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Proceedings of the 18 Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference
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NAWTEC18
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May 11-13, 2010, Orlando, Florida, USA
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NAWTEC18-3507
ABSTRACT exceed these regulations. One of the areas where the regulations
As Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities make the leap into have continued to tighten is stack emissions. Since the early-
the twenty-first (21st) century, so does the demand for cost 1980s, emission limits have continually become more stringent
efficient air pollution control technology. In an effort to meet making the EfW industry one of the most highly regulated. If
this rising demand, companies have to develop concepts that the existing and/or new facilities are going to either maintain or
remove acid gases in an efficient, sustainable, and reliable way. obtain their air permits, then considerable investments must be
The current market trend to provide the best available control made into existing air pollution control technologies and
technology (BACT) leads people searching for technologies developing new technologies.
that are: The evolution of these ever tightening restrictions started
Proven and have extensive records of success with particulate and now includes nitrogen oxides and acid
Highly efficient, resulting in low emission to the gases. This constant industry trend has led to the concept of
atmosphere, but requiring minimal investment having the best available control technology (BACT), because
Compact in design, simple, and low maintenance once a single plant installs a revolutionary system, then all the
Offering high availability, low reagent consumption, remaining facilities will have to install equipment to meet those
and low residue levels. new levels. This new philosophy, therefore, has caused
Resulting in either clean or suppressed liquid effluents. competing companies to constantly improve the BACT levels,
This paper will specifically discuss the three main types of acid thereby eliminating their competition. This also has led to a
gas control technologies available in todays marketplace, situation where multiple control technologies have become
which include dry, semi-dry, and wet scrubbers. It will first available, each claiming to be more cost efficient.
focus on the acid gas control technology most commonly used This paper focuses on technologies that have been
in the US, the spray dryer absorber, followed by a typical Ring developed over the last few years to meet the ever increasing
Jet wet scrubber with packed bed, and finally, the Turbosorp demand for lower acid gas emissions. It will also compare
system. For each of the above technologies, this paper will control technologies that have been available in the United
present the concepts, advantages and disadvantages, achievable States (US) for the last twenty plus (20+) years with those
emissions, and capital and operating costs. It will then look at currently used in the European Union (EU). First, we will
how each of these technologies is utilized at existing EfW review the different concepts regarding the control of acid gas
facilities operating throughout the world and provide emissions through dry, semi-dry, or wet systems. Then we will
information on how each facility has been operating. Lastly, it review some of the products commercially proven in todays
will look towards the future of acid gas control technologies and market place, such as the Spray Dryer Absorber (SDA), the
provide insight into what advances are being made to meet the Ring Jet scrubber, and the Turbosorp system. For each of
most stringent air emission regulation all over the world. these products we will provide the distinct
advantages/disadvantages, achievable emissions, and capital
INTRODUCTION and operating cost information.
As the new regulations governing incineration of Municipal This paper will then shift its focus towards the real world
Solid Waste (MSW) in Energy-from-Waste (EfW) or Waste-to- and take a look at some of the facilities that are operating
Energy (WtE) facilities, as they are more commonly known, throughout the world. In particular, we will focus on the AVS
come into effect, the industry is trying to find ways to meet and Zorbau plant located in Zorbau, Germany, the TRIDEL
Lausanne plant located in Lausanne, Switzerland, and the
A comparison of the Turbosorp with the SDA and Ring Jet 15.00
EXISTING FACILITIES
AVS Zorbau 0.00
EU Regulation 40 CFR, Part 60, Subpart AEEVR Guarantee Measured - 2006
The AVS Zorbau facility is a Von Roll designed facility that FFFF
is owned and operated by SITA Abfallverwertung GmbH, Figure 5 AVS Zorbau Emissions (Turbosorp - Semi-Dry
Zorbau. The facility is located in Zorbau, Germany and was put Flue Gas Treatment, 2010)
into commercial operation in early 2005. It is composed of two
(2) identical process trains, each using MSW and Commercial The low emissions shown in figure 5, along with the high
Waste (CW) as the primary fuel. The design capacity of the throughput capacity, makes the AVS Zorbau facility one of the
main fuel is for an annual throughput of approximately three largest facilities in Germany that is not only meeting but also
hundred and thirty-one thousand (331,000) short tons, which exceeding the regulations imposed by the EU. It is also an
produces approximately fifty-four (54) megawatts of thermal example of what can be accomplished with the use of the
energy per train. Turbosorp system to control acid gas emissions.
TRIDEL Lausanne
The TRIDEL Lausanne facility is a Von Roll designed
facility that is owned and operated by TRIDEL SA. The facility
As seen in figure 6, the air pollution control equipment for this Figure 8 TREA Breisgau Process Train (TREA Breisgau, 2005)
facility consists of an electrostatic precipitator, Ring Jet
scrubber, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. With As seen in figure 8, the air pollution control equipment for this
this set of equipment, Lausanne is achieving the emissions facility consists of an electrostatic precipitator, Ring Jet
shown in figure 7. scrubber, Turbosorp, and SCR system. With this set of
equipment Breisgau ise achieving the emissions shown in figure
30.00 0.0140 9.
0.0120 30.00 0.01
25.00
0.0100 0.01
25.00
20.00
grains/SCF (d) @ 7% O 2
ppmdv @ 7% O 2
0.0080 0.01
20.00
grains/SCF (d) @ 7% O 2
15.00
ppmdv @ 7% O 2
0.0060 0.01
15.00
10.00
0.0040 0.01
10.00
5.00 0.00
0.0020
5.00
0.00
0.00 0.0000
EU Regulation 40 CFR, Part 60, AEEVR Guarantee Measured - 2006 Measured - 2007 Measured - 2008
Subpart FFFF
0.00 0.00
Figure 7 TRIDEL Lausanne Emissions (TRIDEL SA, 2010) EU Regulation 40 CFR, Part 60, AEEVR Guarantee Measured - 2006
Subpart FFFF
Measured - 2007 Measured - 2008
The low emissions shown in figure 7 along with the high energy Figure 9 TREA Breisgau Emissions (E.ON Energy from
efficiency and virtually invisible plume make the TRIDEL Waste AG, 2010)
Lausanne facility an example of what is accomplishable with
The low emissions shown in figure 9 are achievable because of
the use of a Ring Jet scrubber to control acid gas emissions.
the multistage flue gas treatment which reduces emissions by
TREA Breisgau