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is one factor of globalization. One can find people eating sushi in Peru or Indian food in Europe.
globalization.
Liberalization: Liberalization of the economy means to free it from direct or physical controls imposed
by the government.
Example:
The primary goals of economic liberalization are the free flow of capital between nations and the efficient
allocation of resources and competitive advantages. This is usually done by reducing protectionist policies
such as tariffs, trade laws and other trade barriers. One of the main effects of this increased flow of capital
into the country is that it makes it cheaper for companies to access capital from investors. A lower cost of
capital allows companies to undertake profitable projects that they may not have been able to with a higher
cost of capital pre-liberalization, leading to higher growth rates.
We saw this type of growth scenario unfold in China in the late 1970s as the Chinese government set on a
path of significant economic reform. With a massive amount of resources (both human and natural), they
believed the country was not growing and prospering to its full potential. Thus, to try to spark
faster economic growth, China began major economic reforms that included encouraging private
ownership of businesses and property, relaxing international trade and foreign investment restrictions, and
relaxing state control over many aspects of the economy. Subsequently, over the next several decades,
China averaged a phenomenal real GDP growth rate of over 10%.
o Accountability guarantees actions and decisions taken by public officials regarding government
initiatives and respond to the needs of the community thereby contributing to better governance and
poverty reduction. It also means their decisions and actions are subject to oversight so as to guarantee
that their stated objectives are met.
o The Good governance recognizes accountability in terms of improving the delivery of public services,
measuring performance and providing incentives to achieve targets and sanctions in case of non-
performance.
o Several countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Canada and USA have embraced the philosophy of
accountability and brought significant improvement in public service delivery and efficiency. USA has
enacted a Government Result and Performance Act 1993.
2) Transparency
o Transparency in local governance should mean less scope for corruption, in that dishonest behavior
would become more easily detectable, punished and discouraged in future. The history of the
industrialized countries indicates that this tend to be true in the longer term, but recent experience
shows that this relationship is not necessarily true at all in the short run.
o In the former Soviet countries, for example, local governance institutions have become much more
open to public scrutiny in the 1990s, but at the same time there can be little doubt that corruption at all
levels has greatly increased. It is to be hoped that the local mechanisms of accountability discussed
above will in tandem with greater probity at the national level improve the degree of honesty at all
levels, but at best this will take time. The message for the international development community is to
press forward with as many of these accountability mechanisms as is feasible.
o A second type of linkage between transparency and corruption has been noted by Manor when he notes
that in India, while greater transparency in local governance was not accompanied by increased
corruption, it did lead to popular perceptions of greater public malfeasance, simply because citizens
became more aware of what was going on. This pattern has surely repeated itself in many other locales.
Over time, to the extent that accountability mechanisms begin to become effective and corruption
begins to decline, the citizenry should appreciate the improvement.
3) Responsiveness
o A responsive administration is one which responds or reacts to issues, characters and situations and
takes decisions only after a thorough and dispassionate screening of all the implications as also the
alternative courses of action open. Speed is the essence in the decision-making process although speed
does not necessarily mean haste or inadvertence. Tomorrow will be too late and one has to take the bull
by its horns at the appropriate moment without the slightest procrastination or vacillation or delay. Any
attempt to delay decision-making or allow a critical situation to drift could be suicidal in consequences.
o Good governance means that the processes implemented by the organization to produce favorable
results meet the needs of its stakeholders, while making the best use of resources human,
technological, financial, natural and environmental at its disposal.
o Good governance means that public institutions produce policy outcomes that actually meet the needs
of the community (good outcomes) and do so in an efficient manner given the resources available
(cost-effective).
o Local government should implement decisions and follow processes that make the best use of
the available people, resources and time to ensure the best possible results for their community.
5) Rule of law
o The rule of law is what constrains arbitrary decision-making and arbitrary enforcement of existing laws
and policies. The rule of law requires fair and just legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It
also requires an independent judiciary and impartial law enforcement officers
o Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced by an impartial regulatory body, for
the full protection of stakeholders.
o This means that decisions are consistent with relevant legislation or common law and are within the
powers of council. In case of Victorian local government, relevant legislation includes the Local
Government Act 1989 and other legislation such as the Public Health and Wellbeing Act 2008, and the
Equal Opportunity Act 2010.
o Fairness must always be a high priority for management. For example, managers must push their
employees to be their best, but they should also recognize that a heavy workload can have negative
long-term effects, such as low morale and high turnover. Companies also must be fair to their
customers, both for ethical and public-relations reasons. Treating customers unfairly, whatever the
short-term benefits, always hurts a companys long-term prospects.
6) Participation
o The participation of all members of society, particularly adults, in the governance process is an
essential component of good governance. Participation may be direct or indirect (i.e., through elected
representatives). Effective participation requires an informed and organized citizenry, which
necessarily requires laws and institutions that protect freedom of expression and association.
o Participation by both men and women, either directly or through legitimate representatives, is a key
cornerstone of good governance. Participation needs to be informed and organized, including freedom
of expression and assiduous concern for the best interests of the organization and society in general.
o Anyone affected by or interested in a decision should have the opportunity to participate in the process
for making that decision. This can happen in several ways community members may be provided
with information, asked for their opinion, given the opportunity to make recommendations or, in some
cases, be part of the actual decision-making process.
o The organization that provides the opportunity for its stakeholders to maintain, enhance, or generally
improve their well-being provides the most compelling message regarding its reason for existence and
value to society.
o All members of the community, but particularly its most vulnerable groups, must feel that they have a
stake in its well-being and do not feel excluded.
8) Consensus Orientation
o Our society is composed of individuals who hold many different viewpoints and perspectives on issues
of concern to the entire community. Good governance employs processes that make it possible for
different interests to find common ground and to achieve as broad a consensus on issues as is possible.
o Good governance requires consultation to understand the different interests of stakeholders in order to
reach a broad consensus of what is in the best interest of the entire stakeholder group and how this can
be achieved in a sustainable and prudent manner.
Example:
Switzerland is a remarkably stable and economically strong country. It was recently named the worlds
most competitive country by the World Economic Forum, and its avoided the debt and unemployment
that have plagued the whole world, and its neighbours in particular.Thats not the only way it beats other
nations. From a Credit Suisse bulletin examining the countrys success:
The verdict is in, and it is unequivocal. Whether we are comparing global business locations and the civil
liberties they enjoy, considering the number of Nobel Laureates or the quality of academics, entrepreneurs,
artists and authors, Switzerland has long occupied the topmost echelons.
German economist Gerd Habermann came up with seven reasons which, while partially specific to
governments and countries, can easily be applied to business.
Small is good
Each level of government (or management) gets more expensive and more unwieldy as it gets larger. The
highest level is often the most expensive. Because Switzerland is a small country, every level is small and
agile. Additionally, the size of government doesnt scale up massively as you reach the federal level.
There are few middlemen and everyone is accountable
Switzerland doesnt have the massive bureaucratic class that many European neighbours and other
governments, and the voter has more power than almost anywhere else. That includes the ability to vote on
public spending, and elect judges. The government is accountable at all levels.
Everything is decentralized
The federal government in Switzerland has power over only a small portion of tax dollars. Cantons
(equivalent in many ways to states) and municipalities have powers of taxation. Every part of the country
competes to be as attractive to businesses and people as it can.
Most decisions are made at the local level
Because the country is so decentralized, decisions tend to be practical and informed by the needs of a small
area, so theres less lost in translation to higher authorities. Also, the impact of bad decisions is limited,
and everythings faster because people dont have to keep appealing to higher ups.
There are no career politicians
Switzerland doesnt have career politicians. Citizens serve for a time but also work independently. That
avoids the pet projects, the influence peddling, and conflicts of interest that can result when you have a
separate, professional long serving political class.
The business lesson here is that management can easily become stagnant, and centralized, long lasting
authority can be problematic.
The country is a safe haven for money and brain power
Staying neutral and avoiding political and other sorts of prejudice have seen Switzerland accumulate a
huge amount of financial and intellectual capital. Countries and businesses can lose when they put personal
ideology ahead of practicality.
Theres a core middle class attitude
Switzerlands culture isnt defined by a particular ethnicity, language, or religion, but an attitude, and one
that businesses would do well to emulate. Its defined by moderation, mainstream thinking and
deliberation, for business sense, a no-nonsense attitude and realism, Habermann writes.
Bad Governance- is the inability of a public institution to manage public affairs and public resources;
Failure of a government to meet the needs of society while making the best use of all resources at their
disposal.
WHAT ARE THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF BAD GOVERNANCE?
1 No strategic plan in place, or no evidence that an existing strategic plan has any impact
2 No evidence of ambition for the institution or its students
3 No evidence of proper monitoring or financial controls, or of taking appropriate, rapid and effective
action when failures or wrong doings are identified by others
4 No planning to provide financial sustainability or reputational gain
5 No objective benchmarking in place
6 Compliance in returns on paper, but no implementation (e.g. no real Board of Governors)
7 Failure to make use of powers granted (e.g. additional fundraising)
8 Rigid adherence to an IDP, not reviewed annually
9 Lack of flexibility in regard to opportunities (e.g. use of Alumni, in India or Overseas, who want to make
a real difference to their institution)
10 No, or inadequate, attempts to raise IRG
Example: Corruption and poverty are outcomes of bad governance and India is an example of that.
Afghanistan tops the list with governing sub index score of -3.39 Chad with -3.25 Poor Leadership in Haiti
and Venezuela.
4. Forms of Governance: Democracy, Autocracy, Monarchy, Anarchy etc
Anarchy
Anarchy is the complete lack of political systems. In a way, it is the state of nature, where there are no
rules and the strongest have power over the weakest. Though nations might devolve into anarchy
following internal strife or natural disaster, anarchy cannot be sustained. At a minimum, an anarchic nation
will produce a tyrannical leader, and some sense of order eventually develops.
Dictatorship
In a dictatorship, one person has absolute power. Though there is typically a military and a bureaucracy in
such a nation, and though there are typically laws to dictate everyday goings-on, the dictator has complete
discretion. Typically, the dictator takes on, or assumes, an aura of a deity, or a cult of personality emerges.
Examples include Mussolini's Italy, Hitler's Germany, and Kim's North Korea. Dictatorial systems are
often based on military power, and the term "military dictatorship" is used.
Autocracy
An autocracy is the same as a dictatorship but the term is often used to convey something less sinister
than "dictatorship" implies. An autocrat may have less a cult of personality than a dictator has.
Oligarchy
An oligarchy is, literally, rule by a few. Oligarchies are often the evolution of dictatorships from rule by a
single person to rule by a small group of people. Examples include England in 1215, when the King was
forced by nobles to sign the Magna Carta, or South Africa following the alliance of the English- and
Afrikaans-speaking elite.
Theocracy
A theocracy is an oligarchy based on religion the group is ruled by the group's spiritual leaders.
Religion is a powerful human phenomenon, and religious leaders can often exert great influence over the
group's actions. Examples include many modern Islamic states, such as Iran or Afghanistan under the
Taliban, and Puritan Massachusetts.
Monarchy
A monarchy is best described in the same way that a dictatorship is. One key difference is that dictatorship
is used as a derisive term, and monarchy is seen as much more benign. Historically, however, kings and
queens have been as brutal as many modern dictators. The major difference is the transfer of power. In a
dictatorship, power is often not transferred at all the death of the dictator signals the end of the
dictatorship; or it is transferred to a hand-picked successor. Monarchies typically have much stricter,
hereditary systems of succession, such that a monarch's first-born son is elevated to king upon the
monarch's death. Past and present examples include Saudi Arabia, England, and Thailand.
Democracy
Though the word "democracy" is used in many contexts today, strictly speaking, a democracy is a system
where the people rule. Each decision that needs to be made is made by the people in toto. Such systems are
tenable only in groups up to a certain size when larger, debate and voting become lengthy and
cumbersome.
The Executive comprises the President, Vice-President, and a council of ministers (consisting of the
cabinet ministers, minister of states and deputy ministers). The Legislative consists of the two houses of
the Parliament, namely, the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). The
Judiciary has the Supreme Court at its apex.
Functioning of Democacry:
For the people, of the people and by the people. People can vote to form the government.
World Democracies:
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies
It shall be the duty of every citizen of India
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National
Anthem;
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending
religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity
of women;
, lakes, rivers and wild life, and to have compassion for living creatures;
To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation
constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;
Who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward, as the case may
be, between the age of six to fourteen years(this fundamental duty has been added by 86th constitutional
amendment in 2002)
4) Fundamental Rights
The incorporation of a formal declaration of Fundamental Rights in part III of the Constitution is
deemed to be a distinguishing feature of a democratic
State. These rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away or
abridges any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III of Constitution.
7) Adult Suffrage
The old system of communal electorates has been abolished and the uniform adult suffrage system has
been adopted. Under the Indian Constitution every man and women above 18 years of age has been
given the right to elect representatives for the legislature.
8) An Independent Judiciary
An independent and impartial judiciary with power of judicial review has been established under the
Constitution of India. It is a custodian right of citizens. Besides, in a federal Constitution it plays
another significant role of determining the limits of power of the Centre and States.
9) A Secular State
A Secular State has no religion of its own as recognised religion of State. It treats all religions equally.
Articles 25 to 28 of the Indian Constitution give concrete shape to this concept of secularism. It
guarantees to every person the freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate
religion. In a Secular state, the state only regulate the relationship between man and man.
In Cameroon vs. Nigeria (2002) ICJR, the ICJ stated that it is a well-established principle that the Court
will exercise jurisdiction over a state only with its consent and therefore cannot decide upon legal rights of
third states not parties to the dispute. In East Timor case (1995) ICJR, the ICJ held that it could not rule on
the lawfulness of Indonesia's conduct with regard to East Timor as Indonesia is not a party to the dispute.
Apart from this kind of contentious jurisdiction, quite a large number of bilateral and multilateral treaties
contain a clause awarding jurisdiction to the ICJ with respect to questions that may arise from the
interpretation and application of the agreements. For instance, in Bosnia vs. Yugoslavia (1996) ICJR, the
ICJ founded its jurisdiction upon Art.9 of the Genocide Convention. Similarly, in Nicaragua vs. US (1984)
ICJR, the court founded its jurisdiction on the basis of a treaty provision, Art. XXIV (2) of US-Nicaragua
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, 1956 providing for submission of disputes over the
interpretation or application of the treaty.
Further in Nicaragua vs. Honduras (1988) ICJR the ICJ observed that the existence of jurisdiction was a
question of law and dependent upon the intention of the parties. The Court found such intention between
the parties on the basis of Art.31 of Pact of Bogota, 1948.
B. Compulsory Jurisdiction:
Art. 36(2) of the Statute of ICJ is of great importance in extending the jurisdiction of ICJ. It says that the
state parties to the present statute may at any time recognize as compulsory the jurisdiction of ICJ in all
legal disputes concerning;
(a) the interpretation of a treaty,
(b) any question of international law,
(c) the existence of any fact amounting to breach of an international obligation and
(d) the nature or extent of reparation (damages) to be made for the breach of an international obligation.
This provision was intended to operate as a method of increasing the Courts jurisdiction, by gradual
increase in its acceptance by more and more states.
C. Advisory Jurisdiction:
The International court of Justice also has advisory jurisdiction and in its advisory jurisdiction the Court
may give advice to the General Assembly, Security Council or any member state as the case may be.
Recently the Court in its advisory jurisdiction decided the Legality of wall built by Israel case wherein
Israel allegedly in the exercise of its right of self defence from the terrorist attacks of Hamas group in
Palestine. But the Court observed that the said wall is against the well established cannons of international
law. However as this decision is not absolutely binding as such, Israel has continued with further
construction of the said wall.
Controversial Territories:
The former princely state of India and Pakistan (once part of the British Empire, now part of India,
Pakistan, and China) has been disputed since the British relinquished control of the subcontinent in
the 1940s. A heavily militarized, 450-mile-long (724-kilometer-long) Line of Control has long pitted
Indian and Pakistani forces against each other in this contested Himalayan region.
The stakes were raised in 1998 when Pakistan started to catch up with India technologically and both
countries publicly tested their nuclear weapons. In some ways that escalation, however, may be part
of what is containing the crisis. "In many cases, these disputes simply linger," says Haass. "It
becomes politically too difficult to compromise and militarily too dangerous to press your case."
Indian army soldiers patrol the disputed area near the Line of Control between India and Pakistan in
December 2013.
A chain of remote, energy-rich islands known as the Senkaku Islands in Japan and the Diaoyu
Islands in China are the subject of a territorial and maritime dispute between the two powers that has
been escalating in recent years, especially over the past few months. (See "Why Are China and Japan
Sparring Over Eight Tiny, Uninhabited Islands?")
China has been trying to assert control over airspace in the East China Sea that overlaps with a zone
declared by Japan more than four decades ago, after years of post-World War II control by the U.S.
Japan argues that the islands were vacant (when no one occupies or controls territory, it is
considered terra nullius, "land belonging to no one") until 1895 when its government laid claim to
them; China argues that it owned the islands before then.
China is involved in multiple other territorial disputes, including the long struggle over Tibet, which
"is an example of a dispute where there is one state and an area inside it wants to be separate,"
says Ron Hassner, an associate professor of political science at the University of California,
Berkeley, who has written extensively about territory disputes. Tibet would top his list of current
disputes, he says, because of its large territory and population. (He says the oldest still-active dispute
on record is between England and Spain over Gibraltar.) He adds, "Another form of territorial
dispute is when two states argue over a piece of land that lies between them, such as Jammu and
Kashmir."
Western Sahara
The former Spanish colony of Western Sahara in northwest Africa has been in political limbo since
Spain withdrew from the area in 1976. Although the action was not recognized
internationally, Morocco succeeded in annexing the approximately 100,000 square miles (259,000
square kilometers) of resource-rich desert territory shortly thereafter, and it has remained disputed
ever since.
VIEW IMAGES
12. Indias Relation with Neighbours: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
Pakistan:
Pakistan has been antagonistic when maintaining relations with India. But India has made extreme efforts
to improve and stabilize relations with Pakistan. Pakistan has been buying arms from the USA. From
Indian viewpoint, it would create tension in the region. Reports indicated that Pakistan assist and conduct
training for terrorists in Punjab and Kashmir. Pakistan has been raising the Kashmir issue on various
international media. India has conveyed its concern to Pakistan over all these issues. India has assured
Pakistan that it would never attack Pakistan, but the actions of Pakistan are conflicting to the ideologies of
bilateralism enshrined in the Simla Agreement. Thus the relations between India and Pakistan are bitter.
Afghanistan:
Indias relations with Afghanistan are healthy and there is co-operation in economic, technical and cultural
fields. India applauded the UN-sponsored Geneva Agreement on Afghanistan in 1988. India recapped its
stand for an independent, non-aligned Afghanistan. Country realized that the Afghans themselves should
be allowed to decide upon their future without external pressure. To maintain friendly relations, India
provided Rs.10 crore assistance for relief and rehabilitation of Afghan refugees. India is also supporting
Afghanistan in public health, small-scale industries, and education. Bilateral relations between India and
Afghanistan have been customarily strong and pleasant. While India was the only South Asian country to
identify the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in the 1980s. Its relations were weakened
during the Afghan civil wars and the rule the Islamist Taliban in the 1990s. India assisted the rebellion of
the Taliban and became the largest regional provider of humanitarian and reconstruction aid. The new
constitutionally elected Afghan government strengthened its ties with India in wake of persisting tensions
and problems with Pakistan, which is continuing to shelter and support the Taliban. India espoused a
policy of cooperation to boost its standing as a regional power and contain its competitor Pakistan, which
supports Islamic militants in Kashmir and other parts of India. India is the major regional investor in
Afghanistan, having committed more than US$2.2 billion for rebuilding purposes.
Bhutan:
Relations between India and Bhutan are friendly since past and it is strengthened recently. Co-operation in
economic field between the two countries has advanced them. India has helped Bhutan in industry
development such as in the field of telecommunications, hydel survey, education and forestry. Historically,
there have been strong ties with India. Both countries signed a friendship treaty in 1949, where India
would support Bhutan in foreign relations. On 8th February 2007, the Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty was
substantially revised under the Bhutanese King, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck. Whereas in the
Treaty of 1949 Article 2 read as "The Government of India undertakes to exercise no interference in the
internal administration of Bhutan. On its part, the Government of Bhutan agrees to be guided by the advice
of the Government of India in regard to its external relations." In the revised treaty, it is described as, "In
keeping with the abiding ties of close friendship and cooperation between Bhutan and India, the
Government of the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Government of the Republic of India shall cooperate
closely with each other on issues relating to their national interests. Neither government shall allow the use
of its territory for activities harmful to the national security and interest of the other". The revised treaty
also includes in it the preamble.
Bangladesh:
Indian government believe in maintaining good relations with neighbouring countries. Bangladesh is one
of its close neighbour. India had recognised Bangladesh as a separate and independent state, did so on 6
December 1971. India fought together with the Bangladeshis to liberate Bangladesh from West Pakistan in
1971. Bangladesh and India share a common tradition. They are pleasant and both nations make great
efforts to solve the problem of waters of Ganga at Farakka and Tin Bigha corridor in a spirit of give and
take. India has helped Bangladesh in the recovery of cyclone victims in 1985. In broad sense, the relations
between the two nations continue to be amiable. But major issues in relation with these two nation is that
of about 145,000 Chakma refugees who crossed over to India. Bangladesh's relationship with India has
been difficult in terms of irrigation and land border disputes post 1976. Nevertheless, India has maintained
favourable relationship with Bangladesh during governments formed by the Awami League in 1972 and
1996. The solutions of land and maritime disputes have taken out nuisances in ties.
Sri Lanka:
India and Sri Lanka has conventionally close to each other. Huge numbers of Tamil of Indian origin live in
Sri Lanka. This created cultural problem in Sri Lanka. Although the problem of the people of Indian origin
settled in Sri Lanka was solved by P.M. Lal Bahadur Shastri in a friendly manner, but the killings of the
Tamil in that country worsen the relations between the two countries. With the signing of Indo-Sri Lanka
Accord in 1987 relations improved. The Indian Peace-keeping Forces have returned to India after having
performed their job. Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi by LTTE activities put the relations between the two
countries in melancholies.
13. Additional Concepts:
Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is an article that grants special autonomous status to the state
of Jammu and Kashmir. The article is drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and
Special Provisions.[1] The State's Constituent Assembly was empowered to recommend the articles of the
Indian constitution to be applied to the state or to abrogate the Article 370 altogether. After the state
Constituent Assembly has dissolved itself without recommending abrogation, the Article 370 was deemed
to have become a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir's original accession, like all other princely states, was on three matters:
defence, foreign affairs and communications. All the princely states were invited to send representatives to
India's Constituent Assembly, which was formulating a constitution for the whole of India. They were also
encouraged to set up constituent assemblies for their own states. Most states were unable to set up
assemblies in time, but a few states did, in particular Saurashtra Union, Travancore-Cochin and Mysore. In
May 1949, the rulers and chief ministers of all the states agreed to accept the Constitution of India as their
own constitution. The states that did elect constituent assemblies suggested a few amendments which were
accepted. The position of all the states (or unions of states) thus became equivalent to that of regular Indian
provinces. In particular, this meant that the subjects available for legislation by the Central and State
governments was uniform across India.[4]
In the case of Jammu and Kashmir, the representatives to the Constituent Assembly[5] requested that only
those provisions of the Indian Constitution that corresponded to the original Instrument of Accession
should be applied to the State. Accordingly, the Article 370 was incorporated into the Indian Constitution,
which stipulated that the other articles of the Constitution that gave powers to the Central Government
would be applied to Jammu and Kashmir only with the concurrence of the State's constituent assembly.
This was a "temporary provision" in that its applicability was intended to last till the formulation and
adoption of the State's constitution.[6] However, the State's constituent assembly dissolved itself on 25
January 1957 without recommending either abrogation or amendment of the Article 370. Thus the Article
has become a permanent feature of the Indian constitution, as confirmed by various rulings of the Supreme
Court of India and the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir, the latest of which was in October 2015
Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of forced labor, sexual
slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others.[1][2] This may encompass providing
a spouse in the context of forced marriage,[3][4][5] or the extraction of organs or tissues,[6][7] including
for surrogacy and ova removal.[8] Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally. Human
trafficking is a crime against the person because of the violation of the victim's rights of movement
through coercion and because of their commercial exploitation. Human trafficking is the trade in people,
especially women and children, and does not necessarily involve the movement of the person from one
place to another.
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), forced labor alone (one component of human
trafficking) generates an estimated $150 billion in profits per annum as of 2014.[9] In 2012, the I.L.O.
estimated that 21 million victims are trapped in modern-day slavery. Of these, 14.2 million (68%) were
exploited for labor, 4.5 million (22%) were sexually exploited, and 2.2 million (10%) were exploited in
state-imposed forced labor.[10]
Human trafficking is thought to be one of the fastest-growing activities of trans-national criminal
organizations.[11]
Human trafficking is condemned as a violation of human rights by international conventions. In addition,
human trafficking is subject to a directive in the European Union
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services
produced in a period (quarterly or yearly). Nominal GDP estimates are commonly used to determine the
economic performance of a whole country or region, and to make international comparisons. Nominal
GDP per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the
countries; therefore using a basis of GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when
comparing differences in living standards between nations.
Gdp of india: 2.074 trillion USD
A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in which business and trade laws are different from rest of the
country. SEZs are located within a country's national borders, and their aims include: increased trade,
increased investment, job creation and effective administration. To encourage businesses to set up in the
zone, financial policies are introduced. These policies typically regard investing, taxation, trading,
quotas, customs and labour regulations. Additionally, companies may be offered tax holidays, where upon
establishing in a zone they are granted a period of lower taxation.
The creation of special economic zones by the host country may be motivated by the desire to
attract foreign direct investment (FDI).[1][2] The benefits a company gains by being in a special economic
zone may mean it can produce and trade goods at a lower price, aimed at being globally
competitive.[1][3] In some countries the zones have been criticized for being little more than labor camps,
with workers denied fundamental labor rights.
The operating definition of a SEZ is determined individually by each country. According to the World
Bank in 2008, the modern day special economic zone typically includes a "geographically delimited area,
usually physically secured (fenced-in); single management/administration; eligibility for benefits based
upon physical location within the zone; separate customs area (duty-free benefits) and streamlined
procedures."special economic zone are those industrial zone which have been set up by government of
India to attract foreign companies to invest in the country.[
A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely
sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as an (international)
agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other terms. Regardless of
terminology, all of these forms of agreements are, under international law, equally considered treaties and
the rules are the same. [1] Treaties can be loosely compared to contracts: both are means of willing parties
assuming obligations among themselves, and a party to either that fails to live up to their obligations can
be held liable under international law. [2]
Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect taxation in India merging most of the existing taxes into
single system of taxation. It was introduced as The Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act
2016, following the passage of Constitution 122nd Amendment Bill. The GST is governed by GST
Council and its Chairman is Union Finance Minister of India Arun Jaitley.
GST is a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services
throughout India (Except state of Jammu and Kashmir) , to replace taxes levied by
the central and state governments.
This method allows GST-registered businesses to claim tax credit to the value of GST they paid on
purchase of goods or services as part of their normal commercial activity. Administrative responsibility
would generally rest with a single authority to levy tax on goods and services.[1] Exports would be
considered as zero-rated supply and imports would be levied the same taxes as domestic goods and
services adhering to the destination principle in addition to the Customs Duty which will not be subsumed
in the GST.
ion (RTI)
Right to Information (RTI) is an Act of the Parliament of India to provide for setting out the practical
regime of right to information for citizens and replaces the erstwhile Freedom of information Act, 2002.
Under the provisions of the Act, any citizen of India may request information from a "public authority" (a
body of Government or "instrumentality of State") which is required to reply expeditiously or within thirty
days. The Act also requires every public authority to computerise their records for wide dissemination and
to proactively certain categories of information so that the citizens need minimum recourse to request for
information formally.
This law was passed by Parliament on 15 June 2005 and came fully into force on 12 October 2005. The
first application was given to a Pune police station. Information disclosure in India was restricted by
the Official Secrets Act 1923 and various other special laws, which the new RTI Act relaxes. It codifies a
fundamental right of citizens.
The right to education has been recognized as a human right in a number of international conventions,
including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which recognises a right to
free, compulsory primary education for all, an obligation to develop secondary education accessible to all,
in particular by the progressive introduction of free secondary education, as well as an obligation to
develop equitable access to higher education, ideally by the progressive introduction of free higher
education. Today, almost 70 million children across the world are prevented from going to school each
day.[1] As of 2015, 164 states were parties to the Covenant.[2]
The right to education also includes a responsibility to provide basic education for individuals who have
not completed primary education. In addition to these access to education provisions, the right to education
encompasses the obligation to avoid discrimination at all levels of the educational system, to set minimum
standards and to improve the quality of education.
The Jan Lokpal Bill, also referred to as the Citizen's Ombudsman Bill, is an anti-corruption bill drawn
up by civil society activists in India seeking the appointment of a Jan Lokpal, an independent body to
investigate corruption cases.[1] This bill also proposes improvements to the Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill
2011,[2] which was to be passed by Lok Sabha in December 2011.[3]
The Jan Lokpal aims to effectively deter corruption, compensate citizen grievances, and protect whistle-
blowers. The prefix Jan (translation: citizens) signifies that these improvements include inputs provided by
"ordinary citizens" through an activist-driven, non-governmental public consultation.
1913 Rabindranath Tagore (Literature - Awarded "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and
beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own
English words, a part of the literature of the West)
1930 C.V.Raman ( Physics - For his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect
named after him)
1979 Mother Teresa (Peace - For work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress,
which also constitutes a threat to peace)
2014 Kailash Satyarthi (Peace - Awarded jointly to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala Yousafzai "for their
struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education)
CARE has been working in India for over 65 years, focusing on ending poverty and social injustice.
Smile Foundation is a national level development organisation directly benefitting over 400,000 children
and their families every year, through more than 200 live welfare projects on education, healthcare,
livelihood and women empowerment, in over 950 remote villages and slums across 25 states of India.
Children, their families and the community become the target group for Smile Foundations activities as
child education cannot be done in isolation and nothing else but education for children can bring long
lasting change in the society.