The Effects of Distance on Lithic Material Reduction Technology Jay R. Newman Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Winter, 1994), 491-501. Stable URL: bttp//links jstor.org/sici?sic!=0093-4690% 28 199424%2921%3A4%3C491%3ATEODOL%3E2,0,CO%3B2-9 Journal of Field Archaeology is currently published by Boston University ‘Your use of the ISTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at hhup:/www.jstororg/about/terms.hml. JSTOR’s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at hup:/www jstor-org/journals/boston html Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the sereen or printed page of such transmission, STOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals, For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support @jstor.org. hupswww jstor.org/ ‘Sun Dec 26 17:32:12 2004The Effects of Distance on Lithic Material Reduction Technology Jay R. Newman USS. Amy Corps of Engines Fort Worth Disc Fort Worth, Teas A number of lithic suaies over the past several years have indicated that average flake eight (size) appears tobe a direct refection ofthe ense of lithic procurement, with the greater the distance to the lithic source, the smaller the respective general flake size. Similar ‘high-quality lithic materials from Pot Creck Pueblo and the Cerrita pithouse ste of the Taos area ofthe northern Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico provide an excellent basis for the study ofthe effects of source distance on the metrical attributes of thie material due to the wide array of local and nonlocal lithe resources available at varying distances from the tro sestlements and utilized within them, The analysis indicates that flake sickness and volume (lake length x width x thickness) provide satstcally significant linear trends and patterns in relation to respective source material distance. The general flake dimensional- idecremental trend with increasing source distance probably reflects smaller lithic parent ma- terial sizes with increasing material source distance as well as lithic technology oriented to award greater material conservation and less technological variability as the distance to the respective lithic material source increases. Introduction ‘A number of recent lithic studies have indicated that average flake weight (size) appears to be a direct reflection Of the ease of lithic procurement, with flake size being a function of the distance to the lithic source (Feder 1980: 200; Jefferies 1982: 108). Lithic assemblages from Pot Creek Pueblo (TAI: Mound-Unit 4, ca. 1250 a.c.; Weth- erington 1968; Woosley 1980; Crown 1991) and the nearby Cerrita pithouse site (ca. 1100 A.C.) in the north- em Rio Grande region near Taos (F1G. 1) provide excellent opportunities for the study of the effects of source distance (on metrical attributes observed in both local and nonlocal lithics occurring at varying distances from the sites which were utilized within the individual settlements. Methods For the present study, only similar high-quality lithic materials for which reasonable sample sizes were available ‘were included in the analysis in order to limit the possible factors of dissimilar technological strategies and tool man- ufacturing practices. This should help minimize any pos- sible bias introduced by differences in preferred lithic tool production such as the predominant production of rela tively small bifaces that would probably ental the general production of relatively small flakes regardless of factors such as original material import form or distance to lithic source. Fine eryptocrystalline silicates are far more likely to yield smaller, thinner flakes than are coarser lithic ma- terials such as coarse-grained quartzites. This selection also helps minimize the problem of the selection of different ‘materials for different tool types (i., projectile points are ‘usually manufactured of finer-grade materials and. crude flake tools of coarser materials), In addition, the materials selected are readily identifiable macroscopically, which minimizes the problem of source assignment confusion. ‘The metrical measurements of flakes employed included the following attributes: flake volume (Lx W x T), maximum thickness, surface area (L. x W), additive vol- ume (L + W +7), section (L/T), additive section (L. + WIT), width to thickness index (W/T), additive area (L. + W), surface areal section (L. x W/T), and length. In the interest of brevity, only the more significantly pat- termed variables of flake volume and thickness are consid- ‘ered in detail here. The lithic materials are discussed below in the order of increasing source distance from the Pot Creek Pueblo and Cerrita settlements,492 Lithic Reduction TechnologyiNewman & 100 km Figure 1. Locations of sites and sources ofithic materials utilized in the study. 1= chert ;own chalcedony (Gallinas Canyon); 4= Cerro cite (Artoyo HondovCerro Negro Mr. source), shyods Pedernal (San Pedro Mt, and associated deposits); 5= Dakota Mornson (Mesa de ls Viejos and (Ocate Mesa); 6= Polvadera Peak obsidian; 7= Cerro Toledo obsidian (Obsidian Ridge/Rabbit Mt and Sierra de Toledo); 8= Zuni Mountains cher. Lithic Materials High-quality Chere High-quality, workable chert cobbles and fragments are readily available locally (ca. 2 km to the closest source; FIG. 1), most conveniently on the ridges and slopes of the ‘Tres Ritos Hills above Pot Creek Pueblo and the Cerrita pithouse site. The cherts are derived mostly from the Mis- sissippian Tererro Formation, though they are also present in some quantity within the underlying Espiritu Santo Formation (Baltz and Read 1960; Sutherland 1963a), and in the overlying Pennsylvanian La Pasada Formation as well (Sutherland 1963b). Both the Espiritu Santo For. mation and the Tererro Formation compose the Arroyo Penasco Group of the Mississippian System. Within the Espiritu Santo Formation, the chert occurs as ellipsoidal, gray, black, and white banded nodules rang- ing in size from less than 3 em to 25 em in maximum, dimension. Baltz and Read (1960: 1757) report on a type section near Ponce de Leon Springs (approximately 1.6 km north over the ridge from the Cerrita pithouse site) composed of thin-bedded, fine to coarse-grained limestone containing gray and white banded chert lenses as much as 1-2 m long and 25 cm thick Within the Tererro Formation, various gray cherts o«- cur as rounded boulders representing up to 5% of all boulders in the Macho Member; as large irregular masses of secondary chert up to 1m across in the Manuclitas Member; or as very rare scattered chert nodules withinthe Cowles Member (Sutherland 1963a: 28). Chert nod: ‘ules are most abundant in carbonates of the Espiritu Santo Formation and in the Manuelitas Member of the Tererro Formation, In the Pennsylvanian La Posada Formation, calcareous white to light gray chert occurs in nodular beds up to 1 fe (30.5 cm) thick along with various shales, siltstones, limestones, and sandstones (Sutherland 1963b), Rbyodacites ‘There are six spatially discrete rhyodacite (or alkalic dacite) lithic sources scattered over the Taos Plateau (ca 40 km to the closest high-quality source; F1G. 1), with four of the sources providing a characteristically uniform, fine-grained, phenocryst-poor, black to very dark gray rock (Newman and Nielsen 1987: 263). The other two sources ‘exhibit more coarsely textured versions of the rock. The high-quality sources of rhyodacite include Cerro Negro Mountain (just east of the town of Arroyo Hondo), an unnamed deposit east of Cerro Montoso (central Taos Plateau), San Antonio Mountain (Nw Taos Plateau), and ‘Ute Mountain (w Taos Plateau). The coarser versions of shyodacite occur at Tres Orejas Mountain (southern Taos Plateau) and Guadalupe Mountain (west of the town of Questa). All of the chyodacite deposits are relatively uni- form and form steep-sided volcanoes scattered over the “Taos Plateau. The rock is easily identified macroscopically, having a 62-65% SiO, glassy, fine-grained groundmass that breaks with a clean conchoidal fracture, occasionally exhibiting sparse phenocrysts. The nature of the rock pro- vides excellent potential fracture control. At the sources, the rhyodacite occurs as nodules (up to boulder size) scattered over the surface and subsurface. The sources themselves are not affected by any substantial fluvial or erosional activity nor do they contribute t0 mixed gravel deposits in the area, The Cerro Negro source is the closest high-quality shyodacite deposit accessible tothe Pot Creek Pueblo and Cerrita site occupants. Brown Chalcedony ‘The Manuelitas Member of the Tererro Formation con- tains a chalcedony in some areas in addition to the locally available cherts, the most notable and closest known ex- posures existing in the Gallinas Canyon area Nw of the town of Las Vegas, New Mexico (ca. 60 km from the Pot Creek Pucblo and Cerrita settlements; #16. 1). In the Rio Grande del Rancho area of Pot Creek Pueblo, the Man- uuclitas (and the Cowles) Member has been removed by the extensive downcutting associated with the develop- ment of the Taos Trough (Chapin 1981). ‘The Manuelitas chalcedony (chalcedonite) exhibits ex- Journal of Field Archacology/Vol. 21, 1994 493 cellent zoning with both solid and previously fluid inclu- sions within the chalcedonic matrix. The rock is charac- teristically a mottled red or red-brown to peach in color, translucent in some segments within the rock, and often exhibits cortex on one or more surfaces, indicating the material is most often available as pebble gravels or in thin Cerro Pedernal “Chalcedony” Cerro Pedernal “chalcedony” originates in the bedded Pedernal Chert Member of the Tertiary Abiquiu Tuff For- ‘mation (Smith 1938). Exposures of the material occur on the slopes of Cerro Pedernal Mountain, San Pedro Moun- tain, and at various other localities along the northern fringe of the Jemez, Mountains and the Chama River Val- ley (ca. 80 km to the northem Jemez Mountains source and the Rio Chama gravels; F1G. 1; Smith 1938; Bryan 1938, 1939; Church and Hack 1939). Church and Hack (1939) have traced the chalcedonic deposits for 32 km ‘westward from Cerro Pedernal and Mesa de Grulla to San Pedro Mountain, ‘The chalcedony exhibits considerable variation in color from white to pearly gray through translucent or black, with reds, pinks, browns, and yellows also fairly common. ‘The material is often banded, streaked, mottled, andor spotted. Within the chalcedonic matrix are recurrent small to fairly large open cavities and cracks along with occa- sional spherulites and small clusters of granular quartz. It is remarkably free from joints and flaws. The material freely fractures conchoidally in any direction. ‘The spatial and temporal distribution of the Cerro Ped- cemal chalcedony is extensive. A reworked Clovis-like dart point of the material has been identified in the surface collections of Wendorf and Miller (1959) derived from a survey conducted in the upper elevations of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The material has also been observed in Archaic and later contexts throughout northern New Mex- ico, from as far east as the Santa Rosa-Los Esteros area and from at least as far north as the Nw Taos Plateau. around San Antonio Mountain in undated surface scaters. ‘Warren (1974: 88-90) notes that artifacts of Cerro Ped- «eral chalcedony found on sites along the Rito Encino on the western slopes of Cerro Pedernal Mountain appear 0 date from 7000 w.c. to A.C. 400 based on associated point type morphologies. She also notes that several artifacts of Certo Pedernal chalcedony found in the Tesuque Valley are suggestive of the Paleo-Indian Clovis Complex (War- ren 1974: 90) Numerous quarry and workshop areas of Cerro Peder- nnal material have been known for some time. Hibben (1937) was the first to describe the chaleedoniec outcrops494 Lithic Reduction Techmology/Newman and ancient quarry pits and workshops associated with Cerro Pedernal and the abundant evidence of chipping stations and debris on both large and small archacological sites in the Chama River Valley. Bryan (1938, 1939) has also noted and described several quarry and workshop areas, mostly around the sw side of Cerro Pedernal as well as those of San Pedro Mountain (Bryan 1939 as well as Church and Hack 1939) to the west. Warren (1974) describes the chalcedonic deposits, quarries, and work- shops of the western slopes of Cerro Pedernal as well, while also documenting similar sites for the eastern slopes. She also comments on the abundant chipping debris and broken preforms of Cerro Pedernal chalcedony in the ex- tensive lithic industry of Tsiping (“flaking stone”) Pueblo which produced side-notched projectile points of the ma- terial in large quantities (Warren 1974: 90), Reed and Tucker (1983) report on two Cerro Pedernal chalcedony reduction station/workshop sites (LA 25454 and LA 25469) from the Chama River-Abiquiu Dam and reservoir area. The sites were not “quarries” per se (i.e. extraction activities at exposed bedrock localities) but “pri- ‘mary lithic reduction centers” (Reed and Tucker 1983: 162) for the collection and subsequent reduction of gravel, deposits Dakota-Morrison Orthoquartzites ‘The Dakota-Morrison orthoquartzite is part of an ex- tensive geological unit outcropping in several areas in northern New Mexico and neighboring states. The closest available source of the material for Pot Creck Pueblo and the Cerrita pithouse site would have been in the Chama ‘Valley from around the Mesa de los Viejos, not far from the sources of the Cerro Pedernal material (ca. 100 km; FIG. 1). Muchlberger’s (1967) descriptive geological type section for the Dakota Formation and the underlying Morrison Formation (Jurassic and Cretaceous in age re- spectively) is located approximately 600 m west of the intersection of Willow Creek and the Rio Chama in the Chama Gorge. An almost equally available source would have been Ocate Mesa, east of the modem town of Las, Vegas, New Mexico. The rock is not uncommon in lithic assemblages in eastern New Mexico (Santa Rosa-Los Esteros area collec tions), western Oklahoma (e.g., the Edwards I site: Baugh and Terrell 1982), and in the western Plains (e.g., the Hanson site Wyoming: Frison and Bradley 1980) span- ring much of the Paleo-Indian (Hanson site) through Protohistorie (Edwards I site) and Historical periods, The material is predominantly derived from the upper and lower sandstone units of the Cretaceous Dakota Forma: tion, separated by a middle claystone unit (which is ap- parently not present everywhere). The sandstone (ortho- quartzite) is typically light gray to grayish-orange in color oon fresh surface, while weathering to a pale orange-red to brownish orange color. The rock is massive, with grain size ranging from very fine at the top to medium fine at the base of the upper unit (Muchlberger 1967: 74). The subangular to subround quartz grains thoroughly ce- mented by silica are clearly evident megascopically, giving the rock a most distinctive appearance and rendering it «easy to identify in lithic assemblages. The fracture quality, due to the high silica content, is good, making the rock useful for a number of lithic tools beyond the simple and. expedient unifacial lake variety. Polvadera Peak Obsidian Polvadera Peak obsidian derives from the Polvadera Group which includes intermediate volcanic formations of | basalt-andesite-dacite-rhyolite association, mostly located in the northern areas of the Jemez Mountains (ca. 120 km to the upper reaches of Polvadera Peak of the northern Jemez. Mountains; F1G. 1). The obsidian-bearing El Re- chuelos Rhyolite occurs as five small scattered rhyolite domes and a small pumice cone in the northern Jemez Mountains (Smith, Bailey, and Ross 1970). The obsidian tunit occurs as a small isolated volcanic dome near the intersection of El Rechuelos Draw and Polvadera Peak 1.8 km sw of Polvadera Peak. The Fl Rechuelos-Polvadera Peak obsidian is characteristically a murky, smoky gray color due to the inclusion of small, ubiquitous white phen- cocrysts within the glass matrix. This characteristic makes Polvadera Peak obsidian readily identifiable in archacolog- ical lithic assemblages. The obsidian occurs primarily as small pebbles, though moderate sized nodules are also present. The available obsidian deposit is spatially re~ stricted to the obsidian dome and immediate environs and does not appear in gravels or alluvialcolluvial deposits at lower elevations. Obsidian Ridge (Cervo Toledo) Obsidian ‘The most recent voleanic-unit of the Jemez Mountains is the Tewa Group, which represents the climax of rhyol- itie volcanism in the Jemez Mountains dating within the Pleistocene. The group includes the Bandelier Tut, the Cerro Rubio Quartz Latite, the Cerro Toledo Rhyolite, and the Valles Rhyolite subgroups. The Cerro Toledo Rhyolite is the relevant obsidian-bearing (subordinate) volcanic unit of interest (ca. 140 km to the se Jemez Mountains-Pajarito Plateau source area; F1G. 1). The Cerro ‘Toledo Rhyolite contains numerous pebbles and occa- sional nodules (up to 25 cm in diameter) of obsidian within a commonly lithophysal, gray lithoidal rhyolite ma-trix (Smith, Bailey, and Ross 1970). The obsidian is com: monly translucent t0 opaque black in color, while occa sionally containing small quartz and sanidine phenocrysts. Opaque brown, opaque olive green, and banded obsidian nodules are known to occur within some of the volcanic deposits as well (Newman and Nielsen 1985). Geographically, there are three main spatially-discrete source areas of Cerro Toledo obsidian. These include the volcanic domes of the Sierra de Toledo Mountains of the Cerro Toledo Caldera on the Nr edge of the Valle Grande, Rabbit Mountain on the s& rim of the Valles Caldera (Valle Grande), and the Rabbit Mountain rhyolite derived avalanche deposits (obsidian-bearing rhyolite tuffS and tuff-breccias; Smith, Bailey, and Ross 1970) of some of the ridges and canyons of the Pajarito Plateau. The latter includes the obsidian nodules of Obsidian Ridge, the ob- sidian deposits of Bland Canyon (Warren 1979: 87), Pueblo Canyon (Bailey and Smith 1978: 194), and the scattered obsidian deposits of the high mesas along White Rock Canyon (Warren 1979: 57). Zuni Mountains Tan-brown “Leopard Chere? Apparently, one of the better known sources of this yellow, brown/black spotted chert is Oso Ridge in the Zani Mountains (>200 km from the Pot Creek Pueblo and Cerrita archaeological sites; F1G. 1). The rock occurs in many lithic assemblages in Nw New Mexico (Chaco Canyon) and has been consistently documented in the Chacoan lithic collections (Powers, Gillespie, and Lekson 1983), Statistical Analyses Initially, the group metric means of the individual lithic materials were graphed by respective lithic source distance. ‘The flake data were then subjected to the SPSSX ANOVA, (Nie et al. 1975) One-Way analysis incorporating poly- nomial trend assessments for a determination of any pat: terned relationships between flake dimensions and source distances. The program searched for linear, quadratic, cu- bic, or quartic trends 0 assess statistical linearity and employed LSD (Least Significant Difference) and Duncan multiple range tests for lithic group a posteriori contrasts {all LSD and Duncan tables are available but for brevity, are not reproduced here). LSD is basically a Student's T- test between group means; however, as the number of ‘groups increases, so does the experimental error rate (Nie ct al. 1975: 427). The Duncan method (Nie et al. 1975) attempts to avoid this difficulty by utilizing a different range value for subsets of different sizes. Journal of Field Archneology/Vol. 21, 1994 495 Volume fee em) 0 2 4 «60 80 100 120 140 >200 Distance (km) Figuee 2 Fake volume by lithie source distance metrical trends, = chert; 2= rhyodacte; 3= brown chalcedony: Dakota Morrison orthoguarttes: (Cero Toledo obsidian; Lithic Flake Volume (L x W x T) Trends The bivariate graph of mean flake volume by minimum, lithic source distance indicates that in the Pot Creek flake assemblage mean flake size decreases as lithic material source distance increases (F1G.2). The only slight deviation in this trend is the mean flake volume of the Dakota- Morrison lithic materials (which, though of reasonably high-quality, are still the coarsest exotic lithic materials of the lot) which exhibit a slightly higher mean value than the closer (and presumably the more accessible) brown chalcedonies or the Cerro Pedernal lithic materials. The coarser character of the Dakota-Morrison lithic materials may be responsible for this slightly higher mean lake- volume value (ie, less control over lithic debitage metric variability or possibly selection for heavier tools), but par- cent material size and the form in which the lithic matcrial ‘was imported probably are also critical factors. This same linear trend is evident when the lithic material standard deviations are plotted by material source distance (FIG. 3) Ir can be seen that metrical variability among flakes de- creases with increasing material source distance. This re- lationship is certainly a reasonable phenomenon, if we predict that economical use of material attempted to keep waste from tool manufacture, refurbishing, and modi cation to a minimum. Further, this phenomeiion probably also reflects the original size of the parent lithic material The geological occurrences of the materials as a whole range from small gravels through large cobbles to scams for the sedimentary rocks and occasional boulders for the voleanic rocks, making it unlikely that the patterning ev- ident merely reflects the smaller size found in available496 Lithic Reduction Technolagy/Newman ‘Table 1. TAI-4 flake volume by lithic material source distance ANOVA polynomial regression of {group means, Son ews F F Sour be sae sua ave Pb Berweon grou 7 1028248 1463.22 1090 0.00 ‘Uaweighted linear erm 1 722.90 7290 5.39 0.02 Weighted linea erm 1 9267.20 9267.20 69.04 0.00 Deviation from linear 6 975.27 16255 121 030 Unweighted quad term 1 7701 7701 057 045, Weighted quad term 1 473.69 473.69 333 0.06 Deviation from quad 5 50159 100.32 a7 059 Unweighted cubic term 1 171 lov 0.08 078 Weighted cubic term 1 3645 36.45 027 0.60 Deviation from cubic 4 465.14 11628 087 048 Unweighted quartic term 1 635 635 005 oss Weighted quartic term 1 19.04 119.08 089 035, Deviation from quartic 3 346.10, 113.37 086 046 Within groups 10913 146477391, 13422 - - Toul 10920 1475016.38 : gravels. It is probable that many of the smaller flakes attributable to material, especially from the more distant sources, are the result of resharpening tools that were components of existing, tool kits, and may not be related to primary tool production per se. Thus, the metrical pat- terns apparently could reflect lithic conservation and/or smaller size of parent material used for tools (reflecting, high curatorial value). "The Cerrita flakes exhibit a more clearly linear pattern of decreasing flake volume with increasing distance to sources (FIG. 2). The standard deviations trend in Cerrita flakes is similar again, indicating that metrical variability decreases with increasing lithic material source distance (r16. 3) ‘The SPSSX One-Way ANOVA analysis of the Pot ‘Creek flake volume (flake Lx W x T) by lithic material source distance (TABLE 1) yields a statistically significant overall result (F PROB. = .00) with the data exhibiting, a significant unweighted and weighted linear trend (F 102) associated with an insignificant deviation from the linear teend (F = .30). The group standard errors, mini- mum and maximum group values, and the 95% confidence intervals for the group means appear not to follow any particular pattern (TABLE 2). The LSD and Duncan mul- tiple range tests indicate that few of the groups are sig nificantly different from one another at the .05 level of confidence except for the locally available cherts. This te sult is not surprising, given that most of the exotic material flake groups are largely derived from the reduction (prob- ably bifacial) of small parent material forms of lithic tools and “blanks,” prohibiting a significant amount of flake size variability and facilitating intergroup metrical overlap. Nevertheless, the linear mean decremental pattern of the data is apparent, which could be better substantiated with, larger sample sizes, particularly for the more distant exotic lithic materials. This phenomenon follows the results re ported by Feder (1980: 200), who notes that for the Loomis II site in central Connecticut, average flake weight (@ related measure of flake volume or size) appeared to be a direct reflection of the ease of lithic material procure- ‘ment: the further the lithic material source, the smaller the flake. Similarly, Jefferies (1982: 108) found that for Figure 3, Fake volume standard deviation trend by lithic source dis chert; 2= syodacte; 3= brown chaledony; 4= Cerro Pederal; 5= Dakots Morrison; 6= Polvadera Peak obsidian; 7= (Gero Toledo obsidian; 8= Zuni Mountains cher. jon (able em) s i 3 z 3 i 4 60 8 100 120 140 >200 Distance (km)Journal of Field Archacoogy/Vol. 21, 1994 497 Table 2. TA1-4 flake volume by lithic material source distance ANOVA table with group sample sizes, group ‘means, standard deviations, standard errors, minimum and maximum group values, and the 95% confidence iervals for the group means. Group 1 = chert; Group 2 = rhyodacite; Group 3 = brown chalcedony; Group 4 group Pp Cerro Pedemal; Group 5 = Dakota-Morrison; Group 6 = Polvadera Peak obsidian; Group 7 = Cerro Toledo obsidian; Group 8 = Zuni Mountains chert Sandi Sinderd 255 oh omg ot Mea sie or Moin Masia former Group 1 7610 329 1365 016 005; 970.30 348 10410 Group 2 7 a2 wat 0.66 0.03 13.88 24210508, Group 3 17 182 276 020 003 25.34 142 t0 222 Group 4 2282 159) 251 0.05 008 5863 14910 1.70 Group $ 408 219 312 016 00s, 2541 1.8910 250 Group 6 7 129 136 01s 007 638 1.00 to 1.38 Group? 36 13 137 015 005, 895, O84 wo 143 Group 8 a 096 103, 05 0.08 508, 0.66 10 1.26, Tonal 10921 319 ne oul 0.03 970.30 297 10341 Fixed effects model 1159 on : : 297 10341 Random effects model 099 - 0.36 10552 Random effects modelesimate berween component variance 1.81 “Tests for homogeneity of variances Cochrans © = Max. varianclsum(varances) 058, P = 0.00 (approx. Bander Box F 1001.95, P = 0.00 “Maximum variance/minimum variance 175,01 of group means. Group 1 = chert; Group 2 absent); Group 3 = Cerro Pedernal; Group 4 obsidian; Group 6 Table 3. Cerrita flake volume by lithic material source distance ANOVA polynomial regression fhyodacite; Group 0 = none (brown chalcedony Dakota-Morrison; Group 5 Cerro Toledo obsidian; Group 0 = none (Zaini Mountains chert absent). Polvadera Peak Sen “Mew F F Soe DE. ore ‘sare ras Prt Berwsen groups 5 3906.37 78127 1341 0.00 ‘Unweighted linear term 1 ‘63551 635.81 1091 0.00) Weighted linear tm 1 3810.70 3810.70 6541 0.00 Deviation from linear 4 95.67 2392 oat 0.80 Unvseighted quad term r 137 1137 020 0.66, ‘Weighted qual term 1 36.60, 86.60 139 022 Deviation from gud 3 9.07 302 0105 098 Unvscighted cubic tem 1 047 oa? oo. 093 Weighted cubic term 1 103 103 0.02 039, Deviation from cubic 2 Sou 402 0.07 093 ‘Unweighted quartic erm 1 oat oan oo. 093 Weighted quartic term 1 725 728 012 07 Deviation from quartic 1 079 079 ool 091 Within groups 4887 28473218, 58.26 : = Total 4802 288638 55, 2 - - his lithic data from a number of archaeological sites in the Lookout Valley of nw Georgia, as access to chert resource areas decreases, the mean size (weight) of lithic flakes at the archaeological sites tends to decrease as well. ‘The ANOVA analysis of the Cerrita lithic flake volume by lithic material source distance (TABLE 3) yields an over- all statistically significant result (F PROB. = .00) with a statistically significant linear trend evident for the data (F .00) associated with an insignificant deviation from the linear trend (F = .80). The group standard errors and ‘minimum and maximum group values do not appear t0 follow any pattern, while the 95% confidence intervals for the group means appear to roughly follow a linear dec- rement trend with increasing lithic material source dis- tance (TABLE 4). As in the Pot Creek analysis, the Cerrita LSD and Duncan multiple range tests indicate few groups498 Lithic Reduction Tecimology/Newman Table 4. Cerrta flake volume by lithic material source distance ANOVA table with group sample sizes, group ‘means, standard deviations, standard errors, minimum and maximum group values, and the 95% confidence intervals for the group means. Group 1 = chert; Group 2 = rhyodacite; Group 0 Dakota’ none (Zuni Mountains chert absent), absent); Group 3 = Cerro Pedernal; Group 4 6 = Cerro Toledo obsidian; Group 0 none (brown chalcedony ‘Morrison; Group 5 = Polvadera Peak obsidian; Group “Sonderd “Sedan 5% nf rap ot Mew rutin ion Minin Masia fren ‘Group T 3634 378 370 O14 0.03 241.80 3.60 10406 Group 2 38 2532 378 050 0.07 1808 15210351 Group 3 1039 198 298 0.08 0.03 3038 180 ¢0 215 Group 4 4 os 033 oar 039 110 0.360 141 Group § 8 059 067 0.08 002 376 043 100.74 Group 6 80 054 067 007 002 475 039 10.068 Toul 4993 328 7.68 on 0.02 241.80 3.06 10 349 Fixed eects model 7.63 onl : : 3.06 10 349) Random elects model S 105, 0.86 105.52 Random eects moudel-estimate berween component variance 1.83, "Tests for homogeneity of variances ‘Cochrans © = mix, variance sum( variances) 0.76, P = 0,00 (approx) Bartlet Box F 44350, P ~ 0.00, Maximum variancelminimum variances 690.46 are statistically different from one another at the .05 level of confidence. Nevertheless, the Cerrita flake trend ap- proximates the pattern evident for the Pot Creek assem- blage very closely. Lithic Flake Thickness Trends ‘The bivariate graph of mean flake thickness by lithic material source distance (FIG. 4) again exhibits a linear decremental trend for the Cerrita flake assemblage and a Figure 4, Fake thickness by lithic source distance metrical trends. chert; 2= shyodite; 3» brown chaledony; 4= Cerro Pederal Dakota Morrison; 6= Polvaera Peak obsidian; 7= Cerro Toledo ob- straight linear decremental trend for the Pot Creck flake assemblage, which stands in contrast to the previous met: ric Pot Creek assemblage trend of only a “roughly” linear form (F16. 2). The associated bivariate graph of the stan- dard deviation (F16. 5) also exhibits a straight linear trend for the Pot Creek flake assemblage, indicating less metric (thickness) variability within flake assemblages as respec- tive source distance increases. The Cerrita standard devia- tions trend is less directly linear, with a drop in the stan- Figure 5, Flake thicknes standard deviation trends by lithe source distance. I~ chert, 2= rhyodacite, 3= brown chalcedony; 4= Cerro Peder; S= Dakota Morrison; 6= Poladera Peak obsidian; 7= sian 8= Zuni Mountains chet Cerro Toledo obsiian; 8 Zani Mountains cher 7 5 & A 8 28 3 bs = ie 8 Z a2 > i 2 or Pot creek —a— Conta — == — om 4 60 a0 100 120 10 >200 om 4 6 80 100 120 140 >200 Distance (em) Distance (en)dard deviation value for the Dakota-Mortison lithic ‘materials reflecting the extremely small sample size of Da- kota-Morrison flakes within the Cerrita lithic debris as- semblage (only four specimens). ‘The ANOVA analysis of Pot Creek flake thickness by lithic material source distance (ANOVA table available but is not reproduced here) yields a statistically significant result (F PROB. = .00) and indicates that a weighted ‘quadratic trend best fits the available data (F = .00), which is associated with a statistically insignificant deviation from the quadratic trend (F = .22). This statistically significant trend contrasts with that for the Pot Greek flake area (L. X W) analysis, where no statistically significant polyno- rial trend is evident (results not reproduced here) or the Pot Creek flake volume ANOVA analysis where a statis- tically significant linear polynomial trend is apparent (TA- BLE 1), OF course, given the patterning of the Pot Creek flake volume ANOVA analysis and the lack of patterning, cevident for the Pot Greek flake area (L_ x W) analysis, a ‘quadratic trend for the Pot Creek flake thickness measure- ment fits and reflects the metric interrelationship of flake thickness to flake volume (Lx W x T) and the exclusion of flake thickness from the flake area (L. x W) calculation, ‘The group standard deviations, the minimum and maxi- mum group values, and the 95% confidence intervals for the group means all follow a basic linear decremental trend, while the group standard errors appear to follow more of a cubic trend, The LSD and Duncan multiple range tests indicate that again, flakes of the more local materials tend to be significantly different from the more distant material source flake assemblages at the .05 level of confidence. This phenomenon follows the results of the Pot Creek flake-area (L. x W) analysis (results not repro- duced here), while similarly exhibiting more significant group differentiation than the Pot Creek flake volume analysis. Pot Creek flake thickness does appear to graph- ically provide the clearest overall group mean linear de- «remental trend of any of the Pot Creek lithic flake metrics. ‘The ANOVA analysis of the Cerrita lithic flake thickness by lithic material source distance (ANOVA table available bur not reproduced here) yields a statistically significant overall result (F PROB. = .00), and again exhibits a significant linear trend (F = .00) associated with an insig- nificant deviation from the linear trend (F = 42). The group standard deviations, standard errors, and the min- imum and maximum group values do not appear to follow any particular pattern, while the 95% confidence intervals for the group means exhibit a rough linear decremental trend. The LSD and Duncan multiple range tests indicate that, as indicated in the previous analyses, the more prox imal lithic materials tend to be more significantly different Journal of Field Archacology/Vol. 21, 1994 499 from the more distantly available lithic materials at the .08 level of confidence. These results essentially follow the previous Cerrita flake assemblage metric results. As in the Pot Creek flake assemblage analyses, however, greater sig- nificant differentiation among. groups at the .05 level of confidence exists within the Cerrita flake thickness analysis, than within the Cerrita flake volume analyses (and. prob- ably due to the same factors as noted for the Pot Creek flake assemblage). For the Cerrita flake assemblage at least, flake thickness appears to provide better group differen: tiation at the .05 level of confidence, while essentially also again providing a statistically significant linear polynomial trend. Results and Conclusions ‘Overall, itis evident that flake thickness and lithic flake volume (L x W x T) do provide statistically significant evidence of response of flake dimensions to material source distance, Itis clearly indicated in the metric analyses that flakes do tend to significantly decrease in size as the re- spective material source distance increases. The general decrease in flake dimensions with increasing source dis tance most likely reflects smaller lithic parent material sizes with increasing source distance, and a lithic technology oriented toward greater material conservation and less technological variability as the distance to the respective material source increases. In addition, it is also clear in this analysis from a comparative perspective that the Pot Creck Pueblo and Cerrita lithic flake assemblages both reflect and basically follow these same trends and patterns independently. It is not really surprising that flake thick- ness and flake thickness-related measures (lithic flake vol ume = L x W xT) appear to exhibit the clearest (graph ically and statistically) flake size pattern in response to increasing material source distance (regardless of the form in which lithic material was incorporated into an assem blage; i., as bifacial “blanks” or large flake “blanks,” etc.) as these dimensional attributes appear to consistently re flect parent material size and technological conservation practices regardless of particular reduction trajectory trends. Flake thickness and flake thickness-related mea- stures such as flake volume appear to best reflect the “con- scious” efforts of material conservation in lithic reduction and tool production. As Munday (1976) notes in his analysis of several Mousterian lithic assemblages of the Negev, debitage thickness, size, and scar area had a sig- nificantly greater patterned relationship to water and fine availability than did debitage length or width (1976: 128). He notes thar the extremely high r-squared value for mean, debitage thickness indicates that variation in this attribute was extremely sensitive to flint and water availability800 Lithic Reduction Technolagy/Newman (1976: 128). Munday farther notes that lithic core reduc- tion may have permitted less control over debitage length and width variables than over debitage thickness (1976: 132). These results appear to generally hold for the Pot Creek Pueblo and Cerrita lithic flake assemblages as well, which is rather remarkable given the nearly totaly dispar- ate context of these flake assemblages (comparatively re- cent cultural residues of sedentary Southwestern agricul- turalists) and the Mousterian hunter-gatherer lithic assemblages of the Negev Jay R. Newman, an archaeologist with the Fort Worth Dis- trict, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, is completing his diserta- tion at Southern Methodist University on lithic sourcing and prebistoic lice procurement patterns for the northern Rio Grande Valley region of New Mexico. Mailing addres: De- partment of the Army, U.S. Army Engincer District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers, P.O. Box 17300, CESWE-PL~ RC, Fort Worth, TX 76102-0300. Bailey, R.A., and RL, Smith 1978 “Voleanic Geology of the Jemez Mountains, New Mex: ico," Guidebool 10 the Rio Grande Rift in New Mesico and Colorado, New Mesco Bureau of Mone: and Mineral Re sures Creular 163: 184-197, Bale, Elmer H., and Chars B. Read 1960 “Rocks of Mississippian and Probable Devonian Age in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico,” Buln of the American Asucacion of Peraewm Gealgists 4: 1749-174, Baugh, Timothy G., and Charles W. Teel 1982 "An Analysis of Obsidian Debitage and Procohistrie Exchange Systems inthe Souther Plans as Viewed fom the Edwards I Site (34BK2),” Plains Antiropalogs 27: 17, Bryan, Kirk 1938 “Prehistoric Quarries and Implements of Pre Amerindian Aspect in New Mexico,” Scene 87: 343-346, 1939 “Stone Cultures Near Cerro Pedernal and Their Geolog ical Antiquity” Buln of the Tesas Archacaepicl and Palen Society 2: 9-46 Bryan, Kirk, and Alan P. Butler 1940 “Arafaes Made of the Glassy Andesite of San Antonio ‘Mountain, Rio Areiba County, New Mexico," Univosy of New Mexia Buen No. 349 (Anthrplagial Se, Volume 3, No. 4): 27-31 Church, Fermor S.and John T. Hack 1939) “An Exhumed Erosion Surice in the Jemez Mounains, New Mesico,” Journal of Gedloy 47: 613-629. Crown, Patrica 1991 "Evaluating the Construction Sequence and Population of Pot Creek Pucblo, Nomern New Mexico,” Ament Antiqity 56: 291-314, Feder, Kenneth L. 1980 “Waste Not, Want Not—Differenial Lithic Usiization and Efficiency of Use," North American Archaclie 2: 193-205, Frison, George A., and Bruce A. Bradley 1980 Folsom Tals and Tecimoloy atthe Hans Site, Wyoming. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Pres. Hibben, Frank C. 1937" Exanvaton ofthe Riana Rusn and the Chama Valley Survey. University of New Mesco Anthroplegy Series Bulletin 2, No. 1, Albuquerque. Jefferies, Richard W. 1982 “Debitage as an Indicator of Intraregional Activity Di- versity in Northwestern Georgia,” Mideontnenta Journal of Archacology 7: 99-132. ‘Muehlberger, W. R. 1967» Gealggy of she Chama Quadrangle, New Mexico, New Mes ico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin 89. Albuquerque Munday, Fredrick 1976 “The Mousterian in the Negev: A. Description and Ex planation of Intersite Variability,” unpublished. Ph.D. dissertation, Deparment of Anthropology, Southem Methodist University, Dallas. Newman, Jay R., and Roger L. Nielsen 1985 " “Initial Notes on the X-Ray Fluorescence Sourcing of Northern. New Mexico Obsidians,” Journal of Field Ar. cdnclegy 12: 377-383 1987 “Initial Notes on the X-Ray Fluorescence Charactriza- tion of the Rhyodacte Sources of the Taos Plateau, New Mexico,” Archacometry 29: 262-274, Nic, Norman H.C. Hadlai Hull, Jean G. Jenkins, Karin Stein ‘renner, and Dale H. Bent 1975 Statical Pakage for the Sail Sciences 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw Hil Powers, Robert P., William B. Gillespie, and Steven H. Lekson 1983 The Onilier Survey. US. Department of the Intern, Na tional Park Service, Division of Cultural Resour, Reports of the Chaco Center No. 3. Santa Fe. Reed, Alan D., and George C, Tucker, Jr 1983 Avcinclogical Investigations at Four Sites im the Abiquin Multiple Resource Area, New Mevco. Santa Fe: U.S. Army ‘Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque District, New Mexico. Smith, Harold T. 1938 “Tertiary Geology of the Abiquiu Quadrangle, New Mexico,” Journal of Gelegy 46: 933-988. Smith, R.L., R. A. Bailey, and C. 8. Ross 1970. Gelagic Map of he Jemez Mountains, New Mesico, Map I 571, US. Geolpical Survey Misallancous Inveigations ‘Map, Washingeon, D.C. Sutherland, P. K, 19632 “Paleozoic Rocks,” in J P. Mill, A. Montgomery, and P.K. Sutherland, eds. Gelagy of Part of the Southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains. New Mexico Bureau of Mines id Mineral Resources Memair No, 11. Alloaquergue, 2219636 “Description of Selected Pennsylvanian Measured See- tions,” in J. P. Miller, A. Monrgomery, and P. K. Suth- ‘rl eds, Geology of Pare of the Sour Sangre de Cristo ‘Mountain, New Mesico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Re sources Memair No. 11. Albuquerque, 56-75, Warren, A. Helene 174 1979 “The Ancient Mineral Indastiss of Cero Peder, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico” New Mev Gail Sp Giety Guide, 25th Field Conforoce, Gt Ranch, A broquengue, 87-98 “Geological and Mineral Resources of the Cchiti Res envi Arein Jan V. Billa and Richard C. Chapman, dh Archi Iverigations in Co Reeray, Nev ‘Mev Vol. 4 Adapie Change in the Northern Rio Grande Vay Aibauergue: Ofte of Contract Archie: chogy, Depart of Anthropology, University of New Mesico, Albuquergue, 47-60 Wendorf, D. F, and J. P. Miller 1959 “Artifacts from High Mountain Sites in the Sangre de Cristo Range, New Mexico,” El Palacio 66 (2): 37-82. Wetherington, Ronald 1968 Excavasins at Pot Creck Pucbo, Fort Burgin Research Center Report 6, Taos. Woosey, Anne 1980" Taos Archacolgyy. Taos: Fore Burgwin Research Cente, Journal of Field Archacolegy!Vol. 21, 1994 501