CS607 ALL Current Mid Term Papers Fall 2015 &

Past Mid Term Papers at One Place from 20 JUNE

2015 to 01 JULY 2015

An Ai system must form a meaningful and usefull ______ of the internal information
Representation
Execution
Planning
Learning

______ reasoning is an informal form of reasoning that uses rules gained through experience or
what we call rules-of-thumb
Inductive
Deductive
Abductive
Common-sense

The components of a statement in CNF are

Clauses and literals clauses
Clauses
Literals
Frames

An ______ is A computer program designed to model the problem solving ability of a human
expert
Expert system
Intelligent system
Echo system
Energy system
From discipline of ______ we have the tools and techniques to investigate the human mind and
ways to represent the resulting theories.
Computer science
Biology
Math
Psychology

In Depth first search, the node with the largest value of height will be picked _____
First
Last
Randomly
None of the given

Breadth-First search requires a great deal of ______ If the branching factor is large or infinite,
because of exponential explosion
Energy
Space
Care
None of the given

Best first search is a ___ approach

Greedy
Generous
Optimized
None of the given

In adversarial search, the goals of the adversaries are usually ___ to each other
Same
Contrary
Parallel
None of the given

Genetic Algorithm can be applied to ___ problems

All
Real
Selected None of the fiven

____ were developed from semantic networks later evolved into modern day classes and objects
Logic
Networks
Frames
None of the given

____ is based on deducing old information from logically related known information
Inductive
Deductive
Abductive
Analogical

An expert system named ____ was developed by digital equipment corporation as a computer
assistant
R1/Xcon
MyCin
Dendral
R3/Xcon

_____ chaining, is like an exhaustive search

Forward
Backward
Parallel
Serial
Most of the solution for problems can be represented in a _____
Graph
Table
Demo Algorithm

Which of the following does not make hill climbing hard

Foothills
Ridges
Plateaus
Slopes

Intelligence is the ability to

Recognize/ Remember
Solve
Learn
All of the given options

____ AI treats the brain as a black box and just emulates its functionality
Weak
Strong
Soft
None of the given options

Luger and stubblefield defined AI as The branch of computer science that is concerned with the
_____ of intelligent behaviour
Perception
Automation
Understanding
Explanation
An expert system reasons ______ by encoding an expertss rule-of-thumb
Heuristically
Drastically
efficiently
None of the given

1. Perception and Knowledge Representation definition. 2 marks

Ans: Perception component that allows the system to get information from its environment
Knowledge representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that is
adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.

2. clips command to remove only facts. 2 marks

Ans: The retract command is used to remove or retract facts. For example: (retract 1)
removes fact 1(retract 1 3) removes fact 1 and 3

3. main people involved in an expert system. 3 marks

Ans: The main people involved in an ES development project are the domain expert,
the knowledge engineer and the end user.

4. perception and knowledge representation are coupled, yes or no with reason. 3 marks
Solution: (Page 89)
An AI system has a perception component that allows the system to get information
from its environment. As with human perception, this may be visual, audio or other
forms of sensory information. The system must then form a meaningful and useful
representation of this information internally. This knowledge
representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that is
adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.

5. a student wants to understand Expert System. explain to him. 5 marks

Ans:
According to Durkin, an expert system is A computer program designed to model the problem
solving ability of a human expert. With the above discussion of experts in mind, the aspects of
human experts that
expert systems model are the experts:
Knowledge
Reasoning
6. apply GA to solve the following problem suppose our individual have 32 bit computer
word, we want a word which all bits are zeros? 5 marks
Ans:
Create 100 randomly generated computer words
Repeatedly do the following:
Count the 0 bits in each word
Exit if any of the words have all 32 bits set to 0
Keep the ten words that have the most 0s (discard the rest)
From each word, generate 9 new words as follows:
Pick a random bit in the word and toggle (change) it
Note that this procedure does not guarantee that the next generation will have more 0 bits,
but its likely
-----------

Todays paper of cs607.

Q.How can you elaborate the usage of defrule in clips?__(2)
Ans: Defrule command is used to add rules but using component rules facts must be defined first
IF Ahmad is Alis Father than Ali is Ahmads Son
CLIPS> (defrule isSon)
Q.Difference b/w meta knowledge and heuristic knowledge .__(2)
Ans: Meta knowledge: Knowledge about knowledge, e.g., the knowledge that blood pressure is
more important for diagnosing a medical condition than eye color.
Heuristic knowledge: Rule-of-thumb, e.g. if I start seeing shops, I am close to the market.
1. Heuristic knowledge is sometimes called shallow knowledge.
2. Heuristic knowledge is empirical as opposed to deterministic

Q.Which algorithm is best when we dont exactly know the initial goal state and operators?
__(3)
Ans:
Q.How programming of experts system is different from conventional program.?__(5)

Q.A student wants to get knowledge about forward chaing.how can you elaborate it ?__(5)
Ans:
Forward Chaining
Lets look at how a doctor goes about diagnosing a patient. He asks the patient for symptoms
and then infers diagnosis from symptoms. Forward chaining is based on the same idea. It is an
inference strategy that begins with a set of known facts, derives new facts using rules whose
premises match the known facts, and continues this process until a goal sate is reached or until
no further rules have premises that match the known or derived facts (Durkin). As you will
come to appreciate shortly, it is a data-driven approach.
-----------

2. write any 2 names of systems 2 marks

Ans: expert system and conventional system, fuzzy system

----------

my mid CS607 ppr 19-1-15 11 am

Most of the mcqs from past pprs.
Name any two tools/shells used in AI. 2marks
diff between monotonic and non monotonic reasoning? 2marks
Do you think inductive reasoning is based on deducing new information from
logically known information. Give reason why? 3 marks
Elaborate the importance of Knowledge Base in ES. (3 Marks)
Draw structure of expert system. 5marks
"Riding a Horse is same as Riding a Donkey" , This Statement belongs which
reasoning...elaborate it (5 Marks)
Remember me in ur prayers.

----------

Can anybody answer this question plz........

write any 2 names of systems?

Answer: Mycin and Dendral R1/Xcon

Why GA algorithm gives same solution always reason.3 marks

how various parts of truck fit together to form a truck. Backwards chaining detail
description 5 marks.defrule clips 2 marks. Monotonic n non monotonic 2 marks
---------------

How does neural network resemble the human brain?

Answer:- (Page 187)
It resembles the brain in two respects
Knowledge is acquired by the network through a learning process (called training)
Interneuron connection strengths known as synaptic weights are used to store the
knowledge

Elaborate the goal state of STRIPS. 2

Answer:
Goal is also represented in the same manner as a state. For example, if the goal of a
planning
problem is to be at the hotel with radio, it is represented as, at(hotel) _ have(radio

Write disadvantages of Artificial Neural Networks. 5marks

Answer:- (Page 187)
The power of ANNs lie in their parallel architecture
Unfortunately, most machines we have are serial (Von Neumann architecture)
Lack of defined rules to build a neural network for a specific problem
Too many variables, for instance, the learning algorithm, number of neurons per
layer, number of
layers, data representation etc
Knowledge is implicit
Data dependency

Fuzzy logic includes fixes or partially truth. Describe this statement. 3

Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean)logic that has been extended

to handle the concept of partial truth -- truth values between "completely true" and
"completely false".

Increment the combination of has no effect on the instance space, explain? 3

Give 5 names of the parts of Fuzzy Inference system? 5

Answer:- (Page 154)

Fuzzification of the input variables
 Application of fuzzy operator in the antecedent (premises)
Implication from antecedent to consequent
Aggregation of consequents across the rules
Defuzzification of output

Strategy of Un-supervised..? 5
Useful for finding patterns in large data sets
Form clusters of input data
Map the clusters into outputs
Given a new example, find its cluster, and generate the associated output

60% mcqs from Moaaz file

What is hypothesis space?3 marks

The hypothesis space used by a machine learning system is the set of all
hypotheses that might possibly be returned by it. It is typically denoted by a
hypothesis language, possibly in conjunction with a language bias.

What is knowledge acquisition? 2 mrks

Knowledge acquisition is the process of extracting, structuring and

organizing knowledge from one source, usually human experts

What is inductive learning? 2 mrks

Answer:- (Page 162)
Inductive learning takes examples and generalizes rather than starting with existing
knowledge. For
example, having seen many cats, all of which have tails, one might conclude that all
cats have tails.

Among Entropy and information gain which is the best to measure

effectiveness? 2 marks
Answer:- (Page 177)
information gain

Boolean logic is a subset of fuzzy logic. Do you agree with the

statement or not? Give
reason to support your answer.(Marks 3)
Answer:- (Page 147)
Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has been extended to
handle the concept of partial truth -- truth values between "completely true" and
"completely false".
For example, There are two persons. Person A is standing on the left of person B.
Person A is definitely shorter than person B. But if boolean gauge has only two
readings, 1 and 0, then a person can be either all or short. Lets say if the cut off
point is at 5 feet 10 inches then all the people having a height greater than this limit
are taller and the rest are short.

Advantage of ANNs?
Excellent for pattern recognition
Excellent classifiers
Handles noisy data well
Good for generalization

Elaborate planning. 2marks

Answer:
Planning is an advanced form problem solving which generates a sequence of
operators
that guarantee the goal. Furthermore, such sequence of operators or actions
(commonly used
in planning literature) is called a plan.

Robots features?5mrks

What is fuzzy logic?

A type of logic that recognizes more than simple true and false values. With fuzzy
logic, propositions can be represented with degrees of truthfulness and falsehood.
For example, the statement, today is sunny,might be 100% true if there are no
clouds, 80% true if there are a few clouds, 50% true if it's hazy and 0% true if it
rains all day.
Fuzzy logic has proved to be particularly useful in expert system and other artificial
intelligence applications.

Classical logic
A classical set is a container, which wholly includes or wholly excludes any given
element.
What is computer vision? Application area of computer vision?
Computer vision extracts useful information from static pictures and sequence of
images

Steps of Expert System Development Lifecycle?

Answer:- (Page 129)

Feasibility study
Rapid prototyping
Alpha system (in-house verification)
Beta system (tested by users)
Maintenance and evolution

unsupervised leaning methadlogy?

Rep

Fuzzy logic and classical difference?

Write disadvantages of Artificial Neural Networks. 5marks

Answer:- (Page 187)
The power of ANNs lie in their parallel architecture
Unfortunately, most machines we have are serial (Von Neumann architecture)
Lack of defined rules to build a neural network for a specific problem
Too many variables, for instance, the learning algorithm, number of neurons per
layer, number of
layers, data representation etc
Knowledge is implicit
Data dependency
Features of Robot?
Reasoning, dealing with uncertainty
Vision, learning
 Autonomy, physical Intelligence
2 Write CLIPS Command for Remove only Facts

The retract command is used to remove or retract facts

(retract 1)remove fact 1

(retract 13)removes fact 1 and 3

3 Domain expert

4In the Expert system which memory is used and also compare the memory with

5 Quantifiers and ------difference

- Differentiate between Mutation and Crossover. (2 Marks)

Solution: (Page 81) In Mutation, each Individual (or solution) has one parent. In
Inheritance or Crossover, each Individual (or solution) has two parents.

5 Genetic algorithm

Ans:

Knowledge and its types:

Durkin refers to it as the understanding of a subject area. A well-focused subject area is referred
to as a knowledge domain, for example: Medical domain, Engineering Domain, Business
Domain etc. if we analyse the various types of knowledge we using everyday life we can broadly
define knowledge to the one of the categories.

Procedural Knowledge:

It describe how to do things provide a set of direction of how to perform certain tasks, e.g. how
to drive a car.

Declarative knowledge:

It describe object whether then process what is about e, g. it is sunny today.

Q) How can you elaborate the "explanation facility" in expert system? Elaborate it with an
example. (5 Marks)
 Ans:Expert system are a popular and useful application area in artificial intelligence. Having
studied KRR it is instructive to study expert system to see practical Manifestation of the
principal learnt there.

The possess specialized knowledge in a certain area.

They possess experience in the given area.

They can provide upon elicitation and explanation on their decisions.

They have a skill set that enables them to translate the specialized knowledge gained through
experience into solution.

Q) Which components of an Artificial Intelligent System collects information from its

environment? Also explain which kind of information it can collect? (3 Marks)

Ans:

AI system has a perception component that allows a system to get information from its
environment. As with human perception this may be visual, audio or other forms of sensory
information. The system must then form a meaningful and useful representation of this
information internally.

Q) Out of human experts and expert system, which one do you think is better in terms of
availability? Also explain why. (3 Marks)

Ans:

Learning ability of human experts is best.

Because of its Knowledge and reasoning.

Q) Briefly describe the appropriate situation for application of Adversarial Search and Genetic
Algorithm. (2 Marks)

Ans: If we have a situation analyser that converts all judgement about board situation into a
single overall quality number, this situation analyser is also called a static evaluator.

Q) Write the command which is used to start execution of a CLIPS program. (2 Marks)

Ans:

CLIPS>

Command can be entered here to leave CLIPS

(exit)

Give definition of Expert System.

Answer: (Page#111)

Expert Systems

Expert Systems (ES) are a popular and useful application area in AI. Having studied KRR, it is

instructive to study ES to see a practical manifestation of the principles learnt there.

Question No: 36

In Genetic algorithm if we use only crossover and not mutation then does it make any
hurdle in

finding our desired solution or not? Give reason to support your answer?(5)

Answer:

Knowledge and its types

Before we go any further, lets try to understand what knowledge is. Durkin refers to it as the

Understanding of a subject area. A well-focused subject area is referred to as a knowledge

domain,

for example, medical domain, engineering domain, business domain, etc..

If we analyze the various types of knowledge we using every day life, we can broadly define
knowledge to be one of the following categories:

Procedural knowledge: Describes how to do things, provides a set of directions of how to

perform

certain tasks, e.g., how to drive a car.

Declarative knowledge: It describes objects, rather than processes. What is known about a
situation,

e.g. it is sunny today, and cherries are red.

The genetic

algorithm technology comes from the concept of human evolution.

An AI system has a perception component that allows the system to get

information from its environment. As with human perception, this may be visual,

audio or other forms of sensory information. The system must then form a

meaningful and useful representation of this information internally. This

knowledge representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning

component that is adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.

An expert system may take two main roles, relative to the human expert. It may

replace the expert or assist the expert

This knowledge representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that
is adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.

----------------- is based on forming, or inducing a generalization from a limited set of

observations Inductive reasoning (Page 102) Deductive reasoning Analogical
reasoning Common-sense reasoning

Question No: 8 (Marks: 1) - Please choose one Hill Climbing is basically a ------------- with a
measure of quality that is assigned to each node in the tree. Depth First Search (Page 39)
Breadth First Search Best First Search Beam Search
In Basic Genetic Algorithm the term mutation refers to a small random ________. Number
Change (Page 77) Operator Operand

Question No: 18 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one An expert system may replace the expert or
assist the expert. True (Page 113) rep False

Question No: 19 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Conventional programming focuses on

_______, while ES programming focuses on ________ Solution, Problem (Page 122)
Problem, Solution Problem, Expert Solution, Expert

Question No: 20 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one In backward chaining terminology, the
hypothesis to prove is called the ________. Proof Goal (Page 126) Plan None of the
given

Question # 1 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Some essential components of problem

solving are Problem statement, _________, solution space and Operators Complex State
Initial State Intermediate State Goal State (Page 17)

Question # 2 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one The traveling inside a solution space
requires something called as ___________ Operands Inner solution Space solution
Operators (Page 18)

Question # 4 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which of the following disciplines

provides us with the theories of structure and meaning of language Linguistic (Page 9)
Philosophy Biology Psychology

Question # 4 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one An AI system has a ____________

component that allows the system to get information from its environment. Planning
Perception (Page 89) Learning Execution

Question # 6 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one A statement in conjunctive normal form

(CNF) consists of __________ ANDs of Ors. (Page 107) ANDs Ors Ors of ANDs

Intelligence is the ability to Think / learn/Plan/ Schedule (Page 5) Recognize / Remember

Problem Solving All of the Above
 Question # 7 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Procedures that search the solution space
in an uninformed manner are usually costly with respect to _____. Time Space Time and
space both All of the given (Page 37)

Question # 9 of 10 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one From discipline of _____________ we

have the tools and techniques to investigate the human mind and ways to represent the resulting
theories Computer Science Biology Mathematics Psychology (Page 9)

But in reality, exploring the entire search space is never feasible and at times is

not even possible

How we can elobrate defrule in clips?

Which is best human expert system and expert system?

Learning ability of human expert is best.

Q: statment1: ali wear a long shoes DEDUCTIVE

Statement 2: it is rainy day Abductive reasoning

Statment3: ali wear long shoes in rainy season Abductive reasoning

Shallow and structural knowledge?

Solution: (Page 90)

Heuristic knowledge: Rule-of-thumb, e.g. if I start seeing shops, I am close to the market.

1. Heuristic knowledge is sometimes called shallow knowledge.

2. Heuristic knowledge is empirical as opposed to deterministic

Structural knowledge: Describes structures and their relationships. e.g. how the various parts

of the car fit together to make a car, or knowledge structures in terms of concepts, sub

concepts, and objects.

Knowledge representation and preception are closly if yes or not explain it?
Solution: (Page 89)

An AI system has a perception component that allows the system to get information

from its environment. As with human perception, this may be visual, audio or other

forms of sensory information. The system must then form a meaningful and useful

representation of this information internally. This knowledge

representation maybe static or it may be coupled with a learning component that is

adaptive and draws trends from the perceived data.