Machining is any of various processes in which a piece of raw material is cut into a desired final

yxshape and size by a controlled material-removal process. The processes that have this common
theme, controlled material removal, are today collectively known as subtractive manufacturing,
Machining is a part of the manufacture of many metal products, but it can also be used on materials
such as wood, plastic, ceramic, and composites.[2] A person who specializes in machining is called
a machinist. A room, building, or company where machining is done is called a machine shop.
Machining can be a business, a hobby, or both. Much of modern-day machining is carried out
by computer numerical control (CNC), in which computers are used to control the movement and
operation of the mills, lathes, and other cutting machines.

Machining operations[edit]
Making a shipboard manhole cover in the machine shop of the aircraft carrier USS John C. Stennis.

The three principal machining processes are classified as turning, drilling and milling. Other
operations falling into miscellaneous categories include shaping, planing, boring, broaching and
sawing.[5]

Turning operations are operations that rotate the workpiece as the primary method of moving
metal against the cutting tool. Lathes are the principal machine tool used in turning.

Milling operations are operations in which the cutting tool rotates to bring cutting edges to
bear against the workpiece. Milling machines are the principal machine tool used in milling.

Drilling operations are operations in which holes are produced or refined by bringing a
rotating cutter with cutting edges at the lower extremity into contact with the workpiece. Drilling
operations are done primarily in drill presses but sometimes on lathes or mills.

Miscellaneous operations are operations that strictly speaking may not be machining
operations in that they may not be swarf producing operations but these operations are
performed at a typical machine tool. Burnishing is an example of a miscellaneous operation.
Burnishing produces no swarf but can be performed at a lathe, mill, or drill press.

Machining operations[edit]
There are many kinds of machining operations, each of which is capable of generating a certain part
geometry and surface texture.

In turning, a cutting tool with a single cutting edge is used to remove material from a rotating
workpiece to generate a cylindrical shape. The primary motion is provided by rotating the workpiece,
and the feed motion is achieved by moving the cutting tool slowly in a direction parallel to the axis of
rotation of the workpiece.

Drilling is used to create a round hole. It is accomplished by a rotating tool that typically has two or
four helical cutting edges. The tool is fed in a direction parallel to its axis of rotation into the
workpiece to form the round hole.
In boring, a tool with a single bent pointed tip is advanced into a roughly made hole in a spinning
workpiece to slightly enlarge the hole and improve its accuracy. It is a fine finishing operation used in
the final stages of product manufacture.

Reaming is one of the sizing operations that removes a small amount of metal from a hole already
drilled.

In milling, a rotating tool with multiple cutting edges is moved slowly relative to the material to
generate a plane or straight surface. The direction of the feed motion is perpendicular to the tool's
axis of rotation. The speed motion is provided by the rotating milling cutter. The two basic forms of
milling are:

Peripheral milling

Face milling.

Other conventional machining operations include shaping, planing, broaching and sawing. Also,
grinding and similar abrasive operations are often included within the category of machining.

1. INTRODUCTION

US industries spend annually $60 billion to perform metal removal

operations that range from simple clean-up of castings or welds to
high precision work.

What is Machining?

Machining is a process designed to change the size, shape, and

surface of a material through removal of materials that could be
achieved by straining the material to fracture or by thermal
evaporation.

Why Machining?

Offers important benefits such as

Excellent dimensional tolerances

-Example is forged crankshaft where holes and bearing

surfaces require tight tolerances.

External and internal geometrical features

- Sharp corners, grooves, fillets, various geometry

 Surface finish

-Example is a copper mirror by diamond turning

Removal of heat treat distortion

- Parts such as crank and camshafts undergo distortion

during heat treatment. Machining is a process for
"straightening" the parts.

Economical if small quantities

There are limitations that include

o Material waste

o Time consuming

o Energy, capital and labor intensive

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Machining: An Introduction

In terms of annual dollars spent, machining is the most important of the manufacturing processes. Machining can b
process of removing material from a workpiece in the form of chips. The term metal cutting is used when the mater
machining has very low set-up cost compared to forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is m
high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.

The Machining section is divided into the following categories:

1. DRILLING:
2. TURNING:

3. MILLING:
4. GRINDING:

5. CHIP FORMATION: