1

INTELLIGENT LIQUID DRIP RATE MONITORING

AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

A THESIS

Submitted by

VEJAINTI SHARMA SHEENAM FARHEEN

SHABANA ANJUM SANA KAUSAR
Under the guidance of

PROF. SANJAY GANAR

ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RASHTRASANT TUKDOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR UNIVERSITY

NAGPUR

APRIL 2017
 1

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled INTELLIGENT LIQUID

DRIP RATE MONITORING AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM, which is
being submitted here with for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
the department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering of Anjuman
College of Engineering and Technology, Sadar, Nagpur (Affiliated to Rashtrasant
Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur). This is the result of original research
and project work contributed by VEJAINTI SHARMA, SANA KAUSAR,
SHABANA ANJUM, SHEENAM FARHEEN under our supervision and
guidance. The work embodied in this report has not formed earlier for the basis of the
award of any degree of compatible certificate or similar title of this for other
degree/diploma/examining body or university to the best of knowledge and belief.

Prof. Mr. Sanjay Ganar Prof. Mohd. Nassiruddin

Guide HOD
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Electronics and Electronics And
Telecommunication Telecommunication
Anjuman College Of Anjuman College Of
Engineering And Technology Engineering And
Nagpur Technology
Nagpur

Dr. Prof. Sajid Anwar

Principal
Anjuman College Of
Engineering And
Technology
Nagpur
 1

ABSTRACT
An Intelligent drip rate monitoring and early warning system. The principle
of drip count is used by the system to achieve a contact measurement of liquid
level on the simulated infusion bottle. LM324 is used to monitor the speed of
infusion. The signal which has been handled appropriately can be treated to
achieve the high level, the remaining liquid volume of the infusion bottle, infusion
speed and the remaining time, which can be showed on the LCD digital display,
and the designed system can offer alarm at the same time when the infusion is
nearly completed. What's more, in order to monitor the infusion points centralized
and convenient, the target system also provides extensible drip count. The result
shows that the system works stable, and it has the features of low cost, high
precision, practicability.

Even though many advanced automatic devices are used, ensuring the safety of the
patients during IV period is still a challenging issue. Intravenous (within vein) therapy
is the infusion of liquid substances directly into the vein. Therapies administered
intravenously are often called specialty pharmaceuticals or drips. Even though
monitoring the IV fluid level of patient is a small thing for a nurse but it will affect the
patient health severely during illness if the assist does not monitor it regularly. This
may leads to blood loss or backflow of blood to IV tube from their vein. This results
in the reduction of haemoglobin level of patients and it may also make the person
anaemic.

Our proposed idea based on IV fluid level indicating system where IR sensor,
receiver and buzzer are used to provide intimation to control room either to change
the intravenous set or to switch it off. This will reduces the stress in continual
monitoring by the doctor or nurse at an affordable cost.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 2

Completing a task is never a one mans effort. Several prominent people have
helped in the present project work; their collective efforts have led in presentation of
this Dissertation work, it is hard task to mention them all. It is an immense pleasure in
expressing genuine and profound gratitude towards the guide Prof.Mr. Sanjay
Ganar and for their valuable suggestions, guidance, constant support, and
encouragement during completion of this dissertation work. I am grateful to Prof.
Mohd. Nassiruddin H.O.D, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering, Anjuman College of Engineering and Technology, Sadar, Nagpur for
their valuable suggestions and guidance.

I am obliged to Dr. Sajid Anwar, Principal, Anjuman College of Engineering

and Technology, Sadar, Nagpur, without whose support and encouragement, the work
couldnt have been completed in the craze that now it has been distinguished and
accomplished. I am grateful to all the teaching and non-teaching staff of Electronics
and Telecommunication Engineering department for their timely help.

At this onset, I desire to avail the opportunity to express appreciation towards, my

friends and good wishes for their constant support. Last but not the least the backbone
of my success and confidence lies solely on the blessing of my parents and my family.
I would like to specially thank my mother Savitri Sharma and my father
Rohitkumar Sharma for their constant support and blessing as it is all because of
them I could do in spite of all the hardships

------------------

Vejainti Sharma
VIIIth Semester B.E. in
Electronics & Telecomm. Engineering
A.C.E.T, Nagpur
 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

LIST OF TABLES V

LIST OF FIGURES VI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS VII

1 INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT LIQUID DRIP RATE AND

EARLY WARNING SYSTEM 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM 2
1.3 WORKING 3
1.4 LITERATURE 4

2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5
2.1 POWER SUPPLY 6
2.1.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY 6
2.1.2 TESTING OF POWER SUPPLY 7
2.1.3 DIODE 7
2.1.4 FUNCTION 9
2.1.4.1 FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP 9
2.1.4.2 REVERSE VOLTAGE DROP 9
2.1.5 RECTIFIER DIODE (LARGE CURRENT) 10
2.1.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER 10
2.2 FILTER 11
2.3 LED 12

3 COMPONENT DIRCRIPTION 14
3.1 ATMEGA 16 14
3.1.1 FEATURES 14
3.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA 16 16
3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA 16 19
3.4 COMPATIBILITY 21
3.5 LCD 22
3.5.1 PIN DIAGRAM AND ITS DISCRIPTION 22
3.6 LM 324 24
 4

3.6.1 FEATURES 25
3.7 TRANSFORMER 26
3.7.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRENSFORMER 27
3.8 CAPACITOR 28
3.8.1 CERAMIC CAPACITOR 29
3.9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR 29

4 SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT 35
5.1 CODING 35
5.2 COMPILER 38

5 PLANNING 54

6 PCB DESIGNING 55
7.1 ETCHING OF PCB 55
7.2 DRILLING 56
7.3 MOUNTING 56
7.4 TESTING 57

7 CONCLUSION 59

REFERENCES 60

PROJECT MODEL 61

LIST OF TABLES
 5

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE NO

3.1 Pin Description of LCD 23
 6

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURENO TITLE
PAGE NO.

1.1 Block Diagram 02

2.1 Circuit Diagram with LM-324 Interface with
Controller Along with LCD Warning System 05
2.2 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply 06
2.3 Diode
08
2.4 V-I Characteristics of Diode
09
2.5 Circuit Diagram of Bridge Rectifier
10
2.6 Various Types of Bridge Rectifier
11
2.7 LED 12

3.1 Pin Diagram of Atmega-16 16

3.2 Block Diagram of Atmega-16 19

3.3 LCD 22

3.4 Pin Diagram of LM 324

24

3.5 Transformer 26

3.6 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer 27

3.7 Capacitor 28

3.8 Ceramic Capacitor 29

3.9 Crystal Oscillator 29

4.1 LCD Interfacing 32

7.1 PCB Layout 55

 7

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AVR - Advance Virtual RISC

CMOS - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

LCD - Liquid Crystal Display

LED - Light Emitting Diode

PCB - Printed Circuit Board

 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO INTELLIGENT LIQUID DRIP RATE

AND EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

This chapter emphasises on the need of liquid drip rate monitoring and alert
system is concerned.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Liquid Drip rate monitoring system and early warning give benefits in
hospital. Generally, because the population growth will increase, the requirement for
health care also will increase. Hence it's a compulsory thing for everybody in this
world to require care of their health properly. During this situation, maintaining
patients safety is the prime most priority to be given in all hospitals. Now days,
several automatic health observation devices are developed to make sure patients
safety and to scale back the strain of the doctors. The invention of such devices
introduces a forceful modification in medical field for monitoring the parameters like
heart beat rate, detection of heart failure symptoms and far additional automatically
with knowledge base nature.

Even if several advanced automatic devices are used, guaranteeing the

security of the patients throughout IV amount is still a difficult issue. Blood vessel
(within vein) medical care is the infusion of liquid substances directly into the vein.
Therapies administered intravenously are typically called specialty prescription drugs
or drips. Although monitoring the IV fluid level of patient may be a small factor for a
nurse however it'll have an effect on the patient health severely throughout health
problem if the assist doesn't monitor it frequently. This could leads to blood loss or
back flow of blood to IV tube from their vein. This results in the reduction of
haemoglobin level of patients and it's going to additionally create the person anemic.
The task of assessing and managing the patients with sufficient ability must be an
elementary factor for an honest patient care. Hence to assure the security of the patient
 2

throughout IV amount there's a necessity to develop an economical health monitoring

system. this may be achieved with the projected plan of based mostly IV fluid level
indicating system wherever LM324 are used to give intimation to manage space either
to vary the blood vessel set or to change it off. This may reduce the strain in continual
monitoring by the doctor or nurse at a reasonable price.[4]

1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram

 3

1.3 WORKING

As shown in the block diagram, we have used following components in our

project:

i).Microcontroller

ii).LCD

iii).LM324

iv).Buzzer
v).The working of the project is as follows:

Generally, intravenous medical care is within which the liquid substances

(medications) are directly entered into the vein through associate tube and needle is
inserted into the patients vein. A sealed device known as drip chamber controls the
complete method so the substance slowly pass into the vein, and it additionally blocks
the air to enter into the blood stream. Associate IV drip is typically used for long
treatments. However it may also be used for short treatment to dehydrate patients or to
provide them medicines to revitalize them. It's a really economical method for quickly
supply the prescribed medicines into the whole body. The shows the patient receiving
drip. The Microcontroller was used to control the entire system it monitors the sensors
and when more than 2 sensors sense the dry condition then the microcontroller can
provide the worth when all the sensors are in wet. The microcontroller does the above
job it receives the signals from the sensors, and this signals operated below the
management of software system which is keep in fixed storage. This Project is
employed to provide level warning and rate at which the dip rate is count by using
lumen 324 according the values keep by the user.[3]
 4

1.4 LITERATURE

The main objective is to design a Patient Monitoring

S y s t e m t o d i a g n o s e t h e h e a l t h condition of the patients. Giving care and
health assistance to the bed ridden patients at critical stages with advanced
medical facilities have become one of the major problems in the modern
hectic world. In hospitals where a large number of patients whose physical
conditions have to be monitored frequently as a part of diagnostic procedure the
need for a cost effective and fast responding alert mechanism is inevitable.
Proper implementation of such systems can provide timely warnings to the
medical staffs and doctors and their service can be activate.

The 8051 microcontroller is employed to count the heartbeat in unit time.

This can check the rate of flow. Through GSM technology the knowledge regarding
the rate is distributed to the observers mobile. The value of this device is high. R.
Arvind and et al., proposed a paper, Design of family health monitoring system using
wireless communication. This can be an ARM based embedded system through that
the information of the patient is transmitted and received via Zigbee or RF transmitter
and receiver. Then the data is keep as information and send to GSM. The information
consists of all the main points regarding the patient health conditions like temperature,
blood pressure and heartbeat by using visual basics. This makes the residential
individuals to examine their health by themselves however computer should want an
i.e. however it's not appropriate for illiterate individuals for whom it's very
troublesome to control and understand. V. Ramya and et al., proposes an Embedded
patient monitoring system. In this system the status of the patient is monitored
endlessly by using an embedded system. Here the PIC microcontroller and sensing
element are used to sense temperature and drip status. This status is given to the
computer. If the temperature is larger than the set value it'll send an alert to mobile
phone and produces an alarm till the doctor response to that message.[1]
 5

CHAPTER 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 6

Figure 2.2 Circuit Diagram with LM324 interface with Controller Along With
LCD Warning System

This device will overcome the challenges of manual monitoring like

checking the flow from time to time, as well as those of the basic infusion system like
probable leakage of fluid. The administration of intravenous (IV) fluids is an integral
part of patient care in hospital allowing for the delivery of parenteral fluids and
additives. Ensuring the accuracy of the infusion rate is an important goal in all
settings, but there are some rate critical settings where the risks of both under and over
 7

infusion must be avoided. These would include resuscitation, the delivery of toxic
therapies and in the young and elderly.[5]

2.1 POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is that the 1st and most significant a part of our project.
within the planned project the power supply circuit is use to provide the regulated
supply to the IC`s employed in the project. Power supply circuit consists of step down
transformer, rectifier circuit, filter circuit and regulator IC.[11]

2.1.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

Figure 2.3 Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

2.1.2 TESTING OF POWER SUPPLY

The entire components are tested with the help of multimeter. Once
testing of component we tend to fix the component on the wet board. Currently we
tend to provide the availability to the transformer and input wave form is to be
checked. This procedure is at the same time applied for Rectifier, Filter and Regulator
circuit. We tend to check the wave form however it's not according to our assumption,
 8

as a result of the wave form is started so it goes to decreasing. As a result of this the
output voltage is also decreases.[11]

2.1.3 DIODE

Rectifier diodes are two-terminal electronic components that allow current

to flow in only one direction, from an anode (+) to a cathode (-), that convert AC to
DC. These easy semiconductors are PN junctions with a positive or P-region with
positive ions and a negative or N-region with negative electrons. Applying voltage to
the PN junction causes current to flow in only one direction as electrons from the N-
region fill holes inside the P-region. Typically, rectifier diodes are manufactured
from semiconductor materials like Si, Ge or Se. Half-wave rectifier diodes deliver DC
output throughout alternate half-waves of AC input. Full-wave rectifier diodes
manufacture a unidirectional DC current by rectifying every the positive and negative
half-cycles of the AC input. Several rectifier configurations are offered, along with
bridge, center-tap, Schottky, and fast recovery. Performance specifications for rectifier
diodes include average rectified current, reverse current, forward voltage, peak
forward surge current, reverse recovery time, and junction operating temperature.

Average rectified current (Io) is that the most allowable continuous

average current within the forward direction below fixed conditions. Reverse current
or outflow current (IR), the current at that the specified reverse voltage is applied,
measures the current that flows when reverse bias is applied to a semiconductor
junction. Forward voltage (VF) is that the voltage across the diode terminals ensuing
from the flow of current inside the forward direction. Peak forward surge current
(FSM) is that the most allowable surge value of forward current without repetition.
Reverse recovery time (trr) is that the time taken for the reverse current (IR) to
achieve a specified level when the reverse voltage is applied whereas the device is
conducting within the forward direction. Junction operating temperature (Tj) is that
the range of temperatures at which diode are designed to work.
 9

IC package types for rectifier diodes include transistor outline

(TO), diode outline (DO), small outline transistor (SOT), and small outline diode
(SOD). Different rectifier diodes are available during a distinct package (DPAK) or in
D2PAK, an oversized surface-mounted package that has a conductor. SC-59, SC-74,
and SC-76 are plastic, surface-mounted IC packages with 3 leads. Metal conductor
nonleaded face (MELF) diodes have metallized terminals at every finish of a
cylindrical body and are style to suit a similar footprints as flat components. Quadro
MELF diodes have a square cross-sectional to supply higher on board stability and
greater "pick and place" accuracy. Mini MELF is a miniature version of MELF and
small MELF has an equivalent footprint because the SOD110 and SOD323 packages.
Rectifier diodes follow product life style stages that are define by the Electronic
Industries Alliance (EIA) in EIA-724. Numbered stages range from zero to eight and
cover introduction, growth, maturity, market saturation, phase out, last shipment, and
removal. The primary stage, Life Cycle Stage Code zero, describes rectifier diodes
that are within the designing or early style stages. The last stage, Life Cycle Stage
Code eight, describes rectifier diodes that are no longer stocked with in inventory or
available for sale.[11]

Figure 2.4 Diode

 10

2.1.4 FUNCTION

Diodes permit electricity to flow in just one direction. The arrow of the
circuit symbol shows the direction during which the current will flow. Diodes are the
electrical version of a valve and early diodes were truly known as valves.

Figure 2.5 V-I Characteristics of Diode

2.1.4.1 FORWARD VOLTAGE DROP

Electricity uses up a little energy pushing its means through the diode,
rather than a person pushing through a door with a spring. This suggests that there's a
little voltage across a conducting diode, it's known as the forward voltage drop and is
regarding 0.7V for all normal diodes that are made up of Si. The forward voltage drop
of a diode is nearly constant regardless of the current passing through the diode so that
they have a really steep characteristic (current-voltage graph).

2.1.4.2 REVERSE VOLTAGE DROP

When a reverse voltage is applied an ideal diode doesn't conduct, however

all real diodes leak a very little current of some A or less. This may be neglected in
most circuits because it'll be pretty much smaller than the current flowing in the
forward direction. However, all diodes have a most reverse voltage (usually 50V or
more and if this can be exceeded the diode may fail and pass a large current within the
reverse direction, this is often known as breakdown.
 11

Ordinary diodes may be split into 2 types: Signal diodes that pass little
currents of 100mA or less and Rectifier diodes which may pass large currents.
Additionally there are LEDs (which have their own page) and Zener diodes.

2.1.5 RECTIFIER DIODE (LARGE CURRENT)

Rectifier diodes are used in power provides to convert AC (AC) to DC

(DC), a method known as rectification. They're also used elsewhere in circuits
wherever a large amount current should experience the diode.

All rectifier diodes are made up of Si and thus have a forward voltage drop
of 0.7V. The table shows maximum current and maximam reverse voltage for a few
common rectifier diodes. The 1N4001 is suitable for many low voltage circuits with a
current of less than 1A.

2.1.6 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

There are many ways of connecting diodes to form a rectifier to convert

AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is one of them and it's available in special packages
containing the 4 diodes needed. Bridge rectifier are rated by their maximum current
and maximum reverse voltage. They need four leads or terminals: the 2 DC outputs
are labelled as + and -, the 2 AC inputs are labelled. The diagram shows the operation
of a bridge rectifier as it converts AC to DC.[11]

Figure 2.6 Circuit Diagram of Bridge Rectifier

 12

Figure 2.7 Various Types of Bridge Rectifier

2.2 FILTER

The capacitor-input filter, also known as pi filter because of its shape that
look just like the Greek letter pi, may be a kind of electronic filter. Filter circuits are
used to remove unwanted or undesired frequencies from a signal. typical capacitor
input filter consists of a filter capacitor C1, connected across the rectifier output, an
inductor L, in series and another filter capacitor, C2, connected across the load, RL. A
filter of this type is meant to be used at specific frequency, typically mounted by the
AC line frequency and rectifier configuration. When utilized in this service, filter
performance is usually characterized by its regulation and ripple.

1. The capacitor C1 offers low reactance to the AC component of the

rectifier output whereas it offers infinite resistance to the DC component. As a result
the capacitor shunts an appreciable amount of the AC component whereas the DC
component continues its journey to the inductor.

The inductor L offers high reactance to the AC component however it

offers nearly zero resistance to the DC component. As a result the DC component
flows through the inductor whereas the AC component is blocked.

2. The capacitor C2 bypasses the AC component that the inductor had did
not block. As a result only the DC component seems across the load RL.[11]
 13

2.3 LED

Figure 2.8 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source.[3] LEDs

are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other
lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted
low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the
visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are

able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form
of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical
components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. [5]LEDs present
many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of
comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as
replacements for aviation lighting, automotive lighting (in particular brake lamps, turn
signals, and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text,
 14

video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also
useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in
the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD
players, and other domestic appliances.[11]
 15

CHAPTER 3

COMPONENT DIRCRIPTION

Let us study about the components in detail one by one. So, first take a look on
microcontroller which is heart of our project

3.1 ATMEGA 16

The Atmega-16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the

AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the ATmega162 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz
allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

3.1.1 FEATURES

High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller

Advanced RISC Architecture

131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution

32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

Fully Static Operation

Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz

On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments

16K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory

512 Bytes EEPROM

 16

1K Bytes Internal SRAM

Write/Erase cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C

Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits

In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-

Write Operation

Up to 64K Bytes Optional External Memory Space

Programming Lock for Software Security

JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface

Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard

Extensive On-chip Debug Support

Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the

JTAG Interface

Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Pre-scalers and Compare

Modes

Two 16-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Pre-scalers, Compare

Modes, and Capture Modes

Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

Six PWM Channels

 17

Dual Programmable Serial USARTs

Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Microcontroller Features

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator

External and Internal Interrupt Sources

Five Sleep Modes: Idle, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and

Extended Standby

I/O and Packages

35 Programmable I/O Lines

40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQTQFP, and 44-pad MLF

Operating Voltages

1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega162V

2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega162

Speed Grades

0 - 8 MHz for ATmega162V

0 - 16 MHz for ATmega162

 18

3.2 PIN DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA 16

Figure 3.9 Pin Diagram of Atmega 16

(Source:http//www.engineersgarage.com)

i).VCC

Digital supply voltage

ii).GND

Ground

iii).PORT A (PA7-PA0)

PORT A is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O PORT with internal pull-up

resistors (selected for each bit). The PORT-A output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are
 19

used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal
pull-up resistors are activated. The PORT-A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

iv) PORT B (PB7-PB0)

PORT B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O PORT with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The PORT B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, PORT B pins that
are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
PORT B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is
not running.

v) PORT C (PC7-PC0)
PORT C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The PORT C output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, PORT C pins that
are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
PORT C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is
not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC 7(tdi),
PC 5(tms) and PC 4(tck) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

vi) PORT D (PD7-PD0)

PORT D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O PORT with internal pull-up
resistors (selected for each bit). The PORT D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, PORT D pins that
are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
PORT D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is
not running.

vii) PORT E (PE2-PE0)

 20

PORT E is a 3-bit bi-directional I/O PORT with internal pull-up

resistors (selected for each bit). The PORT E output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, PORT E pins that
are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The
PORT E pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is
not running.

viii) RESET
RESET input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum
pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are
not guaranteed to generate a reset.

ix) XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

x) XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.[11]
 21

3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ATMEGA 16

Figure 3.10 Block Diagram of Atmega-16

 22

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32-bit general purpose
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction
executed in one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while
achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers.

The ATmega162 provides the following features: 16K bytes of In-System

Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 512bytes
EEPROM,1Kbytes SRAM, an external memory interface, 35 general purpose I/O
lines, 32 general purpose working registers, a JTAG interface for Boundary-scan, On-
chip Debugging support and programming, four flexible Timer/Counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, two serial programmable USARTs, a
programmable Watchdog Timer with Internal Oscillator, an SPI serial port, and five
software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing
the SRAM, Timer/Counters, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or Hardware Reset. In Power-save
mode, the Asynchronous Timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer
base while the rest of the device is sleeping. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator
Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping.

This allows very fast start-up combined with low-power consumption. In

Extended Standby mode, both the main Oscillator and the Asynchronous Timer
continue to run. The device is manufactured using Atmels high density non-volatile
memory technology. The On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial interface, by a conventional non-
volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot Program running on the AVR
core. The Boot Program can use any interface to download the Application Program in
the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run
while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write
 23

operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable

Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega162 is a powerful microcontroller that
provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications.[8]

The ATmega162 AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system
development tools including: C compilers, macro assemblers, program
debugger/simulators, In-Circuit Emulators, and evaluation kits.

3.4 COMPATIBILITY

The ATmega16 is a highly complex microcontroller where the number of

I/O locations supersedes the 64 I/O locations reserved in the AVR instruction set. To
ensure back-ward compatibility with the ATmega161, all I/O locations present in
ATmega161 have the same locations in ATmega162. Some additional I/O locations are
added in an Extended I/O space starting from 0x60 to 0xFF, (i.e., in the ATmega162
internal RAM space). These locations can be reached by using LD/LDS/LDD and
ST/STS/STD instructions only, not by using IN and OUT instructions. The relocation
of the internal RAM space may still be a problem for ATmega161 users. Also, the
increased number of Interrupt Vectors might be a problem if the code uses absolute
addresses. To solve these problems, an ATmega161 compatibility mode can be
selected by programming the fuse M161C. In this mode, none of the functions in the
Extended I/O space are in use, so the internal RAM is located as in ATmega161. Also,
the Extended Interrupt Vectors are removed. The ATmega162 is 100% pin compatible
with ATmega161, and can replace theATmega161 on current Printed Circuit Boards.
However, the location of Fuse bits and the electrical characteristics differs between the
two devices.

3.5 LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and

find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is
 24

very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over
seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are
economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even
custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2
such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD.
A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD.

3.5.1 PIN DIAGRAM AND ITS DISCRIPTION

Figure 3.11 LCD

 25

Tabel3.1 Pin Descriptions of LCD

(Source:http//www.engineersgarage.com)

Pin
Function Name
No

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register Register

when high Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7
 26

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

This session completely deals with the interfacing AVR microcontroller

(ATMEGA 16) with 16X2 LCD. The Atmega16 belongs to the AVR microcontroller
family.

3.6 LM 324

The LM324 series are lowcost, quad operational amplifiers with true
differential inputs. They have several distinct advantages over standard operational
amplifier types in single supply applications. The quad amplifier can operate at supply
voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V with quiescent currents about onefifth of
those associated with the (on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range
includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing
components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative
power supply voltage.
 27

Figure 3.12 Pin Diagram of LM 324

3.6.1 FEATURES

Short Circuited Protected Outputs

True Differential Input Stage
Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V
Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A)
Four Amplifiers per Package
Internally Compensated
Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply
Industry Standard Pin outs
ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness without Affecting
Device Operation
NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Site
and Control Changes
These Devices are PbFree, Halogen Free/BFR Free and are Ro HS
Compliant.[5]
 28

3.7 TRANSFORMER

Figure 3.13 Transformer

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another through inductively coupled conductors-the transformer's coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding.
This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or
"voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. If
a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and
electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer
to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs)
is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of
turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
 29

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus

enables an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater
than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. In the vast majority of
transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-
core transformers being a notable exception.

3.7.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF TRENSFORMER

Figure 3.14 Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer

hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to
interconnect portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the
need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly
all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage.

The conducting material used for the windings depends upon the
application, but in all cases the individual turns must be electrically insulated from
each other to ensure that the current travels throughout every turn. [39] For small power
and signal transformers, in which currents are low and the potential difference
between adjacent turns is small, the coils are often wound from enamelled magnet
wire, such as Formvar wire. Larger power transformers operating at high voltages may
 30

be wound with copper rectangular strip conductors insulated by oil-impregnated paper

and blocks of pressboard.

3.8 CAPACITOR

Figure 3.15 Capacitor

A capacitor (former known as condenser) is a passive two-

terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of
practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common
construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices.

When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a

static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on
one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic
field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the
potential difference between them.

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between

large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates,"
 31

referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the

plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength
limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an
undesired inductance and resistance.

3.8.1 CERAMIC CAPACITOR

Figure 3.16 Ceramic Capacitor

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct

current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the
output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to
particular frequencies and for many other purposes.

3.9 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

A crystal oscillator is
an electronic oscillator circuit
that uses the Figure 3.17 Crystal Oscillator
mechanical resonance of a (Source:http//www.engineersgarage.com)
 32

vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very

precise frequency. This frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as
in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits,
and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common
type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits designed
around them became known as "crystal oscillators. Quartz crystals are manufactured
for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz. More than two
billion (2109) crystals are manufactured annually. Most are used for consumer
devices such as wristwatches, clocks, radios, computers, and cell phones. Quartz
crystals are also found inside test and measurement equipment, such as
counters, signal generators, and oscilloscopes.

A crystal is a solid in which the constituent atoms, molecules,

or ions are packed in a regularly ordered, repeating pattern extending in all three
spatial dimensions.

Almost any object made of an elastic material could be used like a

crystal, with appropriate transducers, since all objects have
natural resonant frequencies of vibration.

For example, steel is very elastic and has a high speed of sound. It was
often used in mechanical filters before quartz. The resonant frequency depends on
size, shape, elasticity, and the speed of sound in the material. High-frequency crystals
are typically cut in the shape of a simple, rectangular plate. Low-frequency crystals,
such as those used in digital watches, are typically cut in the shape of a tuning fork.
For applications not needing very precise timing, a low-cost ceramic resonator is often
used in place of a quartz crystal. When a crystal of quartz is properly cut and mounted,
it can be made to distort an electric field by applying a voltage to an electrode near or
on the crystal. This property is known as piezoelectricity. When the field is removed,
the quartz will generate an electric field as it returns to its previous shape, and this can
generate a voltage. The result is that a quartz crystal behaves like a circuit composed
of inductor, capacitor and resistor, with a precise resonant frequency Quartz has the
further advantage that its elastic constants and its size change in such a way that the
 33

frequency dependence on temperature can be very low. The specific characteristics

will depend on the mode of vibration and the angle at which the quartz is cut (relative
to its crystallographic axes).[8] Therefore, the resonant frequency of the plate, which
depends on its size, will not change much, either. This means that a quartz clock, filter
or oscillator will remain accurate. For critical applications the quartz oscillator is
mounted in a temperature-controlled container, called a crystal oven, and can also be
mounted on shock absorbers to prevent perturbation by external mechanical
vibrations.
 34

CHAPTER 4

LCD INTERFACING

Figure 4.18 LCD Interfacing

Well this is not different from the way interfacing the LCD to 8051 or
PIC microcontroller. The crystal oscillator will provide the clock to the
microcontroller. The capacitors connected to the crystal will act as filters and help the
crystal to resonate and oscillates to its parallel resonate mode.

The potentiometer which is connected to the pin 3 and pin2 of LCD

will help to adjust the contrast of the LCD. The 4, 5 and 6 pins of LCD that is Register
select, Read/write and Enable pins are connected to the PD0, PD1 and PD2 pins of
Atmega16. The data pins of LCD are connected to the pins of 33 to 40 pins of
Atmega16.
 35

You can get the brief information of LCD from the post Interfacing
162 from 8051 microcontroller. As I said earlier programming basic is all same
expect using the pins and the registers of the microcontroller.

It very important how the data is send to the LCD and how the
command is send to the LCD, suppose if you are sending data to the LCD, then you
have to make the ENABLE pin of 162 LCD pin to low before sending the data, when
you think the data you want send is ready make the ENABLE pin again high that is 1
in coding language. If you make ENABLE pin high then only LCD will work.

Just by making the ENABLE pin high will not work, you have make
REGISTER SELECT pin (RS pin) also high so that LCD will accept that it a normal
data which has to be displayed on the screen of LCD, if you forgot to make RS pin
high it eventually think that user is sending it a command and make itself ready to act
according to the command like making cursor to move, clearing the data on the LCD,
changing the cursor position etc.

Last but not least another pin you need to worry of read/write pin, we
all know that for any device the basic functionality start with read and write, reading
the data and writing the data is main and important function for any peripheral or
system. here in the LCD while sending the data for displaying you have to make the
R/W pin low, so that LCD will understand that data should be written on the LCD
screen and act accordingly.

Just sending the data and displaying it will not complete the task;
arrangement of data in understandable way is the important and crucial task for the
programmer. You can arrange the data in the LCD or making the LCD to work
according to your wish, can be done by sending the commands or special functions to
the LCD, you may think that what type of commands are needed to work for LCD,
commands for cursor position, increasing or decreasing the contrast, making the
cursor to change line like from first line to second line etc. To send a command to the
LCD you need to make pins high and low just like sending the data. For sending the
command you need to make the ENABLE PIN high, REGISTER SELECT pin (RS
 36

pin) low that is 0 in programmer terms, and read/write pin (R/W pin) high, you need
to remember this configuration for sending the command.

CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE REQUIRMENT

5.1 CODING

regfile = "m16def.dat" ' specify the used micro

$crystal = 12000000 ' used crystal frequency

$baud = 9600 ' use baud rate

$hwstack = 64 ' default use 32 for the hardware stack

$swstack = 64 ' default use 10 for the SW stack

$framesize = 64

'$sim

Config Pina.0 = Input

Config Pina.2 = Input

Config Pina.5 = Input

Config Portd.6 = Output

Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db7 = Portc.0 , Db6 = Portc.1 , Db5 = Portc.2 , Db4 = Portc.3 ,
E = Portc.4 , Rs = Portc.5

Config Lcd = 16 * 2

Config Adc = Single , Prescaler = Auto , Reference = Avcc

 37

Dim A As Byte

Dim B As Byte

Dim C As Byte

Dim Msg As String * 20

Declare Sub Drip

Drip Alias Pina.0

High1 Alias Pina.2

Low1 Alias Pina.5

Relay Alias Portd.6

Drip = 1

High1 = 1

Low1 = 1

Relay = 0

Cls

Cursor Off

Lcd "Drip Monitoring "

Lowerline

Lcd " Warning System "

Wait 4

Do

If Drip = 0 Then

Waitms 500
 38

Incr B

Cls

Cursor Off

Lcd "Drip Count:" ; B

Lowerline

lcd ""

Elseif High1 = 0 Then

Waitms 200

Reset Relay

Elseif Low1 = 0 Then

Waitms 200

Set Relay

Cls

Lcd ""

Lowerline

Lcd "Liquid LOW..."

End If

Loop
 39

5.2 COMPILER

1. Click on the Keil Vision Icon on Desktop

2. The following fig will appear

 40

3. Click on the Project menu from the title bar

4. Then Click on New Project

 41

5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r

own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\
 42

6. Then Click on Save button above.

7. Select the component for u r project.

8. Click on the + Symbol

 43

9. Select Controller as shown below

 44

10. Then Click on OK

11. The Following fig will appear

 45

12. Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO.

13. Now your project is ready to USE.

14. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source
group 1 as shown in next page.
 46

15. Click on the file option from menu bar and select new.
 47

16. The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by
double clicking on its blue boarder.
 48

17. Now start writing program in either in EMBEDDED C or ASM.

18. For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and
for EMBEDDED C based program save it with extension .C
 49

19. Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group
Source.
 50

20. Now you will get another window, on which by default

EMBEDDED C files will appear.
 51

21. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the
file.
22. Click only one time on option ADD.
23. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear
if so happen.
 52

24. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5

simultaneously.
25. The new window is as follows.
 53

26. Then Click OK.

27. Now click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your
required port as shown in fig below.
 54

28. Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

29. Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe.
30. You are running your program successfully.
 55

CHAPTER 6

PLANNING

We all know the best planning leads to the best results. So when we
finalized our project it was a question from where to start? There are many directions
but we had to choose the right one. This was starting the step of our project.

The first event we did was to go through many books, discussion,

meeting, consultations & suggestions, satisfying the basic needs of client. After hard
working we designed our circuit.

Now next task was procurement of material for that we listed first the
required parts & divided our team in four parts. The work was equally divided. As our
project is hardware & software based so two of us were worked for software & other
two were worked for hardware.

We had divided our project in following parts: -

a. Designing of actual material.

b. Procurement of material.

c. Layout of PCB.

d. Preparation of PCB.

e. Assembling of components & their maintaining.

 56

f. Software Implementation.

g. Interfacing hardware with software.

h. Testing.

CHAPTER 7

PCB DESIGNING

The name printed circuit board suggests that printing processes involved in
drawing the artwork on the board. And printing processes are often used to transfer an
image to a PCB.

Figure 7.19 PCB Layout

7.1 ETCHING OF PCB

Etching is the process of chemically attacking and removing the

unprotected copper from the copper plate to yield the desired conductor pattern. The
 57

most common enchant used in the industry is ferric chloride. The erotically anyone of
the following solution can be used to make PCB.

1. Ammonium per Sulphate

2. Chromic acid

3. Cupric acid

4. Ferric chloride

Method of etching includes tray rocking tank etching and spray

etching. Out of there May rocking is the simplest one. This consist of the tray of Pyrex
glass, attached to a powered rocking table is not available , rocking of the tray with
etching solution and the plate can be done manually also.

Ferric chloride crystal of 500 gms are mix in water to make a total
solution of 1 liter. During the etching process the connection weakens because the
soluble cupric acid ferric ions precipitate out of the solution in the form of sludge that
rends to settle on the bottom on the etching vat.

Ideal etching condition required that the enhancement be related to the

temperature of between 60 to 70.

The copper plate is immersed in enchant solution with copper side up in the
tray. Only one board should be etched at one time. As the table is rocked the
unprotected copper is dissolves.

When etching is completed the resist material is remove by using

lacquer thinner or acetic acid or petrol. After the board is infected and proved. It is
ready for whole drilling, component mounting and soldering.
 58

7.2 DRILLING

Drilling is performed with the help of drilling machine. While doing

drilling needles was change according to the required diameter of the hole is to be
made.

7.3 MOUNTING

After drilling mounting of the component is done. On PCB respective

component was placed imperfective holes and finally soldered.

After soldering the PCB was ready to be connected to the respective

relays and supply. Before than wiring diagram areas draw which decide the external
wire connection to the PCB

7.4 TESTING

Testing is the main event, which has its own importance in the
electronics field. Testing is the process to find the output performance and fault of the
circuit in the various forms. The main objective of the testing is to check the output
performance as per our assumption.

The least carelessness may lead to the major fault in case of electronics
circuit and it is depend upon the layout and design of the PCB. Printed circuit board
are used to route electrical current and signal through the copper tracks which are
primarily bounded to an insulating core.

For the testing of any electronics circuit some common steps are
performed. These steps are as follows.

To check the main power source.

To tress out the circuit. In which following steps are followed.

1).The tracks are not open.
 59

2).The distances between two tracks are sufficient to avoid capacitance.

3).The track linked with the other related tracks is proper or not.

4).The jumper which goes from one track to another track should not short
with the tracks which are in between required two.

Thus by testing the tracks of the printed circuit board it helps the project for
making successful. After testing copper tracks the component were tested with
the help of instrument like multimeter, CRO, signal generator etc.

After mounting the component on the PCB the possibility of the dry soldering
was checked to avoid the possibility of shorting those tracks as well as the
tracks were checked individually to avoid the possibility of opening those
tracks. This testing was carried out with the help of multimeter keeping in
range of Ohm.

After all check the power was supplied and the operation of the circuit it was
observed.

Check the supply voltage and voltages at the points where it is known or
expected to be of certain value.

Check the output voltage and waveform of the circuit by the equipment such as
CRO, signal generator.
Thus by checking the above aspects, it helps the project to become successful.
 60

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

Technology development is an ultimate aim in all sectors.

Especially, more new technologies are emerging in medical field for the betterment of
people and to serve the society. The proposed arduino based indicating device acts as
an assist to nurse and doctors in monitoring the patients. This also reduces the stress of
repeated checking about the status of IV set. It also has an appreciable advantage such
as small size, affordable cost, and high accuracy, easy handling and completely
automated. Certainly, this device reveals a good change in medical field especially in
patient monitoring system with less initial investment if implemented in real time
work.
 61

REFERENCES

1. Anuradha Kumari, B.Palaniappan, V.Ramya, , Embedded patient monitoring

system International Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications (IJESA)
Vol.1, No.2, December 2011.

2. B.E.Ravishankera, C.C.Chayalakshmi, C.C.Gavimath, Krishnamurthy Bhat,

R.S.Hooli, Design and Development of versatile saline flow rate measuring
system and GSM based remote monitoring device, International Journal Of
Pharmaceutical Applications ISSN 0976-2639.
 62

3. C.Dennis, HemPriya R.Vasuki Changer, An portable monitoring device of

measuring drips rate by using an Intravenous (IV) set, International Journal of
Biotechnology Trends and Technology Vol. 1, Issue 3, No.4 2011.
4. Design and Development of Versitile Saline Flow Rate Measurement Paper By
C.C Gavinath by Krishnamurti Bhat

5. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems by Janice Gillispie Mazidi

and Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Pearson Education.

6. Monitoring of intravenous drip rate paper by Prem C pandey, Vidhya V

Kamble.

7. 8051 Microcontroller Architecture, programming and application by

KENNETH JAYALA ATMEL 89S52 Data sheets.

8. Automatic intravenous influsion system and health monitoring paper by

Krishna anand and Nilay Shrivastav

9. R.Aravind, Syed Mustak Ahmed Design of family health monitoring system

using wireless communication, International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 9, September 2013

10. Syoji Kobashi,Hayato, Yutaka Hata, Yamaguchi[2009].Human Health

Monitoring System by non contracting sensorsIEEE System Journal.

11. Book- Electronic Circuits And Systems by Owen Bishop.

 63

PROJECT MODEL
 64

International Journals
Jeffrey, M, Samy, L, Domnick, R & Karunya, G, 2012, Experimental liquid
mixtures of alcohols, Benzene and Isohexanes at Varying Temperatures, Eurasian
Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, vol.223, no.16, pp. 514-514, ISSN :
XXXX-XXXX (Annexure I). IF 0.5.