection during handling.

- 38 -
 Remove Metal Encased LRU's With ESDS Labels

1 Remove system electrical power and tag.

2 Check the AMM.
3 Remove ESDS labelled unit from rack, panel, or mounted position.

CAUTION: DO NOT TOUCH CONNECTOR PINS OR OTHER EXPOSED

CONDUCTORS. DAMAGE TO COMPONENTS MAY RESULT.

4 Install dust caps on all connectors. Do not touch electrical pins in

connectors. Dust caps from unit being installed may be used on the
unit being removed.
5 Transport unit carefully with dust caps installed.
6 Record all work done and sign the log book.

Installing Metal Encased LRU's With ESDS Labels

1 Check the AMM.

2 Check that system electrical power is off and tag.

CAUTION: DO NOT TOUCH CONNECTOR PINS OR OTHER EXPOSED

CONDUCTORS. DAMAGE TO COMPONENTS CAN RESULT

3 Inspect unit for any signs of damage. Check stores documentation

(JAA form 1 etc). Confirm that description, part number, and serial
numbers agree.
4 Remove all dust caps from connectors of unit being installed. Do not
touch electrical pins in connectors.
5 Place unit in position and secure.
6 Switch electrical power on and carry out functional/BIT check.
r 7 Record all work done and sign.

The bonding of all electrostatic components is also important. On equipment

containing circuits carrying more than SOV (rms or de) no contact resistance
should exceed 0.0Sohms.

""""""""

- 39 -
 SOFTWARE MANAGEMENT CONTROL

With the considerable use of software on modern aircraft used in essential

systems such as flight controls, engine controls, generation, navigation flight ....,/
instruments and auto-flight it is essential that the software design must be
investigated and control of its certification maintained.

The basis for the certification of software in aircraft equipment and systems
is RTCA/EUROCAE document D0-178/ED-12/ 12a issued May 1982
entitled "Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment
Certification". This provides guidance to aircraft constructors, equipment
manufacturers and aircraft operators on software practices that would
support the certification of software-based equipment and systems.

It is essential that you read Airworthiness Notice numbers 45 and 45A with
appendices, and BCARs section A A3-l,2,3, and 4 very carefully. Be fully
aware of the possible catastrophic effects if an unapproved software change
to a system.

"""""""

- 40 -
 FLIGHT INSTRUMENT DISPLAYS

On older aircraft these include the Airspeed Indicator, Artificial Horizon, Tum
& Slip Indicator and Gyro Compass. On newer aircraft all but the Airspeed
Indicator have been incorporated into the Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI)
- a sort of compass and the Attitude Director Indicator (ADI) - a sort of
Artificial Horizon.

Originally these instruments where electro-mechanical in operation with gyro

inputs etc being sent to the instrument and torquer motors moving the various
pointers and indicator bars. Most aircraft now have all electronic displays in
the form of colour CRT or flat screen displays.

The 'mechanical' HSI and ADI are included in this book as back-ground
.r" knowledge to Electronic Flight Deck Display Systems in book 3.

I""" It must be realised that as far as the HSI and ADI are concerned there is no
'standard' instrument, however the instruments shown have the main features
which are usually found on most of the HSis and AD Is found in service.

HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR

Miniature Aircraft

When related to the movable parts of the course indicator, the fixed miniature
aircraft symbol located in the centre of the course indicator window shows
aircraft position and direction.

r ! Course Arrow and Course Control

The course arrow is a white arrow which is rotated against the azimuth ring by
the course control knob to a magnetic heading which coincides with the
desired VOR (VHF Omnidirectional radio Range - a ground based navigation
aid) radial or localiser course.

When one of the radio modes is selected, the V-bar command indicator in the
attitude director indicator displays steering commands to capture and track
the selected radio course.

- 41 -
 LUBBER LINE---.. HOG BUG

COURSE ARROW _ _ __,

G.S.
----AZIMUTH
CARD
G. S. SCALE-----
....--COURSE
CONTROL
HEADING KNOB
KNOB

Fig. 33 THE HSI

Course Counter

The course counter in the upper right comer of the instrument improves the
accuracy and speed of course selection by giving a digital repeat of the VOR
radial or localiser course indicated by the course arrow.

To-From Pointer

The to-from pointer is a movable delta-shaped symbol, always indicates the

direction TO the VOR station along the radial selected with the course arrow.
This is a de meter movement fed from the navigation (VOR) receiver.

Lateral Deviation Bar

The movable centre section of the course arrow represents the centre-line of
the selected VOR radial or localiser course. The miniature aircraft represents
the position of the aircraft with respect to this selected course.

When the navigation receiver is tuned to a VOR frequency, initiated movement

of the lateral deviation bar begins when the aircraft is approximately 16 from
VOR radial centre; the deviation scale dots represent approximately 5 and 10
deviation from radial centre.

- 42 -
 r-- When the navigation receiver is tuned to a localiser frequency, initial
movement of the bar begins when the aircraft is approximately 4 degrees from
,-.. the localiser beam centre, the dots represent approximately 11/4 degrees and
2112 degrees deviation.

This is a de meter driven movement fed from the navigation (VOR/ILS)

receiver. Figure 34 shows the deviation bar indications for approach onto the
localiser.

AIRPLANE ON BACK BEAii

(MAINTAIN FRONT BEAii COURSE)

EQUAL STRENGTH
90 HERTZ AND
150 HERTZ

RUNWAY

M=11
270 HEADIN~

2 DOTS = 1 DOT =
2 LOCALIZER DEVIATION 1 LOCALIZER DEVIATION
CNAV RCVR OUTPUT= 150 Al'IPS) CNAV RCVR OUTPUT= 75 AMPS)

FLY RIGHT ON BEAM FLY RIGHT

HSI HSI HSI HSI

Fig. 34 LOCALISER INDICATIONS

Azimuth Card

Gyro stabilised magnetic compass information is indicated by the rotating

azimuth card. Aircraft heading is read on the card under the lubber line at
the top centre of the instrument.

- 43 -
Heading Marker and Heading Control

The heading marker, a movable orange-coloured, triangular symbol, is set to

the desired heading against the azimuth card by rotating the heading control.
In the heading mode, the V-bar command indicator in the flight director
indicator displays bank commands to tum to, and maintain, this selected
heading.

Glide Slope (GS) Pointer

The glide slope pointer shows the glide slope of the aircraft. It is in view only
when the navigation receiver is tuned to a localiser frequency. This is a de
meter driven movement fed from the navigation (ILS) receiver.

ATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR

Aircraft Symbol

The aircraft is represented by a fixed, delta-shaped symbol. Aircraft pitch and

bank attitude is displayed by the relationship of the aircraft symbol and
attitude tape.

Pitch and bank commands are displayed by the relationship of the command
bars and the aircraft symbol. With some practice, a pilot can instinctively
manoeuvre the aircraft symbol into the command bars to satisfy pitch and
bank commands.

BANI\ ATTITUDE
POINTER TAPE

HORIZON

COMMAND
l!ARS
--.._ AIRCRAFT
SYMBOi
LOCALIZER
DEVIATION SUP
POINTER lliOICAlOR

Fig. 35 THE ADI

- 44 -
.

"" Bank Pointer and Horizon Tape

r Bank attitude is shown by rotation of the attitude tape relative to the aircraft
symbol. A full 360 bank presentation is possible. The bank-angle pointer
and scale near the top of the indicator display bank angles of 10, 20, 30, 45
and 60 degrees.

Comparing the aircraft symbol to the attitude tape gives a realistic picture of
bank attitude. Pitch attitude as previously stated, is shown by the vertical
position of the attitude tape pitch scale relative to the fixed-aircraft symbol.

Command Bars

The command bars display computed bank and pitch commands. A selected
heading or radio course may be flown, by observing and responding to the
bank commands.

Pitch attitude, selected altitude, or glide slope beam tracking may be flown, by
observing and responding to the pitch command. To satisfy the commands,
the aircraft symbol is "flown into" the command bars until the two are aligned
as shown later.

The command bars move up or down to command a climb or descent and

move clockwise or counter clockwise for bank commands to provide lateral
guidance, such as capturing and tracking a VOR radial. Simultaneous servo
inputs for these commands enable the pilot to respond to pitch and bank
commands by viewing a single, integrated instrument.

The servo system has rate feedback to prevent oscillation of the command
bars, and position feedback to ensure the correct amount of movement

Glideslope Pointer and Scale

The glide slope pointer represents the centre of the glide slope beam and
displays vertical displacement of the aircraft from beam centre. The pointer is
in view whenever a localiser frequency is selected on the navigation receiver,
regardless of mode selector position. The centre line of the glide slope scale
represents aircraft position with respect to the glide slope pointer.

If the pointer is displaced upward, the aircraft is below the glide path. This is
displacement information only; pitch commands are presented by the
command bars.

- 45 -
 -.
Localiser Deviation Pointer (Runway Symbol)

The runway symbol represents the centre of the localiser beam and is in view
whenever the navigation receiver is tuned to a localiser frequency. When the
symbol moves left, the aircraft is to the right of the localiser beam. On a back-
course ILS the runway symbol senses in reverse and should not be used for a
back-course approach.

The runway symbol displays lateral displacement from the centre of a localiser
beam and represents an expanded portion of the localiser scale.

EQUAL
STRENGTH
90 HERTZ
AND
90 HERTZ 150 HERTZ
ANPLITUDE
TRANSIIITTER~ IWDUUTION

TOP , - - - - - - - - - -
VIEW

RUNWAY

FLY DOWN FLY UP ON BEAK

t
1 DOT= 0.35 2 DOTS = 0.7
GLIDE SLOPE GLIDE SLOPE
DEVIATION DEVIATION
(HAV RCVR OUTPUT (NAV RCVR OUTPUT
= 75 l' Al'IPS = 150 Al'IPS

FLY RIGHT & DOWN CAPTAINS ADI FLY LEFT & UP

Fig. 36 LOCALISER & GLIDESLOPE INDICATIONS

- 46 -
 The outside reference dots of the miniature runway scale are equivalent to the
first dots of the smaller scale on the course indicator. They provide an
expanded lateral display of aircraft position in relation to the centre of the
localiser beam. This is a de motor driven movement fed from the navigation
(ILS) receiver.

Figure 37 shows the localiser and glide slope indications for various aircraft
positions relevant to the ILS beams. Note the ADI has a runway representing
the localiser position.

For the last 200 feet before landing (which should be centred at this time) the
runway symbol rises towards the centre line of the ADI presentation, and
when the aircraft has landed it will sit just below the command bars.

r' Slip Indicator

r- Co-ordinated turns to new headings without side-slipping (slipping into the

centre of the turn) or skidding (skidding to the outside of the turn) the aircraft
are monitored by the familiar slip indicator, a weighted ball in a liquid-filled
tube.

Radio Altimeter Pointer

A pointer on the right side of the flight director display indicates radio altitude
up to 200 feet. The RAD ALT pointer is deflected out of view when not in use.

Speed Command

An optional speed command indicator may be displayed on the right side of

the flight director indicator. The display indicates aircraft speed as SLOW or
FAST. Presentation of this feature precludes a radio altitude indication. '-)

The bank attitude system works in exactly the same manner, just check it
through for yourself.

Many of the AD Is have a test button, usually in the left hand bottom comer of
the instrument, when pressed this injects a test signal which makes the
display go 10 pitch and 20 roll right and the 'ATI' flag to come into view.

- 47 -
 A B

Fig. 37 COMMAND BAR INDICATIONS - ADI

Command Bar Presentation -)).

u
Figure 35 shows an ADI where the command bars are of a wedge shape and
the aircraft symbol a triangular shape. Figure 37A shows a command on the
ADI telling the pilot to 'fly left', he/ she will fly the aircraft to get the aircraft
symbol into the command bars.

When the command is satisfied the aircraft symbol will be sitting in the
command bars at the centre of the instrument as shown in figure 378.

ATIITUDE
SCALES ROLL COMMAND
BAR

1~
~

RATE OF TURN
EXPANDED INCLINOMETER POINTER & SCALE
SCALE-----
Fig. 38 ADI - CROSS POINTER COMMAND BAR

- 48 -
 An alternative command bar presentation is using the cross pointer display.
r Note the pitch and roll command bars. The display, as shown, would be
commanding the pilot to tum the aircraft to the right and pitch down.

When the command is satisfied the two bars will be at the centre of the
instrument crossing one another, thus+.

The Flags

FD-108 warning flags are "positive-monitoring" - that is, the proper operating
voltage must be present to keep the associated flag from view. Limited system
operation is possible with certain of the warning flags in view.

,,,,-. A check would be made to determine whether the apparent malfunction can be
corrected by resetting circuit breakers, changing fuses, re-tuning an
r associated receiver, or slaving or erecting an input gyro.

A visual inspection, as far as possible, would also be carried out to check for
any obvious signs of damage, and the onboard fault computer checked for any
fault codes. Of course, the fault finding section of the AMM should also be
consulted.

Fig. 39 ADI AND HSI

Computer Flag

The COMPUTER flag monitors the active inputs to the FD-108 computer for
the selected mode. In all modes, this includes computer power, the vertical
gyro, the gyro stabilised magnetic compass, and the primary servos of the V-
bar commands.

- 49 -
In addition, the selected radio input to the computer is monitored in
VOR/LOC. and GS mode. The COMPUTER flag warns that all V-bar command
information is unusable. The attitude, heading, and radio displays are still
correct if the corresponding flags are not showing.

Gyro Flag

The GYRO flag indicates failure of the vertical gyro and/ or primary attitude
display servo system, and warns that the attitude display is unusable. Radio
and heading displays and V-bar commands are still correct if the
corresponding flags are not showing.

Compass Flag

The COMPASS flag indicates failure of the gyro stabilised magnetic compass
and/ or primary heading display servo system, and warns that the heading
display is unusable. Radio and attitude displays and V-bar commands are
still correct if the corresponding flags are not showing.

Glide Slope Flags

The GS flags indicate a malfunction of the glide slope receiver or an unreliable

glide slope signal, and warn that the glide slope displays, and V-bar pitch
commands computed from glide slope information, are unusable. Localiser
command, heading, attitude, and VOR/localiser information is still valid if the
corresponding flags are not showing.

VOR/LOC Flag

The VOR/LOC flag indicates a malfunction of the navigation receiver or an

unreliable radio signal, and warns that the lateral deviation displays, and V-
bar roll commands computed from VOR or localiser information are unusable.
V-bar pitch commands, heading, attitude and glide slope information is still
valid if the corresponding flags are not showing.

Localiser Shutter

This parallels the operation of the VOR/LOC flag in GS mode. In other modes
it conceals the localiser deviation pointer.

- 50 -
 Miles Shutter

This conceals the MILES counter when DME is unavailable.

The Computer

This provides computed roll and pitch steering commands to the ADI. These
commands, when displayed on the ADI enables the pilot to intercept and/ or
maintain a selected flight path. The computer is divided into two basic
channels - pitch and roll. The roll channel generates steering commands on
information received from the vertical gyro (roll signal), heading error signal
from the HSI, course error signal from the HSI, and radio signals from the
VOR/LOC receiver.

,,,......._ The pitch channel generates nose-up of nose-down steering commands to be

displayed on the ADI.

The commands are generated on the basis of information received from the
vertical gyro, glide slope receiver and manual pitch commands.

Instrument Amplifier

This provides servo actuating power to the altitude displays on the ADI and
displays on the HSI. As has already been seen earlier, error signals are
amplified to drive their respective displays. The signals from the steering
computer are de and the amplifier converts them the ac for use by the roll and
pitch servo motors in the ADI.

.!""" Mode Selector

This may be a switch on the side of the ADI or part of a separate switch panel.
The pitch command facility is available on both displays

"""""""""""""

- 51 -