POTHOLE DETECTION SYSTEM

BASED ON IOT
V.NIKHIL KUMAR 1, DR.J.MOHANA
1(UG Student,nikhilkumarvandanapu@gmail.com), 2(Associative Professor)
Saveetha School Of Engineering, Saveetha University, Chennai

ABSTRACT:
MICROCONTROLLER:
Potholes are caused due to poor quality and
badly maintained roads. The constant AT89S52:
movement of the overweight vehicles like
trucks is also responsible for these ill roads.
This ill quality roads will cause severe damage
to the vehicles in terms of tyres and the shock
absorbers and most important thing is the
accidents which is caused due to this. A system
called Pothole Detection System which detects
holes on roads or uneven roads. So that it The AT89S52 is a low-power,
helps in maintain the roads in a good high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller
condition. Here two sensors accelerometer and with 8K bytes of in-system programmable
vibration records holes location on roads by Flash memory. The device is manufactured
detecting movement differences of vehicle. using Atmels high-density nonvolatile
In addition, GPS module is present memory technology and is compatible with the
which stores the location of pothole and also Indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and
records the longitude and latitude values of the pin out.
particular location. By using IOT technology
pothole location information is updated
Features:
pothole the web server effectively. This
information is accessed by the Road transport Compatible with MCS-51 Products.
authorities and they can alert the 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable
corresponding officials and take necessary (ISP) Flash Memory
actions to repair the road. Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles.
INTRODUCTION:
GPS 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range.
POTHOLES

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Via IOT Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz.

Three-level
VEHICLE SECTION Program
TRANSPORT Memory Lock.
AUTHORITIES SECTION

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM.

32 Programmable I/O Lines.

VIBRATION SENSOR
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters.
WEBSERVER

ACCELEROMETER MICROCONTROLLER
SENSOR
 Eight Interrupt Sources. data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel. six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a

full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes.
clock circuitry.
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed
Mode.
with static logic for operation down to zero
Watchdog Timer. frequency and supports two software
Dual Data Pointer. selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode
stops the CPU while allowing the RAM,
Power-off Flag.
timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt
Fast Programming Time.
system to continue functioning.
Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page
The Power-down mode saves the
Mode).
RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator,
Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option. disabling all other chip functions until the next
Description: interrupt or hardware reset.

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high- Pin configuration:

performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with

8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash
memory.

The device is manufactured using

Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the Indus-
try-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out.
VIBRATION SENSOR:
The on-chip Flash allows the program
memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory pro-
grammars. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with in-system programmable Flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a
powerful microcontroller which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to
A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the
many embedded control applications. piezoelectric effect to measure pressure,
acceleration, strain or force by converting
The AT89S52 provides the following
them to an electrical signal.
standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes
Piezoelectric sensors have proven to be
of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two
versatile tools for the measurement of various
processes. They are used for quality assurance,
process control and for research and
development in many different industries.
Although the piezoelectric effect was
discovered by Curie in 1880, it was only in the
1950s that the piezoelectric effect started to be
used for industrial sensing applications. Since
then, this measuring principle has been
increasingly used and can be regarded as a
mature technology with an outstanding
inherent reliability.
It has been successfully used in
various applications, such as in medical,
aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a
pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile .
phones. In the automotive industry,
One disadvantage of piezoelectric
piezoelectric elements are used to monitor
sensors is that they cannot be used for truly
combustion when developing internal
static measurements. A static force will result
combustion engines. The sensors are either
in a fixed amount of charges on the
directly mounted into additional holes into the
piezoelectric material. While working with
cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is
conventional readout electronics, imperfect
equipped with a built in miniature
insulating materials, and reduction in internal
piezoelectric sensor
sensor resistance will result in a constant loss
The rise of piezoelectric technology is of electrons, and yield a decreasing signal.
directly related to a set of inherent advantages. Elevated temperatures cause an additional
The high modulus of elasticity of many drop in internal resistance and sensitivity.
piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of
The main effect on the piezoelectric
many metals and goes up to 10e6 N/m. Even
effect is that with increasing pressure loads
though piezoelectric sensors are
and temperature, the sensitivity is reduced due
electromechanical systems that react to
to twin-formation. While quartz sensors need
compression, the sensing elements show
to be cooled during measurements at
almost zero deflection.
temperatures above 300C, special types of
This is the reason why piezoelectric crystals like GaPO4 gallium phosphate do not
sensors are so rugged, have an extremely high show any twin formation up to the melting
natural frequency and an excellent linearity point of the material itself.
over a wide amplitude range. Additionally,
However, it is not true that piezoelectric
piezoelectric technology is insensitive to
sensors can only be used for very fast
electromagnetic fields and radiation, enabling
processes or at ambient conditions. In fact,
measurements under harsh conditions. Some
there are numerous applications that show
materials used (especially gallium phosphate
quasi-static measurements, while there are
or tourmaline) have an extreme stability even
other applications with temperatures higher
at high temperature, enabling sensors to have a
than 500C.
working range of up to 1000C.
Piezoelectric sensors are also seen in
Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in
nature. Dry bone is piezoelectric, and is
addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the
thought by some to act as a biological force
ability to generate an electrical signal when the
sensor.
temperature of the crystal changes. This effect
is also common to piezoceramic materials
MEMS ACCELEROMETER :

An accelerometer is a device that

measures proper acceleration. The proper
acceleration measured by an accelerometer is (gradients) in the proper accelerations of
not necessarily the coordinate acceleration frames of references associated with those
(rate of change of velocity). For example, an points. These devices are called gravity
accelerometer at rest of the surface of the earth gradiometers, as they measure gradients in the
will measure an acceleration g= 9.81 m/s 2 gravitational field. Such pairs of
straight upwards, due to its weight. By accelerometers in theory may also be able to
contrast, accelerometers in free fall or at rest in detect gravitational waves.
outer space will measure zero. Another term PRINCIPLE:
for the type of acceleration that accelerometers
can measure is g-force acceleration.

Accelerometers have multiple applications in

industry and science. Highly sensitive
accelerometers are components of inertial
navigation systems for aircraft and missiles.
Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor
vibration in rotating machinery.
Accelerometers are used in tablet computers
and digital cameras so that images on screens
are always displayed upright.
An accelerometer measures proper
Single- and multi-axis models of
acceleration, which is the acceleration it
accelerometer are available to detect
experiences relative to freefall and is the
magnitude and direction of the proper
acceleration felt by people and objects. Put
acceleration (or g-force), as a vector quantity,
another way, at any point in space time the
and can be used to sense orientation (because
equivalence principle guarantees the existence
direction of weight changes), coordinate
of a local inertial frame, and an accelerometer
acceleration (so long as it produces g-force or
measures the acceleration relative to that
a change in g-force), vibration, shock, and
frame.[1] Such accelerations are popularly
falling in a resistive medium (a case where the
measured in terms of g-force.
proper acceleration changes, since it starts at
zero, then increases). Micro machined An accelerometer at rest relative to the Earth's

accelerometers are increasingly present in surface will indicate approximately 1 g

portable electronic devices and video game upwards, because any point on the Earth's

controllers, to detect the position of the device surface is accelerating upwards relative to the

or provide for game input.
Pairs of accelerometers extended over a region
of space can be used to detect differences
local inertial frame (the frame of a freely
falling object near the surface). To obtain the
acceleration due to motion with respect to the
Earth, this "gravity offset" must be subtracted
and corrections for effects caused by the
Earth's rotation relative to the inertial frame.
CONCLUSION:
This system doesnt require any attention to
record the location of uneven roads and upload
the data on the web server because it does all
the operations automatically. This system is
more efficient to detect the holes on the roads
and to maintain the data on the web server.
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