KAYCIN G.

DUZON MAED-SCIENCE

1. There are types of communities how will you explain succession of

communities? How important is community succession in forest/ cite an
example using journal/ article.
2. Compare China (industrialized developed countries) & (like Phil) respond to
climate change. (Cite evidences with proper citation from journal).
3. During 1990s white and yellow butterflies were very prominent. Explain what
happened to the butterflies using data. Cite ecological theories and articles
that may explain the events.

YEAR # of white & yellow # of black butterflies

butterflies
1990 12,675 871
1995 10,275 1,972
2000 7,368 3,479
2005 4,795 8,905
2010 3,367 11,031
2015 1,787 13,111

1. The process by which communities are established, develop and change in

ecosystems is called succession. Succession could happen in an area that has not
been previously occupied by a community such as newly exposed rock areas, sand
dunes, and lava flows. This beginning community in a Succession is called pioneer
community. Succession could also happen in an area where there was a community
before like forest or farms. This usually occurs after some sort of natural
catastrophe, or human actions. This would happen after tsunami, or maybe after
forest fire where the land is cleared out and all the plants and animals were
destroyed.

Forest communities containing complex plants can support more diverse animal
populations, including various types of prey and predators. It is very important for
the forest to undergo community succession in order for the ecosystem to restore,
go back to its similar state to where it began in case a disturbance, a fire destroys
the forest.
KAYCIN G. DUZON MAED-SCIENCE

An historical perspective on forest succession and its

relevance to ecosystem restoration and conservation
practice in North America
Norman L. Christensen Jr.,

Highlights
Succession is ecosystem change caused by discrete disturbances.
Beliefs about successional mechanisms, trajectories and endpoints have changed.
Such beliefs have important implications for restoration and conservation practice.
Models of succession have become more complex, stochastic, and situation-specific.
A single unified theory for successional change is unlikely.

Abstract

Eugene Odums 1969 paper, The Strategy of Ecosystem Development, marks a

watershed moment in approaches to the study of succession, ecosystem change
caused by discrete disturbances. He argued that succession is unique from other
kinds of change with regard to mechanisms (modification of the physical
environment by the community), trajectory (orderly, directional and predictable),
and endpoint (a stable climax ecosystem in which maximum biomass and
symbiotic function between organisms are maintained per unit energy flow). Odum
also argued that understanding successional change was central to the
management of a great variety of environmental challenges. Given the important
role of disturbance in these ecosystems, this is particularly true for management
aimed at restoration and conservation of forests. Although there was considerable
debate among ecologists regarding successional mechanisms, trajectories and
endpoints in the decades preceding his exegesis, the views outlined by Odum
generally prevailed. These significantly influenced answers to three central
restoration and conservation questions during that era. (1) What should we restore
and conserve? Climax ecosystems. (2) How should boundaries be set for restoration
and conservation areas? This was not an important matter. (3) How should
restoration and conservation be accomplished? Because succession would
inexorably lead to the ultimate climax goal, forest ecosystems should be protected
from disturbance. Over the past five decades, virtually every aspect of succession
theory as presented by Odum (1969) has come into question. We now understand
that there is no single unique or unifying mechanism for successional change, that
successional trajectories are highly varied and rarely deterministic, and that
succession has no specific endpoint. Answers to the three restoration and
conservation questions have changed accordingly. (1) Restoration and conservation
goals should include the full range of variation in species diversity and composition
associated with disturbance and the succession that proceeds from it. (2) Pattern,
scale and context influence patterns of both disturbance and succession, and
preserve design really does matter. (3) Restoration and conservation practice must
be tailored to the unique mechanisms and post-disturbance ecological legacies that
determine the trajectory and tempo of successional change in each particular
ecosystem. The search for a grand unified theory of succession apart from other
kinds of ecosystem change is futile. Nevertheless, the change caused by discrete
KAYCIN G. DUZON MAED-SCIENCE

disturbances remains an important matter for concern for restoration and

conservation practitioners.

ADB, WB highlight PH climate change actions

(2017-03-09)THE World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB) on
Wednesday highlighted what the Philippines has done so far to enhance its
economic and financial response to climate change at the kickoff of the three-
day Vulnerable 20 Asia-Pacific Regional Consultation held at the ADB
headquarters.

The Philippines led V20 or the economies deemed most vulnerable to climate
change when it was established in 2015. It has since expanded to 43 developing
economies from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America, and the Caribbean.

The 15 participating countries in the Asia-Pacific consultation include Ethiopia

(the current V20 Chair), Bangladesh, Barbados, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Fiji,
Kiribati, Maldives, the Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Palau, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and
Viet Nam.

Of particular relevance to the discussion on disaster risk financing of V20 is the

situation in the Philippines, said Richard Bolt, ADB county director for the
Philippines.

ADB is implementing a technical assistance project to identify opportunities and

mechanisms for strengthening the enabling environment for disaster risk
financing in three V20 countries, and is just commencing a technical assistance
project on the development of a city government disaster insurance pool here in
the Philippines, he said.

However, Bolt noted there is more that needs to be done regionally.

ADB looks forward to supporting the V20 in moving forward on its agreed
actions, to maintaining a continuing,
open dialogue to strengthen climate resilience, and to ensuring that ADB
assistance is tailored to best support the achievement of V20 priorities, both
nationally and regionally, he said.
The World Bank said it has been proud to work with V20 members like the
Philippines for many years as these countries have developed pioneering
responses to climate change.

World Bank Group Program Leader Birgit Hansl noted the Philippines is now
working on a comprehensive approach to building financial resilience.

It identified key strategic priorities including: the commitment of maintaining

the fiscal health of the national government to support long-term rehabilitation
and reconstruction; enabling local government units the units the provision of
KAYCIN G. DUZON MAED-SCIENCE

immediate cash at the onset of disaster; and working toward reducing the
impact of disaster on the poorest and most vulnerable while preventing them
from falling into a cycle of poverty, she said.

Hansl emphasized that the World Bank is playing its role, and supporting its
clients to fulfill their Nationally Determined Contributions through a new Climate
Change Action Plan that involves stepping up commitments in key areas such as
renewable energy, disaster preparedness and urban resilience.

It confirms the World Bank Groups commitment to increase the share or our
financing that delivers climate benefits from 21 to 28 percent by 2020, she
said.

The V20 is ideally placed to exercise a leadership role in the proactive

management of climate-related risks,
and an improving capacity to recover quickly and effectively after disasters and
extreme weather events, she added.
Regional meet

The three-day regional consultation of the Vulnerable Twenty Group of Ministers

of Finance (V20) aims to mobilize international, regional, and national
investment for climate action, as well as discuss financial instruments for
disaster risk reduction, public financial management, and carbon pricing.

The meet was attended by finance ministers and senior officials from 15
developing economies across Asia and the Pacific, and supported by the Manila-
based ADB, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank Group
and the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery.

Climate-vulnerable countries such as the Philippines fought to enshrine a 1.5

degrees Celsius global warming limit in the Paris Agreement, not only to survive
but also to thrive. We have to transition to clean energy-powered economies not
just because it will save the climate but also because it will produce more jobs
and pump prime the economy, said Sen. Loren Legarda, who opened the
consultation.

The event will support the roll out of the V20 Action Plan, adopted in 2015 to
address V20 climate finance needs, and provide an opportunity to exchange
knowledge and experience between the countries in support of enhanced
climate finance and technical capabilities. It will also focus on disaster risk
financing to strengthen the countries financial resilience against disaster risk at
national and international levels.

SourceManila Times
DateMar 10,2017
http://en.ccchina.gov.cn/Detail.aspx?newsId=66717&TId=97
KAYCIN G. DUZON MAED-SCIENCE

China reiterates pledge on climate change plays

down US policy changes
(2017-04-24)China will enhance support for combating climate change in countries
along the belt and road no matter what stance is taken by the United States, a
senior official with the nation's economic regulator said on Sunday.

"Taking advantage of regional cooperation opportunities brought by the Belt and

Road initiative, China will enhance financial and technical support in the next a
couple of years to combat the global challenge of climate change," Zhao Xing,
deputy head of Zhejiang Development and Reform Commission, said.

He was speaking at a panel discussion on the sidelines of a seminar on combating

climate change in developing countries along the belt and road held in Hangzhou by
the International Cooperation Center, part of the National Development and Reform
Commission.

Zhao did not reveal the exact amount of financial support on offer.

He said China will send experts to countries to help improve capacity building,
create a viable environment for outbound investment in infrastructural construction
projects, and make sure that efforts match the needs of countries.

Regional cooperation will help enhance regional climate policy coordination,

according to Cai He, director of the Center for Climate Change and Low Carbon
Development Cooperation at the commission.

He said efforts taken by China will not be impacted by a likely retreat of the United
States from the Paris Agreement, because dealing with climate change is part of
efforts that help facilitate domestic restructuring.

There is a lot that developing countries along the belt and road could learn from
China's years of experience in dealing with climate change challenges such as
floods and typhoons which remain threats for coastal countries along the belt and
road, he said.

Citing the example of helping African countries build hydropower stations, Cai said
that technology and financing from China for building stations.

http://en.ccchina.gov.cn/Detail.aspx?newsId=67338&TId=96%22%20title=
%22China%20reiterates%20pledge%20on%20climate%20change,%20plays
%20down%20US%20policy%20changes
KAYCIN G. DUZON MAED-SCIENCE

China has committed to implementing the Paris Agreement, thus

promoting the integration of climate change into China's
ecological initiative along with a socioeconomic transformation
toward low-carbon economy and climate resilience.

Abstract

The Paris Climate Change Conference was successfully concluded with the Paris
Agreement, which is a milestone for the world in collectively combating climate
change. By participating in IPCC assessments and conducting national climate
change assessments, China has been increasing its understanding of the issue. For
the first time, China's top leader attended the Conference of the Parties, which
indicates the acknowledgement of the rationality and necessity of climate change
response by China at different levels. Moreover, this participation reflects China's
commitment to including climate change in its ecology improvement program and
pursuing a low-carbon society and economy. In order to ensure the success of the
Paris Conference, China has contributed significantly. China's constructive
participation in global governance shows that China is a responsible power. These
principles such as the creation of a future of winwin cooperation with each country
contributing to the best of its ability; a future of the rule of law, fairness, and justice;
and a future of inclusiveness, mutual learning, and common development will serve
as China's guidelines in its efforts to facilitate the implementation of the Paris
Agreement and participate in the design of international systems.