Europeans were dark-skinned until 8,000 years ago: Pale

complexions were brought to Europe from the Near East,

study claims
The original migrants to Europe from Africa arrived 40,000 years ago
Up until 8,000 years ago, early hunter-gatherers largely had darker skin
When Near East farmers arrived, they carried with them light skin genes
Genomes of 83 people found 5 genes linked with diet and skin changes
By Ellie Zolfagharifard and Richard Gray for MailOnline
PUBLISHED: 14:01 GMT, 7 April 2015 | UPDATED: 19:29 GMT, 8 April 2015

It has been at the root of division and persecution for centuries, but it
seems that the white skin of most modern Europeans did not evolve
in Europe at all.

Now genetic research has revealed that ancient European

populations were dark skinned for far longer than had originally been
thought.

Rather than lightening as early humans migrated north from Africa

around 40,000 years ago due to lower levels of sunlight, these first
Homo sapiens retained their dark skin colour.
+5
This graphic above shows the influx of genes to Europe that brought lighter skin
colour and taller body shapes, according to the new research on ancient human
remains conducted by geneticists at Harvard University

Genetic analysis has shown that hunter gatherers living in Spain up

to 8,500 years ago still had dark skin.

It was not until 7,800 years ago, when the first farmers migrated from
the Near East through Turkey that two key genes that provide lighter
skin appeared.

DNA analysis obtained from ancient human remains has shown that
as these farmers bred with the dark skinned hunter gatherers, one of
these genes became prevalent in the European population and
European's skin colour began to lighten.

Around 5,800 years ago the second gene, which makes skin colour
lighter still, also began to spread though the European population.
+5
The first Europeans looked dramatically different to most of the fair skinned people
that live there today. New research suggests Caucasians were a recent addition to
the area, arriving on the continent 8,000 years ago
+5
Europeans had dark skin for far longer than previously though. Photographed are
two participants in the BBC's Trading Races where members of the British public
spent several days dressed with a different skin colour

The research, which was presented at the 84th annual meeting of

the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, shows that
populations in Europe were still evolving until relatively recently.

It also shows that a population of hunter gatherers living on the site

of Motala, southern Sweden, had already developed both skin-
lightening genes around 7,700 years ago together with a third that
gave them blue eyes.

Dr Iain Mathieson, a geneticist at Harvard University in

Massachusetts who led the work, said: 'Ancient DNA makes it
possible to examine populations as they were before, during and
after adaptation events, and thus to reveal the tempo and mode of
selection.
EUROPEANS COULDN'T DIGEST MILK 5,000 YEARS AFTER
ADOPTING FARMING
A study of ancient human bones has revealed how Early Europeans
had difficulties digesting milk around 5,000 years after the
introduction of farming.

It took at least that long for their genes to evolve until they were no
longer intolerant to lactose, the natural sugar in mammalian milk,
scientists suggests.

Researchers looked at ancient DNA extracted from 13 individuals

buried at archaeological sites in the Great Hungarian Plain - a region
known to have been at the crossroads of cultural change in
European prehistory.

the samples were dated from 5,700 BC to 800 BC, ranging across
the Stone, Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages.

'Our findings show progression towards lighter skin pigmentation as

hunter and gatherers and non-local farmers intermarried, but
surprisingly no presence of increased lactose persistence or
tolerance to lactose,' said Professor Ron Pinhasi, from University
College Dublin's Earth Institute.

'This means that these ancient Europeans would have had

domesticated animals like cows, goats and sheep, but they would
not yet have genetically developed a tolerance for drinking large
quantities of milk from mammals.'
'We find a surprise in seven Scandinavian hunter-gatherers from the
Motala site in southern Sweden who lived around 7,700 years before
present.

'While the western hunter-gatherers of central and southern Europe

largely have the ancestral allele at the two major European skin
pigmentation loci, the closely related Scandinavian hunter-gatherers
have both the derived alleles contributing to light skin pigmentation
at high frequency.'
The study, which is also published on the open access site BioRxiv,
compared the genomes obtained from the remains of 83 people
found at archaeological sites across Europe along with the genomes
of modern Europeans.
The researchers found five genes associated with changes in diet,
body size and skin pigmentation that underwent natural selection in
the past 8,000 years.

+5
Studies suggest that Europe was first reshaped during the Neolithic Revolution
8,500 years ago. Farmers at this time travelled north, bringing new technology and
language into Europe. Pictured is an early Neolithic 35-40 year old male from,
Czech Republic, who was part of the first mass migration to Europe

Two of the genes were associated with producing light skin -

SLC24A5 and SLC45A2.

They found that the remains of early hunter gatherers who lived in
Spain, Luxembourg and Hungary around 8,500 years ago, they
lacked these key gene variants.

However, in the remains of hunter gatherers that had lived in Motala

7,700 years ago, they carried both variants of SLC24A5 and
SLC45A2 that produced lighter skin.
They also carried another gene known to produce blue eyes in
Europeans.

Surprisingly they found a fourth set of genes in the DNA from these
people suggests these people may actually have been related to
people living in East Asia at the time.

Dr Mathieson and his colleagues also found that when the first
farmers from the Near East arrived in Europe, they carried with them
genes for light skin.

At this time the SLC24A5 gene quickly became prevalent in southern

and central European populations and then around 5,800 years ago.

+5
Previous research has identified a mass migration of Kurgan populations (Yamna
culture) which went from the Russian steppes to the centre of Europe 4,500 years
ago. Previously, researchers had believed it spread 8,500 years ago, when the first
farmers from the Near East, now modern day Turkey, brought it to Europe

These gene is known to account for between 25-40 per cent of the
skin tone lightening in Europeans.
Around 5,800 years ago the gene variant for SLC45A1 then
becomes prevalent, lightening skin colour further.

The results contradict the traditional view that lower sunlight levels in
Europe would have favoured lighter skin.

The study also showed that around around 4,800 years ago a group
of herders known as the Yamnaya migrated from the stepps
between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, carried with them
genes for tallness to northern and central Europe.

Professor Chris Stringer, a leading anthropologist at the Natural

History Museum in London, said: 'This research adds yet more
surprises to the remarkable complexity of population relationships in
prehistoric Europe being uncovered through ancient DNA.

'Archaeologists had thought that Europe showed a relatively simple

succession from hunter-gatherers in the Mesolithic to early farmers
in the Neolithic, with the basic assumption that the arrival of farming
significantly altered the biology of those first farmers, after which
they gradually developed into the Europeans of today.

'But from ancient DNA it now looks like the first farmers in mainland
Europe were still relatively dark-skinned and dark-eyed, and lacked
the ability to digest milk properly until only about 4,000 years ago,
while contemporary hunter-gatherers in Scandinavia may have been
lighter-skinned but with a surprising frequency of a gene found in
oriental populations today, suggesting they would have resembled
them in hair form and the distinctive morphology of their front teeth.

'Ongoing selection, for poorly understood reasons, seems to have

maintained large stature in northern Europe after the arrival of
farming, while progressively reducing it in southern Europe,
especially Iberia.'

Dr Nina Jablonski, a paleoanthropologist at Pennsylvania State

University who was not involved in the research, told the
journal Science: 'What we thought was a fairly simple picture of the
emergence of de-pigmented skin in Europe is an exciting patchwork
of selection as populations disperse into northern latitudes.
'This data is fun because it shows how much recent evolution has
taken place.'